scholarly journals Spectrum of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive determinants of child undernutrition: a multisectoral cross-sectional study in rural Mozambique

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjnph-2020-000182
Author(s):  
Hirotsugu Aiga ◽  
Marika Nomura ◽  
José Paulo M Langa ◽  
Mussagy Mahomed ◽  
Rosa Marlene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Birth Certificate ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Intervention Package ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Children Under 5

BackgroundDespite an increasing need for multisectoral interventions and coordinations for addressing malnutrition, evidence-based multisectoral nutrition interventions have been rarely developed and implemented in low-income and middle-income countries. To identify key determinants of undernutrition for effectively designing a multisectoral intervention package, a nutrition survey was conducted, by comprehensively covering a variety of variables across sectors, in Niassa province, Mozambique.MethodsA cross-sectional household survey was conducted in Niassa province, August–October 2019. Anthropometric measurements, anaemia tests of children under 5 years of age and structured interviews with their mothers were conducted. A total of 1498 children under 5 years of age participated in the survey. We employed 107 background variables related to possible underlying and immediate causes of undernutrition, to examine their associations with being malnourished. Both bivariate (χ2 test and Mann-Whitney’s U test) and multivariate analyses (logistic regression) were undertaken, to identify the determinants of being malnourished.ResultsPrevalence rates of stunting, underweight and wasting were estimated at 46.2%, 20.0% and 7.1%, respectively. Timely introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods to children of 6–8 months of age was detected as a determinant of being not stunted. Mother–child cosleeping and ownership of birth certificate were a protective factor from and a promoting factor for being underweight, respectively. Similarly, availability and consumption of eggs at the household level and cough during the last 2 weeks among children were likely to be a protective factor from and a promoting factor for being wasted, respectively.ConclusionTimely introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods could serve as an entry point for the three sectors to start making joint efforts, as it requires the interventions from all health, agriculture and water sectors. To enable us to make meaningful interprovincial, international and inter-seasonal comparisons, it is crucially important to develop a standard set of variables related to being malnourished.

scholarly journals Public health insurance and birth outcomes: evidence from Punjab, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najam uz Zehra Gardezi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Birth Certificate ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Public Health Insurance ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Public health insurance targeted towards low-income households has gained traction in many developing countries. However, there is limited evidence as to the effectiveness of these programs in countries where institutional constraints may limit participation by the eligible population. This paper evaluates a recent health insurance initiative introduced in Pakistan and discusses whether eligibility for the programme improves maternal health seeking behaviour. The Prime Minister National Health Program provides free insurance coverage to low-income families. The programme is in the early phases of implementation and has, since 2016, only been rolled out in a few eligible districts within the country. This allows for a comparison of eligible households in districts where the programme has been introduced to those that are eligible to receive insurance at a future date. Using repeated cross-sectional data from multiple rounds of representative household survey, a difference-in-difference model has been estimated. Results show that at least for a specific beneficiary group (i.e. pregnant women), there has been a positive increase in utilization of hospital services. Furthermore, we provide evidence using mother fixed effects that the programme increased the likelihood of a child’s birth being documented. Since possession of a birth certificate can secure civic rights for a child, this is an unintended but positive outcome of the programme.

scholarly journals Attitude towards entrepreneurship: a study among Asnaf Millennials in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tengku Mohd Azizuddin Tuan Mahmood ◽  
Abdullah Al Mamun ◽  
Mohamed Dahlan Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Internal Locus Of Control ◽  
The Government ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Purpose This study intended to determine the effect of selected entrepreneurial traits on the attitude of Asnaf Millennials in Malaysia towards entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach This is a cross-sectional study that collected the quantitative data via structured interviews from 310 randomly selected Asnaf Millennials from Kelantan, Malaysia. Findings The findings confirmed the positive and statistically significant effect of innovativeness, internal locus of control, need for achievement and proactive personality on the attitude of Asnaf Millennials on entrepreneurship. Originality/value This study focussed on the development of non-cognitive skills for individual characteristics regarding entrepreneurship for the benefit of development practitioners and policymakers. The government and development organisations should focus on developing entrepreneurial traits that are expected to improve the attitude towards entrepreneurship and increase the entrepreneurial activities in Malaysia. This initiative can improve the socio-economic condition of Asnaf Millennials with low income.

