Current state of genetically modified plant impact on target and non-target fungi

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (NA) ◽  
pp. 441-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. O.P. Stefani ◽  
R. C. Hamelin
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
Current State ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Gm Trees ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Field Deployment ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
The Impact

For two decades, genetic engineering has made it possible to develop crops and trees designed for yield improvement and simplified culture management. This, combined with field deployment of monocultures over large areas, can result in environmental stress and unwanted potential side effects. The commercial production of genetically modified (GM) crops and the recent development of GM trees raise concerns about their potential impact on the environment, in general, and on the biodiversity of non-target organisms, in particular. Fungi are spread worldwide and play key roles in ecosystems. They have been closely associated with plants since they emerged from the oceans. This review critically examines research monitoring the potential effects of GM crops and GM trees on target and non-target fungi. Parsing public databases for peer-reviewed publications about GM plant impacts on fungi yielded 149 studies, a relatively modest number considering the diversity of crops and ecosystems studied. Analysis of these publications showed that the effects of GM plants expressing herbicide and insect tolerance on fungi are understudied while they dominate the GM area worldwide. Experiments monitoring the impact of GM crops and GM trees with enhanced antifungal activity towards target fungi showed, for the most part, significant decreases in disease severity caused by fungal pathogens. Significant changes, expressed as an increase or decrease in fungal development, abundance, and diversity of non-target fungi, were observed in 18 out of 60 studies and all of them involved GM plants expressing traits that were unexpected to affect fungi. The remaining 42 studies did not identify a significant impact on fungal populations. Therefore, in spite of the fact that GM plants have been commercialized since 1996, no clear generalized trend can be identified and it appears that a case-by-case approach is the safest.

scholarly journals The perception of genetically modified plants by farmers in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County, Hungary

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-77
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Education ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Relevant Difference ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Traditional Crops

In this account we report a study that surveyed and quantified the opinion on the acceptability of genetically modified (GM) crops by farmers working in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County located in North Easter Hungary. Authors answered the question whether there is a difference in perception and reasoning of the county’s agricultural workers regarding GM crops. We evaluated the impact of age, gender, education, and agricultural education of responders on rating GM plants to be more dangerous than traditional crops. Is there a relevant difference when responders are administered multiple choice questions, rather than single choice questions? Can we change farmers’ position on the GM technology by using multiple choice questions?

Modeling gene flow from genetically modified plants.

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
Wei Wei ◽  
Jun-Ming Wang ◽  
Xiang-Cheng Mi ◽  
Yan-Da Li ◽  
Yan-Ming Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Flow Models ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Gm Plants

Abstract Gene flow from genetically modified (GM) plants is concerning because of its ecological risks. In modeling studies, these risks may be reduced by altering crop management while taking environmental conditions into account. Gene flow modeling should consider many field aspects, both biological and physical. For example, empirical statistical models deduced from experimental data simulate gene flow well only under limited conditions (similar to experimental conditions). Mechanistic models, however, offer a potentially greater predictive ability. Gene flow models from GM crops to non-GM crops are used to simulate field conditions and minimize the adventitious presence of transgenes to meet certain threshold levels. These models can be adapted to simulate gene flow from GM crops to crop wild relatives using parameters of sexual compatibility and growth characteristics of the wild plants. Currently, modeling gene flow from herbicide-resistant weeds has become very important in light of the increased application of herbicides and widely evolved resistance in weeds.

scholarly journals The Effect of Genetically Modified Food on Infertility Indices: A Systematic Review Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Keshani ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Sharifi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Heydari ◽  
Hassan Joulaei
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Sperm Head ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gm Crop ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Sperm Abnormality

Background and Objectives. With the increase in the growth of genetically modified (GM) crops, concerns as to the adverse effects of GM crops have risen in the community. The present systematic review seeks to assess the GM plants’ potential impacts on the sperm parameters, including sperm head, sperm motility, sperm abnormality, and fertility index. Materials and Methods. A structured literature search was independently performed by three authors on Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase in January 2019. A total of 1467 publications were obtained by the search strategy after eliminating the duplicates. Moreover, the review only included articles written in English language. Other pertinent peer-reviewed publications were chosen (“snowballing”) from the reference lists in the selected publications. To assess the GM crop effects on infertility, experimental studies designed with the control group were selected. On the basis of abstract screening and full-text reviewing, 39 relevant publications were selected, seven of which were used in our review. To access the quality of articles, we used the Cochrane checklist. The collected articles were scored independently by three authors, and the publications with the eligibility criteria were included in our review. No article was excluded due to quality assessment. Results and Conclusion. Our findings indicated that GM products had no adverse effects on infertility indices such as the sperm head, sperm motility, sperm abnormality, and fertility indices. Long-term research still seems to be strongly necessary to ensure that the use of GM plants does not cause any harm to consumers, especially in infertility area.

