Modelling retailer-based exemptions in flavoured tobacco sales restrictions: national estimates on the impact of product availability

ObjectivesMore than 250 US localities restrict sales of flavoured tobacco products (FTPs), but comprehensiveness varies, and many include retailer-based exemptions. The purpose of this study is to examine resulting changes in the US retail environment for FTPs if there was a hypothetical national tobacco control policy that would prohibit FTP sales in all retailers except (1) tobacco specialty stores or (2) tobacco specialty stores and alcohol outlets.Design and settingA cross-sectional analysis of the FTP retail environment in every US Census tract (n=74 133). FTP retailers (n=3 10 090) were enumerated using nine unique codes from a national business directory (n=296 716) and a national vape shop directory (n=13 374).Outcome measuresWe assessed FTP availability using static-bandwidth and adaptive-bandwidth kernel density estimation. We then calculated the proportion of FTP stores remaining and the mean density of FTP retailers under each policy scenario for the overall population, as well as across populations vulnerable to FTP use.ResultsExempting tobacco specialty stores alone would leave 25 276 (8.2%) FTP retailers nationwide, while exempting both tobacco specialty stores and alcohol outlets would leave 54 091 (17.4%) retailers. On average, the per cent remaining FTP availability per 100 000 total population was 7.1% for a tobacco specialty store exemption and 18.1% for a tobacco specialty store and alcohol outlet exemption. Overall, density estimate trends for remaining FTP availability among racial/ethnic populations averaged across Census tracts mirrored total population density. However, estimates varied when stratified by metropolitan status. Compared with the national average, FTP availability would remain 47%–49% higher for all racial/ethnic groups in large metropolitan areas.ConclusionsRetailer-based exemptions allow greater FTP availability compared with comprehensive policies which would reduce FTP availability to zero. Strong public policies have the greatest potential impact on reducing FTP availability, particularly among urban, and racial/ethnic minority populations.

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Alcohol Outlet Density and Deprivation in Six Towns in Bergrivier Municipality before and after Legislative Restrictions

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17030697 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 697 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yasmin Bowers ◽

Adlai Davids ◽

Leslie London

Keyword(s):

Hot Spot ◽

Western Cape ◽

Alcohol Outlet ◽

Alcohol Outlets ◽

Alcohol Outlet Density ◽

Before And After ◽

Outlet Density ◽

Total Alcohol ◽

The Impact ◽

Deprived Areas

Introduction. In 2016, after the Western Cape Liquor Act was enacted, alcohol outlets were mapped in the six towns from a previous 2008 study to determine: (1) alcohol outlet density; (2) the association between deprivation and alcohol outlet density; (3) geospatial trends of alcohol outlet densities; and (4) the impact of alcohol legislation. Methods. Latitude and longitude coordinates were collected of legal and illegal alcohol outlets, and alcohol outlet density was calculated for legal, illegal and total alcohol outlets by km2 and per 1000 persons. To determine the impact of legislation, t-tests and hot spot analyses were calculated for both 2008 and 2016 studies. Spearman coefficients estimated the relationship between alcohol outlet density and deprivation. Results. Although not statistically significant, the number of alcohol outlets and the density per 1000 population declined by about 12% and 34%, respectively. Illegal outlets were still more likely to be located in more deprived areas, and legal outlets in less deprived areas; and a reduction or addition of a few outlets can change a town’s hot spot status. Conclusions. Further studies with larger sample sizes might help to clarify the impacts of the Liquor Act, and the more recent 2017 Alcohol-Related Harms Reduction Policy on alcohol outlet density in the province.

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Binge drinking, alcohol outlet density and associated factors: a multilevel analysis among adolescents in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00052119 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Juliana Gabrielle Martins ◽

Mariana Oliveira Guimarães ◽

Kelly Oliva Jorge ◽

Carlos José de Paula Silva ◽

Raquel Conceição Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School Students ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Binge Drinking ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

School Students ◽

Alcohol Outlet ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Alcohol Outlets ◽

