scholarly journals Specific Features of the Macrozoobenthic Communities of Small Arctic Lakes in Eurasia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-414
Author(s):  
M. V. Chertoprud ◽  
S. V. Krylenko ◽  
A. I. Lukinych ◽  
P. M. Glazov ◽  
O. P. Dubovskaya ◽  
...  

Abstract The taxonomic structure, typology, species richness, and total abundance of bentic and littoral macroinvertebrate communities from small lakes of the Arctic and Subarctic zones are considered on the basis of original data from three northern Palearctic regions (the foot of the Putorana Plateau, Kolguev Island, and Western Svalbard Island). A comparative analysis of the communities of these regions has been carried out. The features of High Arctic insular, Low Arctic, subarctic, and boreal lake communities are discussed using a large volume of literature data. The complex pattern of changes in the total benthos biomass of small lakes has been revealed: it decreases in the subarctic taiga, increases in the hypoarctic tundra, and decreases again in the High Arctic.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Stimmler ◽  
Jörg Schaller

<p>Arctic warming affects the permafrost soils in different ways. Increase soil temperature and thawing of deeper horizons modifies the release of greenhouse gases (GHG) by release of nutrients. A lot of research was done about nutrient cycling of C, N and P, but little is known about the influence of Ca and amorphous Si (ASi) on this elements. To show the potential of this two elements in the Arctic systems, we analysed the effect of ASi and Ca on microbial community structure with next generation sequencing and qPCR. We analyzed fungal and bacterial community structure in two different soils from Greenland after incubation with different levels of ASi and Ca. Microbial community reacted differently in the high Arctic (Peary Land) and low Arctic soil (Disko Island) to changing concentrations of ASi and Ca. We found a significant change with linear correlation from gram-negative to gram-positive bacteria classes with increasing Ca and/or ASi levels. Further, abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota changed. We postulate this changes as an important factor for changed GHG production as potential response to modified nutrient availability.</p>


1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 506-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold E. Welch ◽  
Martin A. Bergmann

Dye experiments and detailed measurements of conductance and temperature in small lakes at Saqvaqjuac (63°39′N, 90°39′W), showed how water circulated in midwinter. Stored heat returning from the sediments warms adjacent water, which then sinks downslope. Water immediately beneath the ice moves laterally shoreward, picking up cryoconcentrated salts and sinking downslope. Displacement of deep waters upward at the lake center is postulated as completing the circulation. Rates of water movement are on the order of 10 m∙d−1 in 2- to 10-ha lakes. This type of winter circulation is expected to be ubiquitous throughout the arctic.


The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mark Hipfner ◽  
Anthony J. Gaston ◽  
H. Grant Gilchrist

Abstract We used data collected across 28 years (1975–2002) to compare how timing of laying and egg size respond to environmental variability in two low-arctic and two high-arctic Thick-billed Murre (Uria lomvia) populations. Ice conditions strongly affect food availability to marine birds in the Arctic, and the percentage of the sea's surface covered by ice within 300 km of the breeding colony varied more among years near the start of laying at our high-arctic study colonies (Prince Leopold and Coburg Islands, Nunavut, Canada) than at our low-arctic study colonies (Coats and Digges Islands, Nunavut). However, mean values differed little. These results indicate that Thick-billed Murres breeding in the High Arctic experience more variable ice conditions, but not necessarily more severe ice conditions, during the period of egg formation. In response, both median laying date and mean egg size varied more among years at high-arctic than at low-arctic colonies. Several lines of evidence suggested that the variation was a result of within-female effects, i.e., phenotypic plasticity rather than different individuals breeding in years in which environmental conditions differed. Previous studies have shown that Thick-billed Murres lay eggs later in years of heavier ice coverage, especially in the High Arctic where ice conditions can be severe, and only in the High Arctic was later laying associated with reduced egg size. The relationship tended towards a negative asymptote suggesting that each female may have her own minimum egg size. Our results show that Thick-billed Murres that inhabit a more variable environment display greater variability in life-history traits. More generally, they offer insight into mechanisms linking environmental heterogeneity to phenotypic variation in life-history traits. Variación en el Tamaño del Huevo y la Fecha de Puesta en Poblaciones Reproductivas de Uria lomvia en el Ártico Bajo y el Ártico Alto Resumen. Empleamos datos colectados a lo largo de 28 años (1975–2002) para determinar cómo el ajuste temporal de la puesta y del tamaño del huevo responde a la variabilidad ambiental en dos poblaciones del Ártico bajo y dos poblaciones del Ártico alto de Uria lomvia. Las condiciones del hielo afectaron fuertemente la disponibilidad de alimentos para las aves marinas en el Ártico. El porcentaje de la superficie del mar cubierta por hielo a menos de 300 km de la colonia reproductiva varió más entre años cerca del inicio de la puesta en nuestras colonias de estudio del Ártico alto (Islas Prince Leopold y Coburg, Nunavut, Canadá) que en nuestras colonias de estudio del Ártico bajo (Islas Coats and Digges, Nunavut). Sin embargo, los valores medios difirieron poco. Estos resultados indican que los individuos de Uria lomvia que crían en el Ártico alto experimentan condiciones de hielo más variables, pero no necesariamente más severas, durante el período de la formación del huevo. Como respuesta, tanto la fecha mediana de puesta y la media del tamaño del huevo variaron más entre años en las colonias del Ártico alto que en las del Ártico bajo. Varias líneas de evidencia sugirieron que esta variación fue el resultado de variaciones propias de las hembras (i.e., plasticidad fenotípica) y no de variación entre individuos diferentes que criaron en años en los cuales las condiciones ambientales difirieron. Estudios previos han mostrado que Uria lomvia realiza su puesta más tarde en los años de mucha cobertura de hielo, especialmente en el Ártico alto, donde las condiciones de hielo pueden ser severas, y sólo en el Ártico alto la demora de la puesta se asoció con una reducción del tamaño del huevo. La relación tendió hacia una asíntota negativa, sugiriendo que cada hembra podría tener su propio tamaño mínimo del huevo. Nuestros resultados muestran que los individuos de Uria lomvia que habitan un ambiente más variable muestran mayor variabilidad en los rasgos de historia de vida. De modo más general, nuestros resultados ofrecen información sobre los mecanismos que vinculan la heterogeneidad ambiental con la variación fenotípica en los rasgos de historia de vida.


Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 912
Author(s):  
Vladimir G. Dvoretsky ◽  
Alexander G. Dvoretsky

Zooplankton assemblages are of great importance in aquatic food webs because they link lower (microplankton) and higher trophic levels (top predators). Small water bodies in the Arctic regions of Russia are less studied in winter because of severe ice conditions. For this reason, we analyzed the winter zooplankton community in Lake Kulonga (western coast of Kola Bay, Barents Sea). A total of 9 taxa were found in the samples. The total abundance varied from 200 to 1320 ind. m−3, averaging 705 ind. m−3. The total zooplankton biomass was 1.8–72.8 mg of wet mass m−3 with an average of 30 mg m−3. These parameters were lower than in other Russian Arctic and sub-arctic lakes in summer. Old copepodites of Cyclops spp. dominated the zooplankton community at deep-water stations in terms of the total abundance consisting of 24–33%. The copepod Macrocyclops albidus prevailed in terms of the total zooplankton biomass comprising 30–33% at deep-water stations while Cyclops scutifer and copepodites Cyclops spp. had the highest biomass at shallow water stations. Vertical distribution demonstrated different patterns at neighboring stations, probably as a result of differences in the density of fish predators.


2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4535-4553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Coch ◽  
Bennet Juhls ◽  
Scott F. Lamoureux ◽  
Melissa J. Lafrenière ◽  
Michael Fritz ◽  
...  

Abstract. Climate change is affecting the rate of carbon cycling, particularly in the Arctic. Permafrost degradation through deeper thaw and physical disturbances results in the release of carbon dioxide and methane to the atmosphere and to an increase in lateral dissolved organic matter (DOM) fluxes. Whereas riverine DOM fluxes of the large Arctic rivers are well assessed, knowledge is limited with regard to small catchments that cover more than 40 % of the Arctic drainage basin. Here, we use absorption measurements to characterize changes in DOM quantity and quality in a low Arctic (Herschel Island, Yukon, Canada) and a high Arctic (Cape Bounty, Melville Island, Nunavut, Canada) setting with regard to geographical differences, impacts of permafrost degradation, and rainfall events. We find that DOM quantity and quality is controlled by differences in vegetation cover and soil organic carbon content (SOCC). The low Arctic site has higher SOCC and greater abundance of plant material resulting in higher chromophoric dissolved organic matter (cDOM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) than in the high Arctic. DOC concentration and cDOM in surface waters at both sites show strong linear relationships similar to the one for the great Arctic rivers. We used the optical characteristics of DOM such as cDOM absorption, specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA), ultraviolet (UV) spectral slopes (S275–295), and slope ratio (SR) for assessing quality changes downstream, at base flow and storm flow conditions, and in relation to permafrost disturbance. DOM in streams at both sites demonstrated optical signatures indicative of photodegradation downstream processes, even over short distances of 2000 m. Flow pathways and the connected hydrological residence time control DOM quality. Deeper flow pathways allow the export of permafrost-derived DOM (i.e. from deeper in the active layer), whereas shallow pathways with shorter residence times lead to the export of fresh surface- and near-surface-derived DOM. Compared to the large Arctic rivers, DOM quality exported from the small catchments studied here is much fresher and therefore prone to degradation. Assessing optical properties of DOM and linking them to catchment properties will be a useful tool for understanding changing DOM fluxes and quality at a pan-Arctic scale.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Coch ◽  
Bennet Juhls ◽  
Scott F. Lamoureux ◽  
Melissa Lafrenière ◽  
Michael Fritz ◽  
...  

