Effects of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise on substrate oxidation in physically active women with different body compositions

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Mitchell ◽  
Jeffery A. Potteiger ◽  
Brittney Bernardoni ◽  
Randal P. Claytor
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Caucasian Women ◽  
Body Compositions

We examined the effects of consuming a 6% carbohydrate (CHO) beverage during exercise on substrate oxidation in active, young Caucasian women with higher body fat (HF) (>25%) and lower body fat (LF) (<25%). The HF group (n = 9) had 32.4% ± 5.6% fat and the LF group (n = 8) had 20.0% ± 3.0% fat. Subjects completed 2 sessions of 45 min of treadmill exercise at 55% of maximal oxygen consumption. Immediately prior to and at 15-min intervals during exercise, subjects consumed 25% of a total volume of a CHO beverage (1 g CHO·kg−1) or a placebo (PLC). During exercise and for 2 h after exercise, expired gases were analyzed to determine oxidation rates for CHO (CHO-OX) and fat (FAT-OX). During exercise, significant differences (p < 0.05) in CHO-OX (mg·kg fat-free mass−1·min−1) were found between groups for the CHO trial (LF, 35.4 ± 4.7 vs. HF, 29.8 ± 3.6) and the PLC trial (LF, 33.7 ± 6.4 vs. HF, 26.3 ± 4.3). CHO-OX was significantly higher during the first hour of recovery in both the LF group (CHO, 9.3 ± 2.1 vs. PLC, 5.3 ± 2.4) and the HF group (CHO, 8.7 ± 2.0 vs. PLC, 4.2 ± 1.0), but during the second hour of recovery, only the HF group had a higher CHO-OX (CHO, 5.3 ± 1.8 vs. PLC, 3.9 ± 1.1). FAT-OX was significantly lower during the first hour of recovery in both the LF group (CHO, 0.6 ± 0.4 vs. PLC, 1.0 ± 0.4) and the HF group (CHO, 0.4 ± 0.4 vs. PLC, 1.4 ± 0.4), as well as during the second hour of recovery in both the LF group (CHO, 0.8 ± 0.4 vs. PLC, 1.3 ± 0.5) and the HF group (CHO, 0.9 ± 0.6 vs. PLC, 1.6 ± 0). CHO ingestion promotes CHO-OX and suppresses FAT-OX during and following exercise in physically active women with low and high levels of body fat.

Determinants of the acetate recovery factor: implications for estimation of [13C]substrate oxidation

2000 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick SCHRAUWEN ◽  
Ellen E. BLAAK ◽  
Dorien P. C. van AGGEL-LEIJSSEN ◽  
Lars B. BORGHOUTS ◽  
Anton J. M. WAGENMAKERS
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Recovery Factor ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Oxidation Rates

When using 13C or 14C tracers to study substrate metabolism, an acetate correction factor should be applied to correct for loss of label in the exchange pathways of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. We have shown recently that the [13C]acetate recovery factor has a high inter-individual variability and should therefore be determined in every subject. In the present study we examined the factors that might explain some of the variability between subjects in acetate recovery factor. Data were pooled from four different studies with identical protocols, in which the acetate recovery factor was measured, prior to an intervention, to correct plasma fatty acid oxidation rates. Acetate recovery was measured after 2 h of [1,2-13C]acetate infusion at rest followed by 1 h of cycling exercise at 40–50% of maximal oxygen uptake. Inter-individual variance in acetate recovery was 12.0% at rest and 16.1% during exercise. Stepwise regression revealed that, at rest, 37.1% of the acetate recovery could be accounted for by basal metabolic rate adjusted for fat-free mass, percentage body fat and respiratory quotient (RQ). During exercise, 69.1% of the variance in acetate recovery could be accounted for by energy expenditure adjusted for fat-free mass, % body fat and RQ. In conclusion, we show that the acetate recovery factor has a high inter-individual variability, both at rest and during exercise, which can partly be accounted for by metabolic rate, RQ and % body fat. These data indicate that the acetate recovery factor needs to be determined in every subject, under similar conditions as used for the tracer-derived determination of substrate oxidation. Failure to do this might result in large under- or over-estimation of plasma substrate oxidation, and hence to artificial differences between groups.