Minas Gerais State ◽

Belo Horizonte

Our study sought to evaluate the prevalence of binge drinking in adolescents and its association with density of alcohol outlets around schools. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, with 436 high-school students aged between 17 and 19 and enrolled in 18 public and private schools. The students completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-C), consisting of questions about alcohol consumption by parents and siblings, and socioeconomic status (type of school, mother’s education level). Data from geographic information systems were used to estimate the density of alcohol outlets around schools participating. The association between exploratory variables and binge drinking was investigated using multilevel logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05) with random intercepts and fixed slopes. A three-step sequential modeling strategy was adopted. The prevalence of binge drinking was 39.9%. The alcohol consumption among adolescents was lower for those studying in areas with low density of alcohol outlets around schools (OR = 0.32; 95%CI: 0.14; 0.73) and the consumption of alcohol by mothers was associated with binge drinking among adolescents (OR = 1.94; 95%CI: 1.14; 3.30). Our study concluded that binge drinking among adolescents was associated with density of alcohol outlets around the schools and mother’s alcohol consumption.

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Trends in Memory Problems and Race/Ethnicity in the National Health and Examination Survey, 1999-2014

Ethnicity & Disease ◽

10.18865/ed.29.3.525 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 525-534

Author(s):

Alejandra Casillas ◽

Li-Jung Liang ◽

Stefanie Vassar ◽

Arleen Brown

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

National Health ◽

Population Level ◽

Potential Method ◽

Warning Signs ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Memory Problems ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

The Impact ◽

Racial Ethnic

Background: Little data exist to describe serial population-level trends in cognitive impairment– especially among minority communities. Because memory problems are among the first warning signs of cognitive impairment, they provide a potential method for monitoring changes in cognitive health at the population level. This exploratory study aimed to: 1) estimate prevalence of memory problems among US residents by race/ethnicity, age category; and 2) examine whether racial/ethnic differences in subjective cognitive concerns (memory problems) varied across recent time periods.Design and Setting: Serial cross-sectional analysis of self-reported data from the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2014.Participants: 20,585 participants aged ≥45 years during 1999-2014, who reported race/ethnicity as non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black (NHB), and Latino/Hispanic.Measurements: The outcome of interest was subjective cognitive concerns, identified as self-reported memory problems. The frequencies of memory problems were examined for each 4-year period, across racial/ethnic groups.Results: In adjusted analyses, compared with older (aged ³65 years) NHWs, disparities in subjective cognitive concerns were observed for older Latinos for most periods (range of AOR: 1.43 – 2.01, P<.05). Additionally, Latinos without a high school education had significantly higher odds of reporting memory problems than NHW in multiple periods (range of AOR: 1.95 – 2.17, P<.005), while Latino high school graduates did not. There were no significant changes in racial/ethnic differences in subjective cognitive concerns over time.Conclusions: The prevalence of subjective cognitive concerns across time periods points to a need to engage patients – particularly older and less-educated Latinos – about warning signs for cognitive impairment. The impact of education on subjective cognitive concerns in older Latinos may be related to acculturation and warrant further investigation. Ethn Dis. 2019;29(3):525-534; doi:10.18865/ ed.29.3.525

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THE EFFECT OF OXYTOCIN MASSAGE ON THE PRODUCTION OF ASI OF BREASTFEEDING MOTHER IN THE WORKING AREA OF BANDA SAKTI PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER, BANDA SAKTI DISTRICT, LHOKSEUMAWE CITY, 2019

Jukema (Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Aceh) ◽

10.37598/jukema.v7i1.1065 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 43-48

Author(s):

Dahliana Dahliana ◽

Zeva Juwita

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Center ◽

Milk Production ◽

Analytical Study ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Total Population ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Public Health Center ◽

Increase Milk Production ◽

The Impact

Background: Massage or stimulation of the spine, neurotransmitters will stimulate the medulla oblongata to directly send messages to the hypothalamus in the hypophyseposteriorly to release oxytocin, causing the breasts to release milk. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of oxytocin massage on milk production in breastfeeding mothers in the Banda Sakti Public Health Center, Banda Sakti District, Lhokeseumawe City. Metods: The study design was an analytical study using a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were all breastfeeding mothers who were in the Banda Sakti Public Health Center Lhokseumawe totaling 40 breastfeeding mothers. The sampling method in this study is to use the total population. Where the sample of this research is the entire population, amounting to 40 respondents. The trials in this study were conducted in Hagu Teungoh Village, Banda Sakti District, Lhokseumawe City with a total of 10 respondents, 30 questions with a product moment r value of 0,70. Result: The results showed that of the 28 breastfeeding mothers who did oxytocin massage, the majority of their milk production was smooth, namely 17 people (60,7%), while of the 12 breastfeeding mothers who did not oxytocin massage the majority of their milk production was not smooth, namely 9 people (75%). Recommendation: It is hoped that it can increase respondents’ knowledge in an effort to increase milk production and can inform the impact of the failure of the breastfeeding process.