Abstract. Climate change is an important control of carbon cycling, particularly in the Arctic. Permafrost degradation through deeper thaw and physical disturbances result in the release of carbon dioxide and methane to the atmosphere and to an increase in riverine dissolved organic matter (DOM) fluxes. Whereas riverine DOM fluxes of the large Arctic rivers are well assessed, knowledge is limited with regard to small catchments that cover more than 40 % of the Arctic drainage basin. Here, we use absorption measurements to characterize changes in DOM quantity and quality in a Low Arctic (Herschel Island, Yukon, Canada) and a High Arctic (Cape Bounty, Melville Island, Nunavut, Canada) setting with regard to geographical differences, impacts of permafrost degradation and rainfall events. We find that DOM quantity and quality is controlled by differences in vegetation cover and soil organic carbon content. The Low Arctic site has higher SOCC and greater abundance of plant material introducing higher lignin concentrations into the aquatic system and resulting in a stronger color of DOM than in the High Arctic. There is a strong relationship between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and absorption characteristics (cDOM) for surface waters at both sites similar to the one for the great Arctic rivers. We used the optical characteristics of DOM such as cDOM absorption, Specific UltraViolet Absorbance SUVA, UltraViolet UV Slope, Slope Ratio for assessing quality changes downstream, at baseflow and stormflow conditions and in relation to permafrost disturbance. DOM in streams at both sites demonstrated optical signatures indicative of photodegradation downstream processes, even over short distances of 2000 m. It was determined that flow pathways and the connected hydrological residence time control DOM quality. Deeper flow pathways allow the export of permafrost-derived DOM, whereas shallow pathways with shorter residence times lead to the export of fresh near-surface derived DOM. Compared to the large Arctic rivers, DOM quality exported from the small catchments studied here is much fresher and therefore prone to degradation. This work shows that optical properties of DOM will be a useful tool for understanding DOM sources and quality at a pan-Arctic scale.


Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1659
Author(s):  
Tatyana I. Moiseenko ◽  
Natalia A. Gashkina ◽  
Marina I. Dinu ◽  
Tatiana A. Kremleva ◽  
Vitaliy Yu. Khoroshavin

The data on the metal contents and acidification of small lakes caused by airborne contamination of the watershed in three industrial regions of the Arctic—European Russia (Kola region), Western (Yamal-Nenets region) and Eastern Siberia (Norilsk region)—have been presented for the first time. It has been proven that acidification and enrichment by metals of water connect with sulfur dioxide and metals emissions from copper–nickel smelters, contaminating the catchments, with associated gas burning during raw hydrocarbon production. To assess the effects of acid deposition, critical loads and their exceeds were calculated: exceeded by 56% and 12.5%, respectively, in lakes in the Kola region and in the north of Western Siberia; the catchments of the East Siberian region are resistant to acidification. Water enrichment factors (EF) by elements were calculated to show that the waters of the Norilsk and Kola regions are enriched with Ni, Cd, As, Sb and Se as a result of emissions from copper–nickel smelters. The oil and gas industry in the northern regions of Western Siberia lead to the increase in V, Pb and Mo concentrations in the waters. The high values of EF and excess of acidity critical loads for water are explained by the local and transboundary pollution impacts on the catchment of small lakes.


Oecologia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 191 (4) ◽  
pp. 1003-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas K. Lameris ◽  
Margje E. de Jong ◽  
Michiel P. Boom ◽  
Henk P. van der Jeugd ◽  
Konstantin E. Litvin ◽  
...  