scholarly journals Physical and Social Demographic Factors Affecting Utilization of Pit Latrine in Tigania East, Meru County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
pp. 122-132
Author(s):  
Sylvia M. Nkatha ◽  
Eric M. Muchiri ◽  
Patrick Kubai ◽  
Jane Rutto
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pit Latrine ◽  
Social Demographic

Introduction: Globally, poor sanitation is the cause of childhood diseases. Annually, more than 19,500 people die from diarrhea of which 17,100 are children. Diarrhea, which accounts for 16% of deaths among the children below 5 years, is highly linked to open defecation (OD). Poor excreta disposal remains a major challenge to improved sanitation and hygiene in many communities of Kenya and therefore they continue to practice open defecation. Construction and utilization of a latrine at home is a protective factor for communicable diseases.  About 52% of the population practice proper utilization of latrine in low-income countries. Improper utilization of latrines leads to the contamination of the water sources. Availability of a pit latrine does not guarantee utilization because other factors like functionality and distance influence its use. Furthermore, the availability and use of the latrine depends on maintenance practices of the latrines and cleanliness as well as the quality of housing and household compound. Aims: To analyze the physical and social demographic factors influencing the utilization of pit latrines in Tigania East Sub-County, Meru County, Kenya. Study Design:  The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Tigania East Sub-County, Meru County, Kenya shown in Fig. 3. Household survey was carried out between June 2018 and December 2019. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional survey involving 369 respondents selected by systematic random sampling from different households across the sub-county was utilized. Data collection was done using a structured questionnaire administered in English and a spot observation checklist. All data generated was entered, validated and analyzed using SPSS using SPSS Software Version 23.  Descriptive analysis was done during the calculation of measures of central tendency and proportions. Regression analysis was used in the determination of any association between the socio-demographic factors and the utilization of latrines. Results: Ownership, location and functionality of the pit latrine were positively associated with utilization (OR=2.127, OR=1.53, OR=4.36, P=.00). Households that owned pit latrines were 2 times likely to utilize the pit latrines than those without a pit latrine. Moreover, household size, gender, and employment were positively related to utilization (R=0.502, P=.00). High construction costs challenges were 7 times linked to open defecation practices. Households with less than 6 members were 2.35 times more likely to utilize the pit latrine compared to those with 7-12 members (OR=2.35, X²=13.573, P=.00). Conclusion: Interventions should target households with more than 7 members. A call for partnerships between government and donors to improve household income, water sources, and sanitation practices in Tigania East Sub-County is necessary. A call for funding projects related to pour-flush pit latrines and wet technologies to enhance utilization.

scholarly journals Deaths From Surgical Conditions In Malawi A Randomised Cross-sectional Nationwide Household Survey

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Gomes Varela ◽  
Sven Young ◽  
Reinou Groen ◽  
Leonard Ngoe Banza ◽  
Nyengo Mkandawire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Health Facility ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Abdominal Distension ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Surgical Conditions ◽  
At Home

