scholarly journals Impact assessment of the WHO FCTC over its first decade: methodology of the expert group

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. s84-s88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey T Fong ◽  
Janet Chung-Hall ◽  
Lorraine Craig
Keyword(s):  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Independent Expert ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundAt its sixth meeting (Moscow, November 2014), the Conference of the Parties (COP) adopted decision FCTC/COP6(13) that called for an impact assessment to ‘examine the impact of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) on the implementation of tobacco control measures and on the effectiveness of its implementation’ after its first 10 years. An independent expert group (EG) was established to conduct the impact assessment, and report their findings at COP7 (Delhi, November 2016). This article describes the methodology used by the EG to conduct the first comprehensive multi-method assessment of the possible causal impact of the FCTC on global tobacco control over the past decade.MethodsThe EG developed and followed a four-stage process model to conduct the impact assessment: (1) desk review of literature on FCTC impact; (2) collection and analysis of interview data from 12 country missions; (3) data synthesis and interpretation; and (4) preparation of a final report.ConclusionsThe EG developed and engaged in a transparent and systematic process to conduct the FCTC impact assessment. The methods employed were rigorous, and explicitly guided by concerns about the difficulty of ascribing cause-and-effect relations. The EG’s report and supporting documents represent important sources of the positive impact of the Convention over its first decade. As development of the FCTC increasingly shifts to mechanisms for accelerating global implementation, the EG’s process model can be used as a methodology to assist Parties in carrying out their own assessments of the impact of the Treaty.

scholarly journals Impact of the WHO FCTC on tobacco control: perspectives from stakeholders in 12 countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. s129-s135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine Craig ◽  
Geoffrey T Fong ◽  
Janet Chung-Hall ◽  
Pekka Puska
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Stakeholder Perspectives ◽  
Independent Expert ◽  
Development Levels ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThe WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), the first WHO treaty, entered into force in 2005. In April 2015, a seven-member independent expert group (EG) was established by a decision of the FCTC Conference of the Parties to assess the impact of the Treaty in its first decade.One component of the EG’s methodology was to gather evidence on WHO FCTC impact from Parties themselves. This paper presents findings from 12 country missions on how the FCTC impacted progress on tobacco control.MethodsBetween November 2015 and May 2016, EG members conducted missions in 12 countries representing each of the six WHO regions and the four World Bank economic development levels. In each country, the EG interviewed a broad range of stakeholders to assess the extent to which the FCTC had contributed to tobacco control. The primary objective was to assess whether tobacco control measures would have been developed or passed, or implemented at all, or as quickly, if there had been no FCTC. Through this counterfactual inquiry, the EG sought to determine the FCTC’s causal role.ConclusionThe FCTC was reported to have made contributions along the entire policy/regulation process: the development of a measure, building legislative and political support for a measure and its implementation. These stakeholder perspectives support the conclusion that the FCTC has played a pivotal role in accelerating and strengthening the implementation of tobacco control measures, although tobacco industry interference continues to be a significant obstacle to further advancement.

The Impact of Ownership on Corporate Performance: The Case of the UAE

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Elsayed Kandil ◽  
Minko Markovski
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Performance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Government Ownership ◽  
Strong Trend ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractThis study attempts to identify whether government ownership has an effect on corporate performance, such as Return on Assets (ROA), Price to Book value, and Profits for a sample of 102 listed companies on the UAE stock exchanges and a subsample of 17 banks listed on the same bourses over a period of 31 quarters. In the case of the sample of 102 companies, government ownership has a positive impact on some of the corporate performance indicators, as well in the banking subsample. In addition, the analysis evaluates the impact of state ownership on debt accumulated across the two samples. The results indicate that state ownership reduced the need to accumulate debt in general across the larger sample. However, focusing on banks, state ownership facilitates borrowing and accumulating debt. The results point to the positive effect of state ownership on corporate performance. Further, state ownership eases constraints on banks’ borrowing as it boosts confidence in the outlook, facilitating higher ratings and cheaper sources of funding. In the case of the UAE, similar to some other countries, where there is a strong trend toward government ownership in listed companies and banks, it has a positive effect on their performance for the period 2008–2016, i. e., there is a positive relationship between the block-holder ownership and firms’ performance, subject to efficiency control measures.