scholarly journals Contrasting soil microbial abundance and diversity on and between pasture drill rows in the third growing season after sowing

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Hayes ◽  
Vadakattu V. S. R. Gupta ◽  
Guangdi D. Li ◽  
Mark B. Peoples ◽  
Richard P. Rawnsley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Microbial Abundance ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Changed spatial configurations at sowing have been investigated as a strategy to minimize interspecific competition and improve the establishment and persistence of multi-species plantings in pastures, but the impact of this practice on the soil microbiome has received almost no previous research attention. Differences in populations of bacteria and fungi in the surface 10 cm of soil in the third year following pasture establishment were quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Populations were compared on, and between, drill rows sown to either the perennial grass phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.), perennial legume lucerne (alfalfa; Medicago sativa L.) or the annual legume subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Results showed that soil microbial abundance and diversity were related to plant distribution across the field at the time of sampling and to soil chemical parameters including total carbon (C), mineral nitrogen (N), pH, and available phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulfur (S). Despite the 27-month lag since sowing, pasture species remained concentrated around the original drill row with very little colonization of the inter-row area. The abundance and diversity of bacterial and fungal populations were consistently greater under drill rows associated with higher total C concentrations in the surface soil compared with the inter-row areas. Our results showed that the pH and available nutrients were similar between the subterranean clover drill row and the inter-row, suggesting that soil microbial populations were not impacted directly by these soil fertility parameters, but rather were related to the presence or absence of plants. The abundance of bacteria and fungi were numerically lower under phalaris rows compared to rows sown to legumes. The richness and diversity of fungal populations were lowest between rows where lucerne was planted. Possible explanations for this observation include a lower C:N ratio of lucerne roots and/or a lack of fibrous roots at the soil surface compared to the other species, illustrating the influence of contrasting plant types on the soil microflora community. This study highlights the enduring legacy of the drill row on the spatial distribution of plants well into the pasture phase of a cropping rotation and discusses the opportunity to enhance the microbiome of cropping soils on a large scale during the pasture phase by increasing plant distribution across the landscape.

Genetically modified plants as fish feed ingredients

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nini Hedberg Sissener ◽  
Monica Sanden ◽  
Åshild Krogdahl ◽  
Anne-Marie Bakke ◽  
Lene Elisabeth Johannessen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Current State ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
Novel Protein

Genetically modified (GM) plants were first grown commercially more than 20 years ago, but their use is still controversial in some parts of the world. Many GM plant varieties are produced in large quantities globally and are approved for use in fish feeds both in Norway and the European Union. European consumers, however, are skeptical to fish produced by means of GM feed ingredients. Concerns have been raised regarding the safety of GM plants, including potential toxicity and (or) allergenicity of the novel protein, potential unintended effects, and risk of horizontal gene transfer to other species. This review will present the current state of knowledge regarding GM plants as fish feed ingredients, focusing on fish performance and health as well as the fate of the GM DNA fragments in the fish, identifying limitations of the current work and areas where further research is needed.

Genetically modified crops: Broader environmental issues

10.5912/jcb78 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Gray
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Monarch Butterfly ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

Looking back over the five years since a similar review of the field, this paper considers some of the research designed to address those uncertainties that, in part, led to the delay in the commercial-scale release of genetically modified (GM) crops in the UK. This research has included studies of the impact of transgenes on crop biology and invasiveness, the frequency and consequences of hybridisation between crops and their wild relatives and, in two costly large-scale investigations in the USA and UK respectively, attempts to assess the environmental impact of GM crops grown on a commercial scale. The first, on the effects of Bt corn on the Monarch butterfly, has important lessons for the risk assessment process. The second, farm-scale evaluations of GM herbicide-tolerant crops, should provide a blueprint for the management of the crops within an agricultural landscape delivering both food and biodiversity.