Abstract Back ground The prevalence of untreated surgical conditions in Malawi has been estimated at 35% with 24% of the deaths associated with untreated surgical conditions. In SSA, the primary emphasis for health research has been on communicable diseases, and relatively little is known about deaths from surgical conditions in most middle- to low-, income African countries, including Malawi. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap by quantifying and describing the deaths from surgical conditions in Malawi. Methods To access the deaths associated with surgical conditions in Malawi, a randomised multi-stage cross-sectional national household survey was carried out using the Surgeons Overseas Assessment of Surgical Need (SOSAS) tool. Randomisation was done on 48 233 settlements, using 50 villages from each district as data collection sites. Two to four household were randomly selected from each village. Two members of each selected household were interviewed. 1487 households were involved in the survey. Data collection was done using an electronic questionnaire. Results The total number of reported deaths from all causes was 616 in the 1479 households, ranging from 0 to 9 dead household members. Further data related to the deaths were available for 558 persons, with 294 (52.7%) males and 259 (46.4%) females. A total of 13 women died during pregnancy (5% of deceased women). Non-surgical conditions accounted for 408 (73.5%) of all the total deaths. Symptoms such as body swelling, abdominal distension and injuries were among the common associations of deaths: (6.0%, 5.3% and 4.6%). Almost half of the deaths occurred at home (234 persons - 41.9%) while 288 (51.6%) died at a health facility. Thirty persons died on their way to a health facility. Seventy-two persons (12.9%) who died had sought care from a traditional herbalist prior to attending a health facility. Conclusion In Malawi, body swelling, abdominal distension and injuries were the main conditions reported to be related to surgical causes of death. These occurred while the patients were either waiting at home or at health centre. Some patients initially consult a traditional herbalist prior to seeking modern health care. This delayed the possibility of timely surgical intervention.

Observations of Participation in Development Initiatives on Enterprise Income and Asset in Peninsular Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-213
Author(s):  
Abdullah Al Mamun ◽  
Mohd Asrul Hery Bin Ibrahim ◽  
Rajennd A/L Muniady ◽  
Mohammad Bin Ismail ◽  
Noorshella Binti Che Nawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Development Initiatives ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the impact of access to working capital and microenterprise development training programmes on microenterprise income and assets among participants from various development initiatives in the eKasih (National Poverty Data Bank) in Peninsular Malaysia. Adopting a cross-sectional design, we collected data from randomly selected 300 micro-entrepreneurs from the list of development organizations available in the eKasih (National Poverty Data Bank), located in four states in Peninsular Malaysia. Quantitative data were collected through structured interviews from October to November 2017. Findings revealed that the ‘length of participation in development programs’ increased microenterprise income and assets among low-income participants in Peninsular Malaysia. The total amount of economic loan received was also found to increase microenterprise assets. However, the effect on microenterprise income was not clear. In addition, development training programmes were found to have no substantial effect on both microenterprise income and assets. This article ascertained a mixed result of participation in development programmes on microenterprise income and assets among low-income households in Peninsular Malaysia. Development policymakers and organizations should review the effectiveness of the programmes and redesign their products and services to achieve their objectives.

scholarly journals Effect of entrepreneurial orientation on competency and micro-enterprise performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Al Mamun ◽  
Syed Ali Fazal
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Enterprise Performance ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Entrepreneurial Competencies

Purpose This study aims to examine the effect of creativity and innovativeness, risk taking propensity, proactiveness and autonomy on entrepreneurial competency and performance among micro-enterprises in Kelantan, Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach Adopting a cross-sectional design, the authors collected data from 403 micro-entrepreneurs who were registered under “Majlis Amanah Rakyat” and “Majlis Agama Islam dan Adat Istiadat”. Quantitative data were collected through structured interviews from September 2017 to December 2017. Findings The findings revealed that creativity and innovativeness, proactiveness and autonomy had a positive influence on entrepreneurial competencies. In addition, autonomy and entrepreneurial competencies had a positive effect on micro-enterprise performance. Then, entrepreneurial competencies showed a mediating effect on the relationships between creativity, innovativeness, autonomy and micro-enterprise performance. Originality/value The findings contributed to resource-based view and enriched the entrepreneurship literature, particularly in the context of small businesses in emerging economies. This study recommended underlying organizations to pay attention to the improvement of creativity and innovativeness, proactiveness, autonomy and entrepreneurial competencies among low-income entrepreneurs through useful policies and training programs, which were expected to improve micro-enterprise performance and encourage poor households to perform entrepreneurial activities for better socio-economic conditions.

