Wing-to-Leg Homeosis by Spineless Causes Apoptosis Regulated by Fish-lips, a Novel Leucine-Rich Repeat Transmembrane Protein

ABSTRACT Growth, patterning, and apoptosis are mutually interactive during development. For example, cells that select an abnormal fate in a developing field are frequently removed by apoptosis. An important issue in this process that needs to be resolved is the mechanism used by cells to discern their correct fate from an abnormal fate. In order to examine this issue, we developed an animal model that expresses the dioxin receptor homolog Spineless (Ss) ectopically in the Drosophila wing. The presence of mosaic clones ectopically expressing ss results in a local transformation of organ identity, homeosis, from wing into a leg or antenna. The cells with misspecified fates subsequently activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase to undergo apoptosis in an autonomous or nonautonomous manner depending on their position within the wing, suggesting that a cell-cell interaction is, at least in some cases, involved in the detection of misspecified cells. Similar position dependence is commonly observed when various homeotic genes controlling the body segments are ectopically expressed. The autonomous and nonautonomous apoptosis caused by ss is regulated by a novel leucine-rich repeat family transmembrane protein, Fish-lips (Fili) that interacts with surrounding normal cells. These data support a mechanism in which the lack of some membrane proteins helps to recognize the presence of different cell types and direct these cells to an apoptotic fate in order to exclude them from the normal developing field.

Download Full-text

Cryo-Electron Microscopy Structure and Interactions of the Human Cytomegalovirus gHgLgO Trimer with Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.02625-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Jing Liu ◽

Adam Vanarsdall ◽

Dong-Hua Chen ◽

Andrea Chin ◽

David Johnson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Defects ◽

Adult Population ◽

Growth Factor Receptor ◽

Cell Types ◽

The Body ◽

Platelet Derived Growth Factor ◽

Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽

Factor Receptor Alpha ◽

Complex Protein ◽

Different Cell Types

HCMV is a herpesvirus that infects a large percentage of the adult population and causes significant levels of disease in immunocompromised individuals and birth defects in the developing fetus. The virus encodes a complex protein machinery that coordinates infection of different cell types in the body, including a trimer formed of gH, gL, and gO subunits.

Download Full-text

Infection and immunity

Oxford Handbook of Medical Sciences ◽

10.1093/med/9780198789895.003.0012 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 853-920

Keyword(s):

Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽

Immune System ◽

Cell Types ◽

The Body ◽

Acquired Immunity ◽

Histocompatibility Complex ◽

Repair Mechanisms ◽

Antigen Presenting ◽

Different Cell Types

‘Infection and immunity’ considers the response of the body to pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, prions, fungi, and parasites, which are discussed in terms of their nature, life cycle, and modes of infection. The role of the immune system in defence against infection is discussed, including innate and adaptive (acquired) immunity, antigens, the major histocompatibility complex, and the different cell types involved (antigen-presenting cells, T-cells, and B-cells). The mechanisms and cellular basis of inflammation are considered, as are post-infection repair mechanisms, and pathologies of the immune system such as hypersensitivity, autoimmunity and transplantations, and immunodeficiency (both primary and secondary to other diseases).

Download Full-text

OOCHIP: Compartmentalized Microfluidic Perfusion System with Porous Barriers for Enhanced Cell–Cell Crosstalk in Organ-on-a-Chip

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi11060565 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 565

Author(s):

Qasem Ramadan ◽

Sajay Bhuvanendran Nair Gourikutty ◽

Qingxin Zhang

Keyword(s):