scholarly journals The impact of management practices to prevent and control mycotoxins in the European food supply chain: MyToolBox project results

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
M. Focker ◽  
H.J. van der Fels-Klerx ◽  
N. Magan ◽  
S.G. Edwards ◽  
M. Grahovac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The presence of mycotoxins in cereals has led to large economic losses in Europe. In the course of the European project MyToolBox, prevention and control measures to reduce mycotoxin contamination in cereals were developed. This study aimed to estimate the impact of these prevention and control measures on both the reduction in crop losses and the increased volume of crops suitable for food and/or feed. It focused on the following measures: the use of fungicides during wheat cultivation, the use of resistant maize cultivars and/or biocontrol during maize cultivation, the use of real time sensors in storage silos, the use of innovative milling strategies during the pasta making process, and the employment of degrading enzymes during the process of bioethanol and Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) production. The impact assessment was based on the annual volume of cereals produced, the annual levels of mycotoxin contamination, and experimental data on the prevention and control measures collected in the course of the MyToolBox project. Results are expressed in terms of reduced volumes of cereals lost, or as additional volumes of cereals available for food meeting the current European legal limits. Results showed that a reduction in crop losses as well as an increase in the volume of crops suitable as food and/or feed is feasible with each proposed prevention or control measure along the supply chain. The impact was the largest in areas and in years with the highest mycotoxin contamination levels but would have less impact in years with low mycotoxin levels. In further research, the impact assessment may be validated using future data from more years and European sites. Decision makers in the food and feed supply chain can use this impact assessment to decide on the relevant prevention and control strategies to apply.

scholarly journals A Magic Bullet? The Potential Impact of E-Cigarettes on the Toll of Cigarette Smoking

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mendez ◽  
Kenneth E Warner
Keyword(s):  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Magic Bullet ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction We examine the proportion of US smoking-produced mortality that e-cigarettes might eliminate under assumptions regarding vaping’s ability to increase smoking cessation, vaping’s health risks, and the possibility that vaping will increase smoking among young people. Methods We employ a dynamic population simulation model that tracks individuals from ages 0 to 110, differentiated by gender and smoking status. Using data from the US Census, the National Vital Statistics Reports, Cancer Prevention Study II, and the National Health Interview Survey, we estimate the number of smoking-related life-years lost (LYL) from 2018 to 2100 in a no-vaping scenario. We then compare results for model runs that assess the impact of vaping under a variety of assumptions. Results The combination of assumptions produces 360 possible scenarios. 357 (99%) yield positive estimates of life-years saved (LYS) due to vaping by 2100, from 143 000 to 65 million. Most scenarios result in millions of individuals quitting smoking due to vaping. On average, vaping-induced quitters gain an extra 1.2–2.0 years of life compared to smokers who quit without vaping. The impact of vaping is greatest when it most helps smokers who otherwise have the greatest difficulty quitting smoking. While the numbers of LYS are generally large across all scenarios, they often represent a small fraction of the toll of smoking. Conclusions Vaping is highly likely to reduce smoking-produced mortality. Still, vaping is not “the” answer to the public health crisis created by smoking. Rather, it may well be a tool to add to the armamentarium of effective tobacco control measures. Implications E-cigarettes hold the potential to reduce cigarette smoking’s enormous toll. By itself, however, tobacco harm reduction, as embodied in vaping, is no magic bullet. Going forward, tobacco control will require vigilant application of the evidence-based measures that have brought us so much success in combatting smoking. It will require, as well, the search for and adoption of novel means of attacking the remaining problem. Harm reduction can, and many would say should, be a part of the complex formula that will eventually bring about the demise of smoking.

