scholarly journals A Qualitative Study on Chinese Canadian Male Immigrants’ Perspectives on Stopping Smoking: Implications for Tobacco Control in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 812-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimei Mao ◽  
Joan L. Bottorff ◽  
John L. Oliffe ◽  
Gayl Sarbit ◽  
Mary T. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
Canadian Immigrants ◽  
Canadian Culture ◽  
Chinese Canadian ◽  
The Impact

China has the largest number of smokers in the world; more than half of adult men smoke. Chinese immigrants smoke at lower rates than the mainstream population and other immigrant groups do. This qualitative study was to explore the influence of denormalization in Canada on male Chinese immigrant smoking after migration. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 22 male Chinese Canadian immigrants who were currently smoking or had quit smoking in the past 5 years. The study identified that, while becoming a prospective/father prompted the Chinese smokers to quit or reduce their smoking due to concern of the impacts of their smoking on the health of their young children, changes in smoking were also associated with the smoking environment. Four facilitators were identified which were related to the denomormalized smoking environment in Canada: (a) the stigma related to being a smoker in Canada, (b) conformity with Canadian smoking bans in public places, (c) the reduced social function of smoking in Canadian culture, and (d) the impact of graphic health messages on cigarette packs. Denormalization of tobacco in Canada in combination with collectivist values among Chinese smokers appeared to contribute to participants’ reducing and quitting smoking. Although findings of the study cannot be claimed as generalizable to the wider population of Chinese Canadian immigrants due to the small number of the participants, this study provides lessons for the development of tobacco control measures in China to reverse the current prosmoking social environment.

scholarly journals A Magic Bullet? The Potential Impact of E-Cigarettes on the Toll of Cigarette Smoking

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mendez ◽  
Kenneth E Warner
Keyword(s):  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Magic Bullet ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction We examine the proportion of US smoking-produced mortality that e-cigarettes might eliminate under assumptions regarding vaping’s ability to increase smoking cessation, vaping’s health risks, and the possibility that vaping will increase smoking among young people. Methods We employ a dynamic population simulation model that tracks individuals from ages 0 to 110, differentiated by gender and smoking status. Using data from the US Census, the National Vital Statistics Reports, Cancer Prevention Study II, and the National Health Interview Survey, we estimate the number of smoking-related life-years lost (LYL) from 2018 to 2100 in a no-vaping scenario. We then compare results for model runs that assess the impact of vaping under a variety of assumptions. Results The combination of assumptions produces 360 possible scenarios. 357 (99%) yield positive estimates of life-years saved (LYS) due to vaping by 2100, from 143 000 to 65 million. Most scenarios result in millions of individuals quitting smoking due to vaping. On average, vaping-induced quitters gain an extra 1.2–2.0 years of life compared to smokers who quit without vaping. The impact of vaping is greatest when it most helps smokers who otherwise have the greatest difficulty quitting smoking. While the numbers of LYS are generally large across all scenarios, they often represent a small fraction of the toll of smoking. Conclusions Vaping is highly likely to reduce smoking-produced mortality. Still, vaping is not “the” answer to the public health crisis created by smoking. Rather, it may well be a tool to add to the armamentarium of effective tobacco control measures. Implications E-cigarettes hold the potential to reduce cigarette smoking’s enormous toll. By itself, however, tobacco harm reduction, as embodied in vaping, is no magic bullet. Going forward, tobacco control will require vigilant application of the evidence-based measures that have brought us so much success in combatting smoking. It will require, as well, the search for and adoption of novel means of attacking the remaining problem. Harm reduction can, and many would say should, be a part of the complex formula that will eventually bring about the demise of smoking.

scholarly journals Impact of the WHO FCTC on tobacco control: perspectives from stakeholders in 12 countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. s129-s135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine Craig ◽  
Geoffrey T Fong ◽  
Janet Chung-Hall ◽  
Pekka Puska
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Stakeholder Perspectives ◽  
Independent Expert ◽  
Development Levels ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThe WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), the first WHO treaty, entered into force in 2005. In April 2015, a seven-member independent expert group (EG) was established by a decision of the FCTC Conference of the Parties to assess the impact of the Treaty in its first decade.One component of the EG’s methodology was to gather evidence on WHO FCTC impact from Parties themselves. This paper presents findings from 12 country missions on how the FCTC impacted progress on tobacco control.MethodsBetween November 2015 and May 2016, EG members conducted missions in 12 countries representing each of the six WHO regions and the four World Bank economic development levels. In each country, the EG interviewed a broad range of stakeholders to assess the extent to which the FCTC had contributed to tobacco control. The primary objective was to assess whether tobacco control measures would have been developed or passed, or implemented at all, or as quickly, if there had been no FCTC. Through this counterfactual inquiry, the EG sought to determine the FCTC’s causal role.ConclusionThe FCTC was reported to have made contributions along the entire policy/regulation process: the development of a measure, building legislative and political support for a measure and its implementation. These stakeholder perspectives support the conclusion that the FCTC has played a pivotal role in accelerating and strengthening the implementation of tobacco control measures, although tobacco industry interference continues to be a significant obstacle to further advancement.