scholarly journals Aphid–parasitoid community structure on genetically modified wheat

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone von Burg ◽  
Frank J. F. van Veen ◽  
Fernando Álvarez-Alfageme ◽  
Jörg Romeis
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Insect Community ◽  
Food Web Structure ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Aphid Parasitoid ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
The Impact

Since the introduction of genetically modified (GM) plants, one of the main concerns has been their potential effect on non-target insects. Many studies have looked at GM plant effects on single non-target herbivore species or on simple herbivore–natural enemy food chains. Agro-ecosystems, however, are characterized by numerous insect species which are involved in complex interactions, forming food webs. In this study, we looked at transgenic disease-resistant wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and its effect on aphid–parasitoid food webs. We hypothesized that the GM of the wheat lines directly or indirectly affect aphids and that these effects cascade up to change the structure of the associated food webs. Over 2 years, we studied different experimental wheat lines under semi-field conditions. We constructed quantitative food webs to compare their properties on GM lines with the properties on corresponding non-transgenic controls. We found significant effects of the different wheat lines on insect community structure up to the fourth trophic level. However, the observed effects were inconsistent between study years and the variation between wheat varieties was as big as between GM plants and their controls. This suggests that the impact of our powdery mildew-resistant GM wheat plants on food web structure may be negligible and potential ecological effects on non-target insects limited.

scholarly journals Effects of Feeding Genetically Modified Crops to Domestic Animals: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (sp1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zeeshan Akram ◽  
Sema Yaman ◽  
Hassan Jalal ◽  
Sibel Canoğulları Doğan ◽  
Sana Shahid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Tolerant Plants ◽  
Gm Plants

Genetically modified (GM) crops are being planted at large scale worldwide. In most of the countries, GM crops are processed into livestock feed. The land is used for cultivation of GM plants has been increased in recent years; in 2012 GM plants were grown on over 170 million hectares in 28 countries by 17.3 million farmers and extended to 185.1 million hectors in 2016 worldwide. GM plants have been used as feed for animals and the number of studies has proved their safety for animal and public health. This paper reviews the possible effects of GM crops on livestock, poultry, and aquatic animals by reviewing different type of studies, in which parameters such as performance, reproductive and health assessment were investigated. The most of peer-reviewed papers evaluating the effects of feeding animals with transgenic crops were based on GM plants with improved agronomic traits i.e. herbicide-tolerant plants and pets-tolerant plants; however, in some cases GM plants with boosted nutritional properties assessed. In most experiments, either Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) maize, Roundup Ready (RR) soybean or both fed to animals. Measurable differences in various parameters were mostly observed in Bt maize and soybean fed separately or simultaneously to animals. In this review, scientific studies showing the effects of the use of GM products in the nutrition of domestic animals on performance, health and reproductive parameters are investigated.

scholarly journals MicroRNA Transformed Genetically Modified Crops and their Effect on Human Health.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameer Quazi
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract GM crops or Genetically Modified crops are attracted a wide range of media attention in recent years and continues to do so. Media given awareness about the genetically modified crops to public. They reported the uses and drawbacks of the GM crops. The technique offers with regards to the range of advantages of the use of genetically modified crops. In the Pioneer stage of the production of GM crops, two different sectors of concern have been evolved, which includes impact on the agriculture and dangerous to human life. Safety of the eatables have a vital role in the world. The issue can be reduced by enhancing the productivity and quality of the crop. Genetic manipulation technology depends on the MiRNA, it is one of the main problem-solving methods, which influence the environmental product formation through improving major rules used for miRNAs modification and its objectives in GM plants, it contains constitutive, induction to stress, or specific tissue expression of micro RNAs or their aim, RNA gene silencing mechanism, micro-RNA-resistant target and gene expressions. Genetically Modified Organisms is one of the major focuses in biomedical research from 1980s. Since, Genetically Modified models with animal enable researchers for treatment of human genetic diseases. Genetically Modified microorganisms, crops, and animals are used for the production of drugs that are complex by which helps the generation to vaccines that are cheaper. However, this article+ more focused on the human health associated with the genetically modified foods and role of miRNAs in respected to GM food products.

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