scholarly journals Between the City and the Farm: Food Environments in Artisanal Mining Communities in Upper Guinea

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Stella Nordhagen ◽  
Mohamed Lamine Fofana ◽  
Alpha Oumar Barry ◽  
Sadio Diallo ◽  
Joseph Lamilé Songbono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Food Environments ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Objective: Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is a widespread livelihood in low- and middle-income countries, however many in ASM communities face high levels of poverty and malnutrition. The food environments in ASM communities have non-agricultural rural characteristics that differ from those in urban and subsistence rural areas examined in much existing food environment literature. Design: We examine these complex external and personal food environments in ASM communities via a study using qualitative and quantitative methods. Market surveys and a cross-sectional household survey, plus qualitative mining site non-participant observations and in-depth structured interviews, were conducted in three waves. Setting: Eighteen study sites in ASM communities in northern Guinea. Participants: Surveys covered mothers in mining households with young children (n=613); in-depth interviews engaged mothers of young children (n=45), food vendors (n=40), and young single miners (n=15); observations focused on mothers of young children (n=25). Results: The external food environment in these ASM communities combines widespread availability of commercially-processed and staple-heavy foods with lower availability and higher prices for more nutritious, non-staple foods. Within the personal food environment, miners are constrained in their food choices by considerable variability in daily cash income and limited time for acquisition and preparation. Conclusions: We demonstrate that ASM communities have characteristics of both urban and rural populations and argue for greater nuance and appreciation of complexity in food environment research and resultant policy and programming.

scholarly journals Nutritional intakes and associated factors among tuberculosis patients: a community-based cross-sectional study in China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
zhewen ren ◽  
Fei Zhao ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
Dongmei Hu ◽  
Wentao Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
General Population ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Fat

Abstract Background: This study evaluated nutrient intakes of tuberculosis (TB) patients and examine their associated factors. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 300 adult TB patients were enrolled in two impoverished counties in China. Nutrient intakes were evaluated through two consecutive 24-h dietary recalls and compared with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) 2013. Corresponding information for local general population was derived from 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey. Results: The mean daily energy (1655.0 kcal in males, 1360.3 kcal in females) and protein (44.6 g in males, 35.9 g in females) intakes of TB patients were below Recommend Nutrient Intake (RNI) and Adequate Intake (AI) in both genders, and intakes of many micronutrients, except for vitamin E and sodium, were insufficient. Compared with those for local general population, TB patients’ intakes of all the macronutrients and micronutrients were lower (p<0.05) except total fat. In addition, Proportions of people with macronutrient or micronutrient intakes lower than RNI/AI were higher in TB patients than in general population except for Vitamin E intake. Being unemployed was a risk factor for low energy intake (p<0.05) and out-home-eating was a protective factor for low protein intake (p<0.01). Conclusions: In impoverished areas in China, intakes of macronutrients and most micronutrients in TB patients were less than those in general population. They were also inadequate compared with DRIs, especially in unemployed patients and patients eating at home. These findings suggested that the public health actions are needed to promote education on TB patients about significance of nutritional support, and, further interventions in TB patients’ nutritional intakes are also required.

scholarly journals Anaemia prevalence and its associated factors in children under 5 years in Western China: a systematic review

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e001185
Author(s):  
Yefan Du ◽  
Ying Liao ◽  
Fangqun Leng ◽  
Linhua Li ◽  
Ruixue Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Western China ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
Children Under 5