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Multidisciplinary team decision is rare and decreasing in percutaneous vascular interventions despite positive impact on in-hospital outcomes

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526/a000771 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 262-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Christian-Alexander Behrendt ◽

Tilo Kölbel ◽

Thea Schwaneberg ◽

Holger Diener ◽

Ralf Hohnhold ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multidisciplinary Team ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Invasive Treatment ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hospital Outcomes ◽

Vascular Intervention ◽

Medical Specialties ◽

Team Decision ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Background: Worldwide prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is increasing and peripheral vascular intervention (PVI) has become the primary invasive treatment. There is evidence that multidisciplinary team decision-making (MTD) has an impact on in-hospital outcomes. This study aims to depict practice patterns and time changes regarding MTD of different medical specialties. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study design. 20,748 invasive, percutaneous PVI of PAD conducted in the metropolitan area of Hamburg (Germany) were consecutively collected between January 2004 and December 2014. Results: MTD prior to PVI was associated with lower odds of early unsuccessful termination of the procedures (Odds Ratio 0.662, p < 0.001). The proportion of MTD decreased over the study period (30.9 % until 2009 vs. 16.6 % from 2010, p < 0.001) while rates of critical limb-threatening ischemia (34.5 % vs. 42.1 %), patients´ age (70 vs. 72 years), PVI below-the-knee (BTK) (13.2 % vs. 22.4 %), and rates of severe TASC C/D lesions BTK (43.2 % vs. 54.2 %) increased (all p < 0.001). Utilization of MTD was different between medical specialties with lowest frequency in procedures performed by internists when compared to other medical specialties (7.1 % vs. 25.7 %, p < 0.001). Conclusions: MTD prior to PVI is associated with technical success of the procedure. Nonetheless, rates of MTD prior to PVI are decreasing during the study period. Future studies should address the impact of multidisciplinary vascular teams on long-term outcomes.

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Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Penggunaan Partograf dalam Persalinan oleh Bidan Praktik Mandiri

Jurnal Bidan Cerdas (JBC) ◽

10.33860/jbc.v2i2.60 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 72-80

Author(s):

Niluh Nita Silfia

Keyword(s):

Total Population ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Population Data ◽

Statistical Test ◽

Influential Factor ◽

Test Results ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Survey Results ◽

Research Criteria

Partographs are guidelines for childbirth observations that will facilitate labor assistants in first identifying emergency cases and complications for mothers and fetuses. Preliminary survey at the Sigi Community Health Sub-Center (Pustu) of the 8 Pustu midwives found two midwives (25%) to complete a complete partograph, six midwives (75%) incomplete. The purpose of this study was to determine the determinant factors associated with the use of partographs in labor. The design of this study used observational analytic methods with a cross-sectional approach. 24 BPM survey results were obtained with 30 samples of midwives who met the research criteria and data completeness. The sampling technique was by the total population. Data analysis used logistic regression. The multivariate analysis results showed that APN training was the most influential factor in the use of partographs in labor by midwives. Statistical test results obtained a POR value of 37.7 (95% CI 12.1 - 60.2). This study suggests that midwives must have APN certificates to be valid in providing services.

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Factors Influencing Academic Stress on Students of University of Economics and Business - Vietnam National University

VNU Journal of Science Economics and Business ◽

10.25073/2588-1108/vnueab.4380 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Nham Phong Tuan ◽

Nguyen Ngoc Quy ◽

Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen ◽

Hong Tra My ◽

Tran Nhu Phu

Keyword(s):

Academic Stress ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Stress Scale ◽

Perceptions And Attitudes ◽

National University ◽

Questionnaire Surveys ◽

The University ◽

The Impact

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of seven factors causing academic stress on students of University of Economics and Business - Vietnam National University: Lack of leisure time, Academic performance, Fear of failure, Academic overload, Finances, Competition between students, Relationships with university faculty. Based on the results of a practical survey of 185 students who are attending any courses at the University of Economics and Business - Vietnam National University, the study assesses the impact of stress factors on students. The thesis focuses on clarifying the concept of "stress" and the stress level of students, while pointing out its negative effects on students. This study includes two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys. The first survey uses a set of 16 questions to assess students’ perceptions and attitudes based on an instrument to measure academic stress - Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents (ESSA). The second survey aims to test internal consistency, the robustness of the previously established 7-factor structure. Henceforth, the model was brought back and used qualitatively, combined with Cronbach’s Alpha measurement test and EFA discovery factor analysis. This study was conducted from October 2019 to December 2019. From these practical analyzes, several proposals were made for the society, the school and the students themselves.