Drug Efficacy ◽

Human Adipose Tissue ◽

Cell Types ◽

Cell Interaction ◽

The Body ◽

Close Proximity ◽

Porous Barriers ◽

Cell Cell

Improved in vitro models of human organs for predicting drug efficacy, interactions, and disease modelling are crucially needed to minimize the use of animal models, which inevitably display significant differences from the human disease state and metabolism. Inside the body, cells are organized either in direct contact or in close proximity to other cell types in a tightly controlled architecture that regulates tissue function. To emulate this cellular interface in vitro, an advanced cell culture system is required. In this paper, we describe a set of compartmentalized silicon-based microfluidic chips that enable co-culturing several types of cells in close proximity with enhanced cell–cell interaction. In vivo-like fluid flow into and/or from each compartment, as well as between adjacent compartments, is maintained by micro-engineered porous barriers. This porous structure provides a tool for mimicking the paracrine exchange between cells in the human body. As a demonstrating example, the microfluidic system was tested by culturing human adipose tissue that is infiltrated with immune cells to study the role if the interplay between the two cells in the context of type 2 diabetes. However, the system provides a platform technology for mimicking the structure and function of single- and multi-organ models, which could significantly narrow the gap between in vivo and in vitro conditions.

Download Full-text

The complement of desmosomal plaque proteins in different cell types.

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.101.4.1442 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 101 (4) ◽

pp. 1442-1454 ◽

Cited By ~ 122

Author(s):

P Cowin ◽

H P Kapprell ◽

W W Franke

Keyword(s):

Guinea Pig ◽

Cell Types ◽

Cardiac Cells ◽

Myocardial Tissue ◽

Cell Type ◽

Wide Range ◽

Specific Manner ◽

A Cell ◽

Cell Type Specific ◽

Different Cell Types

Desmosomal plaque proteins have been identified in immunoblotting and immunolocalization experiments on a wide range of cell types from several species, using a panel of monoclonal murine antibodies to desmoplakins I and II and a guinea pig antiserum to desmosomal band 5 protein. Specifically, we have taken advantage of the fact that certain antibodies react with both desmoplakins I and II, whereas others react only with desmoplakin I, indicating that desmoplakin I contains unique regions not present on the closely related desmoplakin II. While some of these antibodies recognize epitopes conserved between chick and man, others display a narrow species specificity. The results show that proteins whose size, charge, and biochemical behavior are very similar to those of desmoplakin I and band 5 protein of cow snout epidermis are present in all desmosomes examined. These include examples of simple and pseudostratified epithelia and myocardial tissue, in addition to those of stratified epithelia. In contrast, in immunoblotting experiments, we have detected desmoplakin II only among cells of stratified and pseudostratified epithelial tissues. This suggests that the desmosomal plaque structure varies in its complement of polypeptides in a cell-type specific manner. We conclude that the obligatory desmosomal plaque proteins, desmoplakin I and band 5 protein, are expressed in a coordinate fashion but independently from other differentiation programs of expression such as those specific for either epithelial or cardiac cells.

Download Full-text

TEMPLATE-BASED ISOCONTOURING

International Journal of Image and Graphics ◽

10.1142/s0219467806002197 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 06 (02) ◽

pp. 187-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

JAGANNATHAN LAKSHMIPATHY ◽

WIESLAW L. NOWINSKI ◽

ERIC A. WERNERT

Keyword(s):

Linear Time ◽

Cell Types ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Lookup Table ◽

Graphics Hardware ◽

A Cell ◽

Triangle Strips ◽

Different Cell Types

Different isocontour extraction methods use different cell types (tetrahedral, hexahedral, etc.) depending on the nature of the acquisition grids (structured, unstructured, etc.). The existing isocontouring methods have the following pre-steps for the actual extraction process: (a) identification of cell types, (b) identification of topologically independent instances for each cell type, (c) determination of surface primitives contained in the topologically independent instances and (d) generation of a lookup table such that the name of the entry is an instance of a cell and the entry is the triangle set for that instance. The extraction process outputs the triangles from the lookup table. In this paper we present a novel generic method that enables us to list topologically independent surface primitives called "templates" within any n-polytope cell namely tetrahedra, hexahedra etc. We have also modified the traditional lookup table such that name is the cell instance and the entry is face index representations of all template instances contained in that cell. To show an example, we have applied this approach on a hexahedron and listed the templates and subsequently we have showed how to construct a lookup table. Most modern graphics hardware render triangles faster if they are rendered collectively as triangle strips as opposed to individual triangles. With our modified lookup table approach we can identify triangles in the neighboring cell in a linear time and hence we are able to connect two triangle strips into a longer triangle strip on the fly during the extraction process. We have compared our approach with some existing methods. The following are some of the important features of the method: (1) Simplicity, (2) procedural triangulation and (3) face-index representation.