Abstract Rapid climate warming is driving organisms to advance timing of reproduction with earlier springs, but the rate of advancement shows large variation, even among populations of the same species. In this study, we investigated how the rate of advancement in timing of reproduction with a warming climate varies for barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) populations breeding at different latitudes in the Arctic. We hypothesized that populations breeding further North are generally more time constrained and, therefore, produce clutches earlier relative to the onset of spring than southern populations. Therefore, with increasing temperatures and a progressive relief of time constraint, we expected latitudinal differences to decrease. For the years 2000–2016, we determined the onset of spring from snow cover data derived from satellite images, and compiled data on egg laying date and reproductive performance in one low-Arctic and two high-Arctic sites. As expected, high-Arctic geese laid their eggs earlier relative to snowmelt than low-Arctic geese. Contrary to expectations, advancement in laying dates was similar in high- and low-Arctic colonies, at a rate of 27% of the advance in date of snowmelt. Although advancement of egg laying did not fully compensate for the advancement of snowmelt, geese laying eggs at intermediate dates in the low Arctic were the most successful breeders. In the high Arctic, however, early nesting geese were the most successful breeders, suggesting that high-Arctic geese have not advanced their laying dates sufficiently to earlier springs. This indicates that high-Arctic geese especially are vulnerable to negative effects of climate warming.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torben Røjle Christensen ◽  
Kerstin Rasmussen ◽  
Jakob Abermann ◽  
Katrine Raundrup ◽  
Kirsten Christoffersen ◽  
...  

<p>The Arctic is changing in response to ongoing warming. Multiple effects have been documented in terms of sea-ice distribution, land-ice volume and ecosystems both in the marine and terrestrial realm, which are clear responses to the overall global warming. Targeted efforts documenting individual components of the arctic system build the base-line for quantification of these effects.</p><p>Comprehensive ecosystem observational programs covering both glacial, terrestrial and marine components are rare in the Arctic but one such, the Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring (GEM) program, has now been operational for nearly 25 years at three main sites in Greenland. Zackenberg valley and Young Sund in NE Greenland is representing the high-arctic environment, Disko Island on the central west coast of Greenland at the border between the high and the low-arctic and Nuuk-Kobbefjord in SW Greenland the low-arctic.</p><p>The GEM program at all three sites cover inter-annual variation in ecosystem dynamics of glacial, terrestrial and marine ecosystems with data gathered from more than 2000 parameters some of which being automatically recorded at very high frequencies (up  to 20 Hz for micro-meteorological measurements). This present-day detailed, comprehensive and high-frequency monitoring of ecosystem dynamics calls for the question: Which historical sources may be used in order to anchor the environmental status of the monitored areas back in time?</p><p>For the composite landscape dynamics including glacier, terrestrial and near-coastal environments it is of great value to study visual, mainly photographic evidences that are available from different parts of the portfolio of arctic exploration during the 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries. We will in this presentation review available historical archival data (early photographs, paintings, drawings) from the GEM monitoring locations and their immediate surroundings.</p><p>The different historical setting over the centennial timescale is briefly discussed and particular illustrative records from the individual sites are shown. The evidence of change hereby shown at the centennial time scale is evaluated in the perspective of results from decadal scale present day monitoring.</p>


Author(s):  
Larisa A. Pautova ◽  
Vladimir A. Silkin ◽  
Marina D. Kravchishina ◽  
Valeriy G. Yakubenko ◽  
Anna L. Chultsova

The structure of the summer planktonic communities of the Northern part of the Barents sea in the first half of August 2017 were studied. In the sea-ice melting area, the average phytoplankton biomass producing upper 50-meter layer of water reached values levels of eutrophic waters (up to 2.1 g/m3). Phytoplankton was presented by diatoms of the genera Thalassiosira and Eucampia. Maximum biomass recorded at depths of 22–52 m, the absolute maximum biomass community (5,0 g/m3) marked on the horizon of 45 m (station 5558), located at the outlet of the deep trench Franz Victoria near the West coast of the archipelago Franz Josef Land. In ice-free waters, phytoplankton abundance was low, and the weighted average biomass (8.0 mg/m3 – 123.1 mg/m3) corresponded to oligotrophic waters and lower mesotrophic waters. In the upper layers of the water population abundance was dominated by small flagellates and picoplankton from, biomass – Arctic dinoflagellates (Gymnodinium spp.) and cold Atlantic complexes (Gyrodinium lachryma, Alexandrium tamarense, Dinophysis norvegica). The proportion of Atlantic species in phytoplankton reached 75%. The representatives of warm-water Atlantic complex (Emiliania huxleyi, Rhizosolenia hebetata f. semispina, Ceratium horridum) were recorded up to 80º N, as indicators of the penetration of warm Atlantic waters into the Arctic basin. The presence of oceanic Atlantic species as warm-water and cold systems in the high Arctic indicates the strengthening of processes of “atlantificacion” in the region.


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