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The impact of the use of a footrest on the quality of chest compressions. A prospective, randomized, cross-sectional study

Postępy Nauk Medycznych ◽

10.25121/pnm.2018.31.3.133 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Jolanta Majer ◽

Sandra Pyda ◽

Jerzy Robert Ladny ◽

Antonio Rodriguez-Nunez ◽

Lukasz Szarpak

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Chest Compressions ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

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Awareness of symptomatic differences Covid-19, SARS, Swine Flu, Common cold among dental students

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3431 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 1026-1033

Author(s):

Nivedha Valliammai Mahalingam ◽

Abilasha R ◽

Kavitha S

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Common Cold ◽

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

Dental Students ◽

Swine Flu ◽

Viral Diseases ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

Enormous successes have been obtained against the control of major epidemic diseases, such as SARS, MERS, Ebola, Swine Flu in the past. Dynamic interplay of biological, socio-cultural and ecological factors, together with novel aspects of human-animal interphase, pose additional challenges with respect to the emergence of infectious diseases. The important challenges faced in the control and prevention of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases range from understanding the impact of factors that are necessary for the emergence, to development of strengthened surveillance systems that can mitigate human suffering and death. The aim of the current study is to assess the awareness of symptomatic differences between viral diseases like COVID-19, SARS, Swine flu and common cold among dental students that support the prevention of emergence or re-emergence. Cross-sectional type of study conducted among the undergraduate students comprising 100 Subjects. A questionnaire comprising 15 questions in total were framed, and responses were collected in Google forms in SPSS Software statistical analysis. The study has concluded that dental students have an awareness of the symptomatic differences between infectious viral disease. The study concluded that the awareness of symptomatic differences between viral diseases like COVID-19, SARS, Swine flu, Common cold is good among the dental students who would pave the way for early diagnosis and avoid spreading of such diseases. A further awareness can be created by regular webinars, seminars and brainstorming sessions among these healthcare professionals.

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Relationship between Code of Corporate Governance and Corporate Financial Performance (An Empirical Study of Food Companies Listed on KSE)

GIS Business ◽

10.26643/gis.v12i4.3349 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 01-09

Author(s):

Asma Rafique Chughtai ◽

Afifa Naseer ◽

Asma Hassan

Keyword(s):

Corporate Governance ◽

Stock Exchange ◽

Securities And Exchange Commission ◽

Executive Directors ◽

Agency Conflicts ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Return On Equity ◽

Governance Practices ◽

Code Of Corporate Governance ◽

The Impact

The crucial role that implementation of Code of Corporate Governance plays on protecting the rights of minorities, shareholders, local as well as foreign investors cannot be denied. Companies all over the world are required to implement their respective Code of Corporate Governance for avoiding agency conflicts between companies management and stakeholders and for assuring transparency in accountability. This paper aims at exploring the impact of implementation of corporate governance practices (designed by Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan) have on the financial position of companies. For explanatory variables of the study, composition of the board as per the Code of Corporate Governance that comprises of presence of independent, executive and non-executive directors has been taken into consideration. Return on equity has been taken as an indicator of firms profitability i.e. the dependent variable. For this study, companies listed on food producing sector of Karachi Stock Exchange have been screened for excogitation of the relationship. It is an empirical research based on nine years data from 2007–2015. Using Hausman Test for selecting the data analysis technique between Fixed or Random, Fixed Cross Sectional Panel Analysis has been used for analysis of the data collected. Findings indicate that presence of independent, executive and non-executive directors as per the code requirements levies a significant impact on the profitability of companies indicated by return on equity. It is, thus concluded that companies should ensure compliance with code of governance practices to reduce not only the agency issues but also to increase their profitability.

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