Download Full-text

Complex regulation and functional versatility of mammalian alpha- and beta-tubulin isotypes during the differentiation of testis and muscle cells.

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.106.6.2023 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 106 (6) ◽

pp. 2023-2033 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

S A Lewis ◽

N J Cowan

Keyword(s):

Cell Types ◽

Beta Tubulin ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Alpha Tubulin ◽

Tubulin Isotypes ◽

Tubulin Isotype ◽

A Cell ◽

Complex Regulation ◽

Carboxy Terminal ◽

Different Cell Types

In the accompanying paper (Gu, W., S. A. Lewis, and N. J. Cowan. 1988. J. Cell Biol. 106: 2011-2022), we report the generation of three antisera, each of which uniquely recognizes a different mammalian alpha-tubulin isotype, plus a fourth antibody that distinguishes between microtubules containing the tyrosinated and nontyrosinated form of the only known mammalian alpha-tubulin gene product that lacks an encoded carboxy-terminal tyrosine residue. These sera, together with five sera we raised that distinguish among the known mammalian beta-tubulin isotypes, have been used to study patterns of tubulin isotype-specific expression in muscle and testis, two tissues in which characteristic developmental changes are accompanied by dramatic rearrangements in microtubule structures. As in the case of cells in culture, there is no evidence to suggest that there is subcellular sorting of different tubulin isotypes among different kinds of microtubule, even in a cell type (the developing spermatid) that simultaneously contains such functionally distinct structures as the manchette and the flagellum. On the other hand, the patterns of expression of the various tubulin isotypes show marked and distinctive differences in different cell types and, in at least one case, evidence is presented for regulation at the translational or posttranslational level. The significance of these observations is discussed in terms of the existence of the mammalian alpha- and beta-tubulin multigene families.

Download Full-text

Intervertebral disc decellularisation: progress and challenges

10.22203/ecm.v042a15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 196-219

Author(s):

MF Fiordalisi ◽

◽

AJ Silva ◽

M Barbosa ◽

RM Gonçalves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intervertebral Disc ◽

Life Quality ◽

Cell Types ◽

Host Cells ◽

Low Back ◽

Therapeutic Success ◽

A Cell ◽

Antigen Removal ◽

Ivd Degeneration ◽

Different Cell Types

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and the consequent low-back pain (LBP) affect over 80 % of people in western societies, constituting a tremendous socio-economic burden worldwide and largely impairing patients’ life quality. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-based scaffolds, derived from decellularised tissues, are being increasingly explored in regenerative medicine for tissue repair. Decellularisation plays an essential role for host cells and antigen removal, while maintaining native microenvironmental signals, including ECM structure, composition and mechanical properties, which are essential for driving tissue regeneration. With the lack of clinical solutions for IVD repair/regeneration, implantation of decellularised IVD tissues has been explored to halt and/or revert the degenerative cascade and the associated LBP symptoms. Over the last few years, several researchers have focused on the optimisation of IVD decellularisation methods, combining physical, chemical and enzymatic treatments, in order to successfully develop a cell-free matrix. Recellularisation of IVD-based scaffolds with different cell types has been attempted and numerous methods have been explored to address proper IVD regeneration. Herein, the advances in IVD decellularisation methods, sterilisation procedures, repopulation and biocompatibility tests are reviewed. Additionally, the importance of the donor profile for therapeutic success is also addressed. Finally, the perspectives and major hurdles for clinical use of the decellularised ECM-based biomaterials for IVD are discussed. The studies reviewed support the notion that tissue-engineering-based strategies resorting to decellularised IVD may represent a major advancement in the treatment of disc degeneration and consequent LBP.