BackgroundIron-deficiency anaemia disproportionately affects children in low-income and middle-income areas; Western China is a prime example. Given the health risks associated with childhood anaemia and the large heterogeneity of published studies on this subject, we conducted a systematic review of the evidence regarding anaemia prevalence and associated factors in children under 5 years in Western China.MethodsWe searched for all relevant studies on the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in children under 5 years in Western China, obtaining research between 1 January 2011 and 30 June 2021, in English and Chinese from Medline, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang Data and VIP. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts; three reviewed full texts of relevant articles for data extraction and performed quality assessments. The median prevalence was calculated on unweighted pooling, stratified by region, sex, age and ethnic group. Associated factors and a linear trend chart were conducted to identify trends and research highlights.ResultsAmong the 55 articles included, most were cross-sectional studies (39, 70.91%). The prevalence of anaemia in children under 5 years in Western China ranged from 3.69% to 75.74% (median 42.54% (IQR 25.62%–52.56%)); the highest levels were in Qinghai province: 59.10%–75.74% (median 67.80% (IQR 64.70%–72.75%)); the highest levels were reported in the subgroup of children aged 6–12 months (median 50.09% (IQR 34.35%–59.04%)). Regional contexts, individual sociodemographic characteristics and feeding behaviours, and nutritional programme interventions were factors associated with anaemia prevalence.ConclusionThe prevalence of anaemia in children under 5 years in Western China is concerningly high. For this multiethnic and economically underdeveloped region, more high-quality and prospective studies are needed to inform evidence based and targeted preventive strategies to decrease the high prevalence of anaemia among young children.

scholarly journals Association of Undernutrition and Neonatal, Infant and Under-5 Mortality: Evidence from 62 Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 911-911
Author(s):  
Paddy Ssentongo ◽  
Joseph Lewcun ◽  
Anna Ssentongo ◽  
Djibril Ba ◽  
Claudio Fronterre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Objectives During the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) era, many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) failed to achieve the MDG 4 of reducing neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality. In this study, we aimed to assess whether reductions in early childhood undernutrition is associated with a reduction in neonatal, infant and under-5 mortality rate in LMICs. Methods We analyzed demographic and health household survey data from 62 LMICs collected between 2006 and 2018. The sample consisted of nationally representative cross-sectional surveys of children aged 0–59 months (n = 600,390). We examined country-level prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight (based on z scores &lt; −2 per the WHO Growth Standard) each as predictors of neonatal, infant and under-5 mortality incidence using multivariate Poisson regression models adjusted for country-level mean duration of breastfeeding and gross domestic product per capita. We also examined the association between breastfeeding and mortality. Results Overall, 28.4% (95% CI: 26.3%, 30.7%) of young children were stunted, 5.4% (95% CI: 4.5%, 6.6%) were wasted, 12.3% (95% CI: 10.4%, 14.6%) were underweight. Per 1000 live births, neonatal mortality was 23.6 (95% CI: 19.3–27.1), infant mortality was 43.4 (95% CI: 30.2–50.1) and under-5 mortality was 61.6 (95% CI: 55.3- 68.3). At the country level, a 10-fold decrease in stunting was associated with a relative risk (RR) of 0.81 (95% CI 0.66–0.98; P &lt; 0.001) for neonatal mortality, 0.66 (95% CI 0.55–0.80; P &lt; 0.001) for infant mortality, and 0.63 (95% CI 0.52–0.76; P &lt; 0.001) for under-5 mortality. No association was seen between wasting or underweight and child mortality. Breastfeeding was associated with lower rates of child mortality. A one standard deviation (16 months) increase in breastfeeding was associated with a RR of 0.86 (95% CI 0.76–0.97; P = 0.015) for neonatal mortality, 0.79 (95% CI 0.70–0.89; P &lt; 0.001) for infant mortality, and 0.75 (95% CI 0.67–0.85; P &lt; 0.001) for under-5 mortality. Conclusions In a very large, multi-country sample of nationally-representative surveys in LMICs, stunting was strongly associated with child mortality from birth to 5 years. Stunting should be a focus in the effort to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 target to reduce neonatal and under-5 mortality in all countries by 2030. Funding Sources National Institute of Health.

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