The pattern of seed development and maturation in beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus)

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 531-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurusamy Chinnasamy ◽  
Arya Kumar Bal
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Grass Pea ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Lathyrus Maritimus ◽  
Beach Pea

The developmental patterns of seed, seed coat, and hardseededness were studied in naturally growing crop plants of beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel.) at six reproductive growth stages (S1–S6). Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) seeds were used for comparison in some experiments. The accumulation of fresh and dry weight in pod shell and seed of beach pea and pod shell of grass pea followed an almost sigmoidal pattern. However, grass pea seed showed a linear pattern of weight accumulation. During maturation, moisture content of pod shells and seeds decreased because of dehydration. Beach pea seeds were able to germinate precociously at S4. Seeds collected between S1 and S3 failed to germinate because of immaturity, whereas the development of hard seed coats prevented germination in seeds gathered at S5 and S6. An imbibition test revealed that hardseededness completely prevented water absorption of S5 and S6 seeds even after 24 days of soaking. In grass pea, precocious seed germination was observed at S3. However, speed of germination, germination percentage, seedling length and dry weight increased as seeds approached maturity. Lipid and protein accumulation in seeds of both species increased progressively with maturity and showed a positive correlation with seed weight accumulation. In both beach pea and grass pea seeds, S6 was identified as a physiological maturity stage.Key words: beach pea, grass pea, hard seed, imbibition, Lathyrus, seed coat, seed development, water impermeability.

Fatty acid and elemental composition of mature seeds of beach pea [Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel.]

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
Gurusamy Chinnasamy, Arya Kumar Bal ◽  
David Bruce McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Lathyrus Maritimus ◽  
Beach Pea ◽  
Seed Coats

This study was conducted to determine the fatty acid composition of phospholipids (PL), monoglycerides (MG), diglycerides (DG), free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) of mature beach pea seeds and the elemental composition of mature beach pea seed coats and embryos. In beach pea seeds, PL were dominated by C18:2 and C16:0 and MG contained high quantities of C18:2, C16:0 and C18:1. Diglycerides showed high C18:0, C16:0 and C18:2. Free fatty acids were dominated by C18:2, C16:0, C18:1 and C18:0, and TG were dominated by C18:1, C18:0 and C16:0. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis revealed K as the most abundant element in whole seed, seed coat and embryo. However, embryos showed significantly higher relative weight percentage of K than whole seeds and seed coats. Whole seeds and embryos contained higher P, S and Cl relative weight percentages than seed coats. Seed coats contained higher Ca, Na a nd Mg relative weight percentages than embryos. Aluminium, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn distribution between seed coat and embryo was uniform. Key words: Beach pea, element, fatty acid, Lathyrus maritimus L., lipid, seed

scholarly journals Ecophysiology of Mimosa pudica L. at Biratnagar, Eastern Nepal

Our Nature ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Niroula ◽  
D. Parajuli ◽  
S. Jha
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Mimosa Pudica ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Mature Seeds ◽  
Hard Seed Coat

All the freshly collected mature seeds of M. pudica were greenish in colour, whereas 7 year old stored seeds were a mixture of greenish and brownish seeds. The greenish seeds had hard seed coat and acid treated as well as sand rubbing for 6-10 min greatly enhanced their germination percentage. The brownish seeds were simply the deteriorated form of greenish seeds. Leaves and pods had higher contribution to total plant dry weight in ungrazed field and in pot-cultured plants clipped a month before flowering. The young shoots of the plant had 18.9% crude protein, 0.46% phosphorus and 25.4% crude fibre on dry weight basis.Key words: Hard seed coat, Mimosa pudica, scarification, dry matter productionDOI: 10.3126/on.v7i1.2568Our Nature (2009) 7:177-181  

Soybean response to weed interference and defoliation

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Grymes ◽  
James L. Griffin ◽  
David J. Boethel ◽  
B. Rogers Leonard ◽  
David L. Jordan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Hemp Sesbania

Field experiments were conducted in Louisiana over 2 yr to evaluate the influence of full-season interference from johnsongrass, common cocklebur, or hemp sesbania at densities of 2.5, 0.5, and 2.0 plants m–1of row, respectively, and simulated insect defoliation of soybean on weed and soybean growth. Defoliation at R2 (full bloom) and R5 (beginning seed development) soybean growth stages was accomplished by removal of zero, one, or two leaflets per soybean trifoliate, which approximated 0, 33, and 66% defoliation, respectively. Height and dry weight of all weeds were not affected by soybean defoliation level or defoliation stage. Soybean height 3 wk after defoliation at R5 was not influenced by weed interference, soybean defoliation level, or defoliation stage in either year. Averaged across soybean defoliation levels and stages in 1994, johnsongrass, common cocklebur, and hemp sesbania reduced soybean yields 30, 15, and 14%, respectively. In 1995, johnsongrass reduced soybean yield 35%. As soybean defoliation level increased, a linear decrease in soybean yield was observed. Averaged across weeds and soybean defoliation stages, 33 and 66% defoliation reduced soybean yield 6 and 20% in 1994 and 12 and 33% in 1995, respectively. Defoliation at R5 resulted in 10% lower yield than defoliation at R2 in one of two years. Yield reduction due to combinations of weeds and soybean defoliation was additive.