The impact of perceived brand interactivity on customer purchases. The mediating role of perceived brand fairness and the moderating role of brand involvement

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gligor ◽  
Sıddık Bozkurt
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Brand Involvement ◽  
Customer Purchases ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

Purpose This study aims to investigate the effect of perceived brand interactivity on customer purchases along with the mediating effect of perceived brand fairness. To increase the explanatory power of the model, this study also examines the moderating role of brand involvement. Design/methodology/approach An online survey was conducted to measure the constructs of interest. The direct, indirect (mediation) and conditional (moderation) effects were evaluated using linear regression, PROCESS Model 4 and PROCESS Model 59, respectively. Further, the Johnson Neyman (also called floodlight analysis) technique was used to probe the interaction terms. Findings The study results indicate that perceived brand interactivity directly and indirectly (via perceived brand fairness) impact customer purchases. The results also reveal that the positive impact of perceived brand interactivity on perceived brand fairness is greater when brand involvement is lower. In the same vein, the positive impact of perceived brand fairness on customer purchases is greater when brand involvement is lower. However, brand involvement does not moderate the impact of perceived brand involvement on customer purchases. Originality/value This study examines the effect of perceived brand interactivity on customer purchases (as a customer engagement behavior) while accounting for the mediating role of perceived brand fairness and the moderating role of brand involvement. The results provide noteworthy theoretical and managerial implications.

scholarly journals A Qualitative Study on Chinese Canadian Male Immigrants’ Perspectives on Stopping Smoking: Implications for Tobacco Control in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 812-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimei Mao ◽  
Joan L. Bottorff ◽  
John L. Oliffe ◽  
Gayl Sarbit ◽  
Mary T. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
Canadian Immigrants ◽  
Canadian Culture ◽  
Chinese Canadian ◽  
The Impact

China has the largest number of smokers in the world; more than half of adult men smoke. Chinese immigrants smoke at lower rates than the mainstream population and other immigrant groups do. This qualitative study was to explore the influence of denormalization in Canada on male Chinese immigrant smoking after migration. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 22 male Chinese Canadian immigrants who were currently smoking or had quit smoking in the past 5 years. The study identified that, while becoming a prospective/father prompted the Chinese smokers to quit or reduce their smoking due to concern of the impacts of their smoking on the health of their young children, changes in smoking were also associated with the smoking environment. Four facilitators were identified which were related to the denomormalized smoking environment in Canada: (a) the stigma related to being a smoker in Canada, (b) conformity with Canadian smoking bans in public places, (c) the reduced social function of smoking in Canadian culture, and (d) the impact of graphic health messages on cigarette packs. Denormalization of tobacco in Canada in combination with collectivist values among Chinese smokers appeared to contribute to participants’ reducing and quitting smoking. Although findings of the study cannot be claimed as generalizable to the wider population of Chinese Canadian immigrants due to the small number of the participants, this study provides lessons for the development of tobacco control measures in China to reverse the current prosmoking social environment.

scholarly journals Global impact of tobacco control policies on smokeless tobacco use: a systematic review protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e042860
Author(s):  
Monika Arora ◽  
Aastha Chugh ◽  
Neha Jain ◽  
Masuma Mishu ◽  
Melanie Boeckmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Google Search ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionSmokeless tobacco (ST) was consumed by 356 million people globally in 2017. Recent evidence shows that ST consumption is responsible for an estimated 652 494 all-cause deaths across the globe annually. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was negotiated in 2003 and ratified in 2005 to implement effective tobacco control measures. While the policy measures enacted through various tobacco control laws have been effective in reducing the incidence and prevalence of smoking, the impact of ST-related policies (within WHO FCTC and beyond) on ST use is under-researched and not collated.Methods and analysisA systematic review will be conducted to collate all available ST-related policies implemented across various countries and assess their impact on ST use. The following databases will be searched: Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, EconLit, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), African Index Medicus, LILACS, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region, Western Pacific Region Index Medicus and WHO Library Database, as well as Google search engine and country-specific government websites. All ST-related policy documents (FCTC and non-FCTC) will be included. Results will be limited to literature published since 2005 in English and regional languages (Bengali, Hindi and Urdu). Two reviewers will independently employ two-stage screening to determine inclusion. The Effective Public Health Practice Project’s ‘Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies’ will be used to record ratings of quality and risk of bias among studies selected for inclusion. Data will be extracted using a standardised form. Meta-analysis and narrative synthesis will be used.Ethics and disseminationPermission for ethics exemption of the review was obtained from the Centre for Chronic Disease Control’s Institutional Ethics Committee, India (CCDC_IEC_06_2020; dated 16 April 2020). The results will be disseminated through publications in a peer-reviewed journal and will be presented in national and international conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020191946.