scholarly journals The Impact of State Preemption of Local Smoking Restrictions on Public Health Protections and Changes in Social Norms

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Mowery ◽  
Steve Babb ◽  
Robin Hobart ◽  
Cindy Tworek ◽  
Allison MacNeil
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Smoking Restrictions ◽  
Smoke Free Policy ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Preemption is a legislative or judicial arrangement in which a higher level of government precludes lower levels of government from exercising authority over a topic. In the area of smoke-free policy, preemption typically takes the form of a state law that prevents communities from adopting local smoking restrictions.Background. A broad consensus exists among tobacco control practitioners that preemption adversely impacts tobacco control efforts. This paper examines the effect of state provisions preempting local smoking restrictions in enclosed public places and workplaces.Methods. Multiple data sources were used to assess the impact of state preemptive laws on the proportion of indoor workers covered by smoke-free workplace policies and public support for smoke-free policies. We controlled for potential confounding variables.Results. State preemptive laws were associated with fewer local ordinances restricting smoking, a reduced level of worker protection from secondhand smoke, and reduced support for smoke-free policies among current smokers.Discussion. State preemptive laws have several effects that could impede progress in secondhand smoke protections and broader tobacco control efforts.Conclusion. Practitioners and advocates working on other public health issues should familiarize themselves with the benefits of local policy making and the potential impact of preemption.

scholarly journals Tobacco Control Litigation: Broader Impacts on Health Rights Adjudication

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar A. Cabrera ◽  
Juan Carballo
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Tobacco Taxes ◽  
Broader Impacts ◽  
The Right ◽  
Health Rights

There is perhaps no area of law that so effectively protects human health and thereby advances the right to the highest attainable standard of health, as tobacco control. Globally, tobacco is responsible for 1 in 10 adult deaths, and is on track to kill 10 million people per year, mostly in developing countries, representing a US$200 billion drain on the global economy. Yet experience in recent decades has shown that a range of tobacco control measures, such as comprehensive bans on smoking in public places, tobacco taxes, and limits on tobacco advertising, can greatly reduce smoking prevalence. These measures have slowly curtailed the epidemic, despite strong opposition from various sectors led by the tobacco industry. It is fitting that tobacco control is the focus of a recent, widely ratified global treaty (the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control) and of increasing national litigation, often directly linked to countries’ human rights commitments.

scholarly journals Tobacco Control Measures in Bangladesh: KAP Survey on Informal Tobacco Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-215
Author(s):  
Hazera Akter ◽  
Suborna Barua
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
The Public ◽  
Kap Survey ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Current Tobacco

This research aims to explore the ‘Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP)’ of government’s current tobacco control measures among informal tobacco sellers in Bangladesh. The KAP survey method was applied for collecting information from 400 sellers over seven regional divisions in Bangladesh. The subsequent data analysis was performed using SPSS software to derive the findings from the survey. The study explores that more than half of tobacco sellers are tobacco consumers themselves, of which more than four-fifth consumed tobacco at their Point of Sale (POS). Majority of informal tobacco shops were found in the public places although these sellers reported their acquaintance with the government’s tobacco control Act prohibiting the tobacco usage in such locations. Indirect advertisement was prevalent in about half of those shops. Majority of the sellers used to sell tobacco to minors. About one-fifth of sellers received some form of incentive from tobacco companies while two-third of them received gift items. Since informal tobacco sellers, mostly mobile, reach out the largest pool of consumers making tobacco available near-at-hand, government’s current tobacco control regulations should encompass the informal economy of tobacco sales to prevent massive violation of tobacco control Act by these sellers. Social Science Review, Vol. 37(2), Dec 2020 Page 201-215

scholarly journals Global impact of tobacco control policies on smokeless tobacco use: a systematic review protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e042860
Author(s):  
Monika Arora ◽  
Aastha Chugh ◽  
Neha Jain ◽  
Masuma Mishu ◽  
Melanie Boeckmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Google Search ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionSmokeless tobacco (ST) was consumed by 356 million people globally in 2017. Recent evidence shows that ST consumption is responsible for an estimated 652 494 all-cause deaths across the globe annually. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was negotiated in 2003 and ratified in 2005 to implement effective tobacco control measures. While the policy measures enacted through various tobacco control laws have been effective in reducing the incidence and prevalence of smoking, the impact of ST-related policies (within WHO FCTC and beyond) on ST use is under-researched and not collated.Methods and analysisA systematic review will be conducted to collate all available ST-related policies implemented across various countries and assess their impact on ST use. The following databases will be searched: Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, EconLit, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), African Index Medicus, LILACS, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region, Western Pacific Region Index Medicus and WHO Library Database, as well as Google search engine and country-specific government websites. All ST-related policy documents (FCTC and non-FCTC) will be included. Results will be limited to literature published since 2005 in English and regional languages (Bengali, Hindi and Urdu). Two reviewers will independently employ two-stage screening to determine inclusion. The Effective Public Health Practice Project’s ‘Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies’ will be used to record ratings of quality and risk of bias among studies selected for inclusion. Data will be extracted using a standardised form. Meta-analysis and narrative synthesis will be used.Ethics and disseminationPermission for ethics exemption of the review was obtained from the Centre for Chronic Disease Control’s Institutional Ethics Committee, India (CCDC_IEC_06_2020; dated 16 April 2020). The results will be disseminated through publications in a peer-reviewed journal and will be presented in national and international conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020191946.