Download Full-text

Adiponectin: a pleiotropic hormone with multifaceted roles

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl12827 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (6) ◽

pp. 98-112

Author(s):

S. S. Shklyaev ◽

G. A. Melnichenko ◽

N. N. Volevodz ◽

N. A. Falaleeva ◽

S. A. Ivanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Types ◽

The Body ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Immune Functions ◽

Ample Evidence ◽

Endocrine Organs ◽

Different Types ◽

Different Cell Types ◽

Pleiotropic Actions

Adipose tissue mostly composed of different types of fat is one of the largest endocrine organs in the body playing multiple intricate roles including but not limited to energy storage, metabolic homeostasis, generation of heat, participation in immune functions and secretion of a number of biologically active factors known as adipokines. The most abundant of them is adiponectin. This adipocite-derived hormone exerts pleiotropic actions and exhibits insulin-sensitizing, antidiabetic, anti-obesogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, cardio- and neuroprotective properties. Contrariwise to its protective effects against various pathological events in different cell types, adiponectin may have links to several systemic diseases and malignances. Reduction in adiponectin levels has an implication in COVID-19-associated respiratory failure, which is attributed mainly to a phenomenon called ‘adiponectin paradox’. Ample evidence about multiple functions of adiponectin in the body was obtained from animal, mostly rodent studies. Our succinct review is entirely about multifaceted roles of adiponectin and mechanisms of its action in different physiological and pathological states.

Download Full-text

Epidermal control of floral organ identity by class B homeotic genes in Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.128.14.2661 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 128 (14) ◽

pp. 2661-2671

Author(s):

Nadia Efremova ◽

Marie-Christine Perbal ◽

Alexander Yephremov ◽

Winfried A. Hofmann ◽

Heinz Saedler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transgene Expression ◽

Transgenic Arabidopsis ◽

Cell Communication ◽

Cell Types ◽

Floral Organ ◽

Epidermal Differentiation ◽

Homeotic Genes ◽

Organ Identity ◽

Class B ◽

Functional Homologues

To assess the contribution of the epidermis to the control of petal and stamen organ identity, we have used transgenic Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis plants that expressed the Antirrhinum class B homeotic transcription factors DEFICIENS (DEF) and GLOBOSA (GLO) in the epidermis. Transgene expression was controlled by the ANTIRRHINUM FIDDLEHEAD (AFI) promoter, which directs gene expression to the L1 meristematic layer and, later, to the epidermis of differentiating organs. Transgenic epidermal DEF and GLO chimeras display similar phenotypes, suggesting similar epidermal contributions by the two class B genes in Antirrhinum. Epidermal B function autonomously controls the differentiation of Antirrhinum petal epidermal cell types, but cannot fully control the pattern of cell divisions and the specification of sub-epidermal petal cell-identity by epidermal signalling. This non-autonomous control is enhanced if the endogenous class B genes can be activated from the epidermis. The developmental influence of epidermal B function in Antirrhinum stamen development is very limited. In contrast, epidermal B function in Arabidopsis can control most if not all epidermal and sub-epidermal differentiation events in petals and stamens, without any contribution from the endogenous class B genes. Possible reasons for differences in the efficacy of B-function-mediated cell communication between the two species are discussed. Interestingly, our experiments uncovered partial incompatibility between class B functional homologues. Although the DEFICIENS/PISTILLATA heterodimer is functional in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, the APETALA3/GLOBOSA heterodimer is not.

Download Full-text

Responses and coping methods of different testicular cell types to heat stress: overview and perspectives

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1042/bsr20210443 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hui Cai ◽

Dezhe Qin ◽

Sha Peng

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Leydig Cells ◽

Cell Types ◽

Cellular Responses ◽

Body Cavity ◽

The Body ◽

Testicular Cell ◽

Coping Methods ◽

And Coping ◽

Different Cell Types

To facilitate temperature adjustments, the testicles are located outside the body cavity. In most mammals, the temperature of the testes is lower than the body temperature to ensure the normal progression of spermatogenesis. Rising temperatures affect spermatogenesis and eventually lead to a decline in male fertility or even infertility. However, the testes are composed of different cell types, including spermatogonial stem cells, spermatocytes, spermatozoa, Leydig cells, and Sertoli cells, which have different cellular responses to heat stress. Recent studies have shown that using different drugs can relieve heat-stress-induced reproductive damage by regulating different signaling pathways. Here, we review the mechanisms by which heat stress damages different cells in testes and possible treatments.

Download Full-text