scholarly journals The WHO FCTC and global governance: effects and implications for future global public health instruments

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. s89-s93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F McInerney
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Legal Obligation ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Potential Utility ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionThis article analyses experience with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) in the context of global governance. It examines ways in which the WHO FCTC has been addressed by international institutions, particularly within the UN system at the international and national levels. It seeks to understand the extent to which the WHO FCTC as an international legal obligation has contributed to its integration in the strategies, policies and programmes of UN system organisations.MethodsThe article examines documentation reflecting global governance responses to tobacco control since the Convention’s entry into force in 2005. It also considers discussions with officials involved in the design and management of various UN initiatives. Finally, it draws on the findings of the Expert Group on the Impact Assessment of the WHO FCTC.ConclusionsThe influence of the WHO FCTC in global governance can be at least partially attributed to its status as an international legal obligation. While tobacco control would have likely been a priority in international public health even in the absence of the WHO FCTC, the importance of tobacco control has been relatively greater as a result of the treaty. In assessing the potential utility of any future global public health instrument, it is important to consider the need to mobilise action by other global governance institutions and ensure that the chosen instrument will be capable of stimulating such action.

scholarly journals PARTICIPATORY IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC POLICIES ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN COLOMBIA AND MEXICO

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (78) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Fabio Alberto Pachón Ariza ◽  
Wolfgang Bokelmann ◽  
Cesar Adrian Ramirez Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Rural Development Policies

The participation of stakeholders in the design and application of rural development policies is one of the major concerns of policy makers. The Framework for Participatory Impact Assessment (FoPIA) is a methodology to measure the impact of policies, which could include different stakeholders. This paper used FoPIA to assess the impact of rural development policies in Mexico and Colombia. The results showed a positive impact in the case of Mexico, whereas in Colombia, just one of the policies showed positive results. In both cases, social themes were remarked in order to take them into account at the moment of designing rural development policies.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT, ECOLOGICALLY SOUND MEASURES, AND DOCUMENTATION OF OIL SPILLS

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
Gustav Törling ◽  
Jonas Fejes
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Daily Activity ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Ecological Sensitivity ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT The geographic information system (GIS) is an objective and standardized oil spill impact assessment tool. In addition to the impact assessment, the GIS provides a helpful tool for judging the size of the impact, choosing environmentally sound cleanup techniques, and planning resources utilization. All information put into a GIS, including daily activity reports, will constitute the essential base for claims from the International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC Fund). Impact assessment. Before cleanup activities start, an impact assessment is made. The impacted area is geographically defined in the field with the detailed geographic position system (dGPS) and maps. Type of coastline, spill volume, and type of oil are documented for each impacted area. If necessary, photos and other information concerning the impacted area are included in the GIS. Determination of cleanup method. Documented information from the impact assessment is analyzed together with databases containing ecological sensitivity maps, cleanup methods, and experience. The analysis made using the GIS will suggest what cleanup method/s should be used and how best to use resources. The cleanup method(s) chosen by use of the GIS is presented in digital maps and tables of resources needed. Daily activity reports. All daily activities are documented in the GIS. These include time spent, costs, site, amount of oil cleaned up and method used for cleanup, transfer of oil, and waste disposal. Total and specific cost for each impacted area is calculated daily. Commanders report. The GIS provides the commander with a total report of all actions taken during the cleanup operation. The report contains total costs, claims, experience, geographical location, date and time, and an impact assessment. Advantages of the GIS. The GIS provides a standardized and objective impact assessment for each contaminated area and at the same time suggests what cleanup method to use. The system can present daily reports of information and activities undertaken, and easily specify the cost for each activity. The GIS also can present a final report immediately upon completion of the work.

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