Attitude of medical students to regulatory measures related to tobacco smoking

2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (21) ◽  
pp. 828-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildikó Tóth ◽  
József Rinfel ◽  
János Oberling ◽  
László Prugberger ◽  
Lajos Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Student Survey ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Regulatory Measures

In some countries strict tobacco control measures successfully reduced the number of smokers. Although these measures do not have immediate effects, they may serve as investments in the future healthcare. Health care experts should take part actively in the decision making. Aims: To investigate medical students’ relation to smoking and their attitudes about tobacco control measures. Methods: Authors applied the Hungarian translation of the Global Health Professionals Student Survey. Medical students from the first and fifth year filled in the survey anonymously during the seminars. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS. Results: Altogether 245 students completed the questionnaire. It was found that the knowledge of students about health damages caused by tobacco smoking was very good. However, a large number of students are exposed to tobacco smoke (68% of them at home and 85% at public places). Their opinion about tobacco control measures reflects recent law, as only 43% of the students would support a smoking ban in bars and discotheques. Conclusions: Hungarian health care experts have to take part with more effort in the prevention of tobacco smoking. Medical students have to be trained in this field. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 828–833.

scholarly journals The impact of quitting smoking on depressive symptoms: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country Survey

Addiction ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 111 (8) ◽  
pp. 1448-1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Cooper ◽  
Ron Borland ◽  
Hua-Hie Yong ◽  
Omid Fotuhi
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Impact assessment of the WHO FCTC over its first decade: methodology of the expert group

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. s84-s88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey T Fong ◽  
Janet Chung-Hall ◽  
Lorraine Craig
Keyword(s):  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Independent Expert ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundAt its sixth meeting (Moscow, November 2014), the Conference of the Parties (COP) adopted decision FCTC/COP6(13) that called for an impact assessment to ‘examine the impact of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) on the implementation of tobacco control measures and on the effectiveness of its implementation’ after its first 10 years. An independent expert group (EG) was established to conduct the impact assessment, and report their findings at COP7 (Delhi, November 2016). This article describes the methodology used by the EG to conduct the first comprehensive multi-method assessment of the possible causal impact of the FCTC on global tobacco control over the past decade.MethodsThe EG developed and followed a four-stage process model to conduct the impact assessment: (1) desk review of literature on FCTC impact; (2) collection and analysis of interview data from 12 country missions; (3) data synthesis and interpretation; and (4) preparation of a final report.ConclusionsThe EG developed and engaged in a transparent and systematic process to conduct the FCTC impact assessment. The methods employed were rigorous, and explicitly guided by concerns about the difficulty of ascribing cause-and-effect relations. The EG’s report and supporting documents represent important sources of the positive impact of the Convention over its first decade. As development of the FCTC increasingly shifts to mechanisms for accelerating global implementation, the EG’s process model can be used as a methodology to assist Parties in carrying out their own assessments of the impact of the Treaty.

scholarly journals The impact of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in defending legal challenges to tobacco control measures

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. s113-s118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Y Zhou ◽  
Jonathan D Liberman ◽  
Evita Ricafort
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundSince the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control’s (FCTC) entry into force, the tobacco industry has initiated litigation challenging tobacco control measures implemented by governments around the world, or supported others to initiate such litigation on its behalf. In defending their tobacco control measures against such litigation, governments have invoked their obligations and rights under the WHO FCTC. We assess the extent to which the WHO FCTC has provided legal weight to governments’ defences against legal challenge.MethodsWe reviewed 96 court decisions concerning legal challenges to tobacco control measures, determining whether or not they cited the WHO FCTC and their outcomes. We then reviewed the cases where the WHO FCTC was cited, analysing how the WHO FCTC contributed to the resolution of the case.ResultsThe WHO FCTC was cited in 45 decisions. Decisions both citing and not citing the WHO FCTC were largely decided in favour of governments, with 80% of WHO-FCTC-citing and 67% of non-WHO-FCTC-citing cases upholding the measure in its entirety and on every ground of challenge. In cases where it was cited, the WHO FCTC contributed to the resolution of the case in favour of governments by providing a legal basis for measures, demonstrating the measure’s public health purpose, demonstrating the evidence in favour of a measure, demonstrating international consensus, demonstrating that a measure promotes or protects health-related human rights and demonstrating whether or not a measure is reasonable, proportionate or justifiable.ConclusionsThe way the WHO FCTC has been cited in court decisions suggests that it has made a substantial contribution to courts’ reasoning in tobacco control legal challenges and has strengthened governments’ arguments in defending litigation.

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