Effect of growth hormone administration and treadmill exercise on the body composition of rats

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Yeh ◽  
J. F. Aloia ◽  
M. Chen ◽  
S. Sprintz
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Growth Hormone Administration ◽  
Hormone Administration

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of growth hormone administration and treadmill exercise on bone mass, body fat mass, and fat-free mass. Forty female rats aged 14 mo were divided into control, ovine growth hormone administration (0.5 mg.kg-1.day-1; GH), treadmill exercise (17 m/min, 60 min/day; EX), and EX + GH groups. Noninvasive total body electrical conductivity and dual X-ray absorptiometry techniques were used to assess the body fat content, fat-free mass, and tibial and L4 vertebral bone mineral content of each experimental animal at weeks 0, 9, and 16. The age-related increase in body fat mass was suppressed in the GH group, and the fat-free mass and L4 bone mass were higher in the GH group than in the control group. Conversely, in the EX group there was no gain in body fat mass and no significant change in fat-free mass or vertebral bone mass. The tibial bone mass increased in both the GH and EX groups; however, the time response to the two interventions appeared to differ. In the EX + GH group there was no further enhancement of the anabolic effect on the tibial bone mass. The effect of growth hormone administration on body fat content and bone mass is distinct from that of treadmill exercise.

Chronic administration of therapeutic levels of clenbuterol acts as a repartitioning agent

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2064-2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Kearns ◽  
Kenneth H. McKeever ◽  
Karyn Malinowski ◽  
Maggie B. Struck ◽  
Takashi Abe
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Chronic Clenbuterol ◽  
Therapeutic Doses ◽  
And Control

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of therapeutic levels of clenbuterol, with and without exercise training, on body composition. Twenty-three unfit Standardbred mares were divided into four experimental groups: clenbuterol (2.4 μg/kg body wt twice daily) plus exercise (ClenEx; 20 min at 50% maximal oxygen consumption 3days/wk; n = 6), clenbuterol only (Clen; n = 6), exercise only (Ex; n = 5), and control (Con; n = 6). Rump fat thickness was measured at 2-wk intervals by using B-mode ultrasound, and percent body fat (%fat) was calculated by using previously published methods. For Ex, body fat decreased ( P < 0.05) at week 4 (−9.3%), %fat at week 6 (−6.9%), and fat-free mass (FFM) increased ( P < 0.05) at week 8 (+3.2%). On the other hand, Clen had significant changes in %fat (−15.4%), fat mass (−14.7%), and FFM (+4.3%) at week 2. ClenEx had significant decreases in %fat (−17.6%) and fat mass (−19.5%) at week 2, which was similar to Clen; however, this group had a different FFM response, which significantly increased (+4.4%) at week 6. Con showed no changes ( P > 0.05) in any variable at any time. These results suggest that exercise training and clenbuterol have additive effects with respect to %fat and fat mass but antagonistic effects in terms of FFM. Furthermore, chronic clenbuterol administration causes significant repartitioning in the horse, even when administered in therapeutic doses.

Oral contraception and energy intake in women: Impact on substrate oxidation during exercise

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 646-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie Isacco ◽  
David Thivel ◽  
Anne Meddahi Pelle ◽  
Hassane Zouhal ◽  
Martine Duclos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Oral Contraception ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Fuel Selection

Oral contraception (OC) and energy intake may play a role in fuel selection during exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of OCs (OC+ vs. OC–) in fed and fasting conditions on substrate oxidation and metabolic and hormonal responses in women during exercise. Substrate oxidation (respiratory exchange ratio and lipid and carbohydrates oxidation rates), metabolic (glycerol, free fatty acids (FFA), and glucose), and hormonal (insulin, adrenaline, and noradrenaline) responses were determined in 21 women: 10 regularly menstruating women (OC–) and 11 women using OCs (OC+: low-dose monophasic pill; ethinyl estradiol ≤ 30 µg) during 45 min at 65% of maximal oxygen consumption in fasting and postprandial states. At rest, OC+ presented higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglyceride plasma concentrations as compared with OC–. OC status had no influence on substrate oxidation and metabolic and hormonal responses during exercise. In the fasting state, whatever the OC status, women exhibited greater reliance on fat than in postprandial condition. This occurred in the presence of lower plasma insulin concentrations and higher plasma FFA and glycerol levels. The results indicated that the use of low-dose monophasic combined with OCs did not modify fuel selection and metabolic and hormonal responses during exercise in women. The fasting condition, compared with the fed condition, decreased carbohydrate oxidation during exercise, leading to a greater lipid mobilization and utilization whatever the OC status. Thus, in women, the realization of an exercise in either the fed or fasting conditions had a greater impact on substrate oxidation than OC status.

Abstract P125: Multiple Measures of Energy Expenditure and Substrate Oxidation in Non-obese White and African American Young Adults

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter T Katzmarzyk ◽  
Eric Ravussin
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Multiple Measures ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Increased Risk

Introduction: African Americans (AA) experience higher rates of obesity and related disorders than the general U.S. population. It has been hypothesized that the increased risk of obesity among AA may be explained, in part, by lower levels of energy expenditure (EE) and lower levels of fat oxidation. However, many different measures of EE and substrate oxidation have been employed across previous studies. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare multiple measures of EE and substrate oxidation among White (W) and AA adults. We hypothesize that AA will have lower EE and lower fat oxidation rates than W. Methods: A sample of 12 young (ages 22 to 35 y), non-obese AA adults was recruited from the local community and pair-matched by age, sex and body mass index (BMI) to a sample of 12 W adults. Height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated (kg/m 2 ). Total fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) were measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Resting EE (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured in a fasting state using a metabolic cart; 24-hour EE, 24-h RQ, sleep EE and sleep RQ were measured in a whole room calorimeter; and free-living total daily EE (TDEE) was measured over two weeks using doubly labelled water. Physical activity level (PAL) was computed as TDEE/REE. Differences between W and AA were determined using general linear models, adjusting for FFM. Results: The analytic sample had a mean age of 27.0 y (SD 4.3 y) and mean BMI of 22.9 kg/m 2 (SD 2.9 kg/m 2 ). There were no significant differences in age, BMI, FM or FFM between W and AA (all p>0.05). However, W had significantly higher REE (1459 vs 1305 kcal/day; p=0.001), 24-h EE (1826 versus 1737 kcal/day; p=0.02), sleep EE (1509 vs 1405 kcal/day; p=0.005); but not TDEE (2452 vs 2313 kcal/day; p=0.30) compared to AA. There were no race differences in RQ (0.83 vs 0.83; p=0.93), 24-h RQ (0.86 vs 0.88; p=0.24) or sleep RQ (0.86 vs 0.87; p=0.44). On the other hand, AA had higher PAL (1.34 vs 1.26; p=0.04) compared to W. Conclusions: Non-obese W adults demonstrated higher REE, 24-h EE, and sleep EE compared to AA, but had similar levels of free-living TDEE. It appears as though some AA adults may compensate for lower REE by increased physical activity, which may be an effective strategy to prevent weight gain and obesity.

Effects of different meal compositions after exercise on fat and carbohydrate oxidation in women with different levels of body fat

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 538-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittney Bernardoni ◽  
Nicole Mitchell ◽  
Michael J. Hughes ◽  
Randal P. Claytor ◽  
Jeffrey Potteiger
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Carbohydrate Oxidation ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Liquid Meal ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Levels

We investigated the effects of consuming a high-carbohydrate meal (HC), high-fat meal (HF), or no meal (CON) following exercise on fat and carbohydrate oxidation (FAT-OX, CHO-OX) in women with differing levels of body fat. Healthy, physically active females were divided into a Lower Fat (<25% fat, n = 10) or Higher Fat (>25% fat, n = 9) group and tested on 4 occasions. During session 1, body composition and maximal oxygen consumption were determined. During 3 treatment sessions, subjects preformed treadmill exercise at 55% of maximal oxygen consumption until 350 kcal were expended. At 10 min postexercise subjects consumed a liquid meal standardized to provide energy equal to 20% of 24-h energy expenditure plus the 350 kcal of exercise. The HC meal comprised 64% carbohydrate, 21.6% fat, and 14.4% protein. The HF meal comprised 24% carbohydrate, 62% fat, and 14% protein. CON consisted of water equal to the meal volume. During exercise and 2 h postexercise, expired gases were collected to determine FAT-OX and CHO-OX. During exercise CHO-OX was a significantly higher for the Lower Fat group and FAT-OX was significantly higher for the Lower Fat group for each of the meal conditions. A significant difference was observed across meals (p < 0.05) for CHO-OX (first hour) and for CHO-OX and FAT-OX (second hour) postexercise. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the Lower Fat and Higher Fat groups for either recovery period. In physically active females, the macronutrient composition of the postexercise meal affects substrate oxidation, but the level of body fat does not.

Running sprint interval training induces fat loss in women

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 944-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom J. Hazell ◽  
Craig D. Hamilton ◽  
T. Dylan Olver ◽  
Peter W.R. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Sprint Interval Training ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Blood Lipid Profile

Data on whether sprint interval training (SIT) (repeated supermaximal intensity, short-duration exercise) affects body composition are limited, and the data that are available suggest that men respond more favourably than do women. Moreover, most SIT data involve cycling exercise, and running may differ because of the larger muscle mass involved. Further, running is a more universal exercise type. This study assessed whether running SIT can alter body composition (air displacement plethysmography), waist circumference, maximal oxygen consumption, peak running speed, and (or) the blood lipid profile. Fifteen recreationally active women (age, 22.9 ± 3.6 years; height, 163.9 ± 5.1 cm; mass, 60.8 ± 5.2 kg) completed 6 weeks of running SIT (4 to 6, 30-s “all-out” sprints on a self-propelled treadmill separated by 4 min of rest performed 3 times per week). Training decreased body fat mass by 8.0% (15.1 ± 3.6 to 13.9 ± 3.4 kg, P = 0.002) and waist circumference by 3.5% (80.1 ± 4.2 to 77.3 ± 4.4 cm, P = 0.048), whereas it increased fat-free mass by 1.3% (45.7 ± 3.5 to 46.3 ± 2.9 kg, P = 0.05), maximal oxygen consumption by 8.7% (46 ± 5 to 50 ± 6 mL/(kg·min), P = 0.004), and peak running speed by 4.8% (16.6 ± 1.7 to 17.4 ± 1.4 km/h, P = 0.026). There were no differences in food intake assessed by 3-day food records (P > 0.329) or in blood lipids (P > 0.595), except for a slight decrease in high-density lipoprotein concentration (1.34 ± 0.28 to 1.24 ± 0.24 mmol/L, P = 0.034). Running SIT is a time-efficient strategy for decreasing body fat while increasing aerobic capacity, peak running speed, and fat-free mass in healthy young women.

Changes in Resting Metabolic Rate and Substrate Oxidation after 16 Months of Exercise Training in Overweight Adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Potteiger ◽  
Erik P. Kirk ◽  
Dennis J. Jacobsen ◽  
Joseph E. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise

Purpose:To determine whether 16 months of moderate-intensity exercise training changes resting metabolic rate (RMR) and substrate oxidation in overweight young adults.Methods:Participants were randomly assigned to nonexercise control (CON, 18 women, 15 men) or exercise (EX, 25 women, 16 men) groups. EX performed supervised and verified exercise 3–5 d/wk, 20–45 min/session, at 60–75% of heart-rate reserve. Body mass and composition, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), RMR, and resting substrate oxidation were assessed at baseline and after 9 and 16 months of training.Results:EX men had significant decreases from baseline to 9 months in body mass (94.6 ± 12.4 to 89.2 ± 9.5 kg) and percent fat (28.3 ± 4.6 to 24.5 ± 3.9). CON women had significant increases in body mass (80.2 ± 8.1 to 83.2 ± 9.2 kg) from baseline to 16 months. VO2max increased significantly from baseline to 9 months in the EX men (3.67 ± 0.62 to 4.34 ± 0.58 L/min) and EX women (2.53 ± 0.32 to 3.03 ± 0.42 L/min). RMR increased from baseline to 9 months in EX women (1,583 ± 221 to 1,692 ± 230 kcal/d) and EX men (1,995 ± 184 to 2,025 ± 209 kcal/d). There were no significant differences within genders for either EX or CON in fat or carbohydrate oxidation. Fat oxidation was significantly higher for women than for men at 9 months in both CON and EX groups.Conclusions:Regular moderate-intensity exercise in healthy, previously sedentary overweight and obese adults increases RMR but does not alter resting substrate oxidation. Women tend to have higher RMR and greater fat oxidation, when expressed per kilogram fat-free mass, than men.

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