Nodulation of beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus [L.] Bigel.) induced by different strains of rhizobia

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Gurusamy ◽  
A. K. Bal ◽  
D. B. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Root Nodules ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Rhizobial Strain ◽  
Grass Pea ◽  
Native Strain ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Lathyrus Maritimus ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Lathyrus Sativus L ◽  
Beach Pea

In an attempt to screen the most effective rhizobial strain for the potential cold-climate legume crop beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus L.), rhizobia from eight different species of Lathyrus were tested along with the native strain on a 9-wk-long pot culture. The native strain, ACCCRC, isolated from beach pea proved to be the most effective. The tropical legume grass pea (L. sativus L.) tested with the above strains failed to nodulate with ACCCRC, USDA 2422 and USDA 2446. Oleosome content of nodules assessed from histological sections reveals higher numbers in beach pea than in grass pea. Key words: Lathyrus maritimus L., Lathyrus sativus L., root nodules, oleosomes (lipid bodies)

scholarly journals Asymbiotic germination of Vanilla planifolia in relation to the timing of seed collection and seed pretreatments

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Hsin Yeh ◽  
Kai-Yi Chen ◽  
Yung-I. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Vanilla Planifolia ◽  
Outermost Layer ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Seed Pretreatment ◽  
Immature Seeds ◽  
Mature Seeds

Abstract Background Vanilla planifolia is an important tropical orchid for production of natural vanilla flavor. Traditionally, V. planifolia is propagated by stem cuttings, which produces identical genotype that are sensitive to virulent pathogens. However, propagation with seed germination of V. planifolia is intricate and unstable because the seed coat is extremely hard with strong hydrophobic nature. A better understanding of seed development, especially the formation of impermeable seed coat would provide insights into seed propagation and conservation of genetic resources of Vanilla. Results We found that soaking mature seeds in 4% sodium hypochlorite solution from 75 to 90 min significantly increased germination. For the culture of immature seeds, the seed collection at 45 days after pollination (DAP) had the highest germination percentage. We then investigated the anatomical features during seed development that associated with the effect of seed pretreatment on raising seed germination percentage. The 45-DAP immature seeds have developed globular embryos and the thickened non-lignified cell wall at the outermost layer of the outer seed coat. Seeds at 60 DAP and subsequent stages germinated poorly. As the seed approached maturity, the cell wall of the outermost layer of the outer seed coat became lignified and finally compressed into a thick envelope at maturity. On toluidine blue O staining, the wall of outer seed coat stained greenish blue, indicating the presence of phenolic compounds. As well, on Nile red staining, a cuticular substance was detected in the surface wall of the embryo proper and the innermost wall of the inner seed coat. Conclusion We report a reliable protocol for seed pretreatment of mature seeds and for immature seeds culture based on a defined time schedule of V. plantifolia seed development. The window for successful germination of culturing immature seed was short. The quick accumulation of lignin, phenolics and/or phytomelanins in the seed coat may seriously inhibit seed germination after 45 DAP. As seeds matured, the thickened and lignified seed coat formed an impermeable envelope surrounding the embryo, which may play an important role in inducing dormancy. Further studies covering different maturity of green capsules are required to understand the optimal seed maturity and germination of seeds.

Seed morphology and ultrastructure in Citrus garrawayi (Rutaceae) in relation to germinability

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim N. Hamilton ◽  
Sarah E. Ashmore ◽  
Rod A. Drew ◽  
Hugh W. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Outer Integument ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Embryonic Axis ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Immature Seeds

Combinational traits of seed size and seed-coat hardness in Citrus garrawayi (F.M.Bailey) (syn. of Microcitrus garrowayi) were investigated as markers for estimation of seed morphological and physiological maturity. Seed size (length) and coat hardness correlated well with changes in seed coat and embryo morphological development, dry-weight accumulation, decreases in moisture content and a significant increase in germinability. Seed moisture content decreased from 82 ± 1% in immature seeds to 40 ± 1% at seed maturation. The outer integument of immature seeds consisted of thin-walled epidermal fibres from which outgrowths of emerging protrusions were observed. In comparison, mature seed coats were characterised by the thickening of the cell walls of the epidermal fibres from which arose numerous protrusions covered by an extensive mucilage layer. Immature seeds, with incomplete embryo and seed-coat histodiffereniation, had a low mean germination percentage of 4 ± 4%. Premature seeds, with a differentiated embryonic axis, were capable of much higher levels of germination (51 ± 10%) before the attainment of mass maturity. Mature seeds, with the most well differentiated embryonic axis and maximum mean dry weight, had the significantly highest level of germination (88 ± 3%).

scholarly journals Controlling seed development and seed size in Vicia faba: a role for seed coat-associated invertases and carbohydrate state

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 823-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Weber ◽  
Ljudmilla Borisjuk ◽  
Ulrich Wobus
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Coat

scholarly journals Growth and dry matter partitioning response in cereal-legume intercropping under full and limited irrigation regimes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanullah ◽  
Shah Khalid ◽  
Farhan Khalil ◽  
Mohamed Soliman Elshikh ◽  
Mona S. Alwahibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
Winter Crops

AbstractThe dry matter partitioning is the product of the flow of assimilates from the source organs (leaves and stems) along the transport route to the storage organs (grains). A 2-year field experiment was conducted at the agronomy research farm of the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan during 2015–2016 (Y1) to 2016–2017 (Y2) having semiarid climate. Four summer crops, pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoidum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) and four winter crops, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), fababean (Vicia faba) and rapeseed (Brassica napus) were grown under two irrigation regimes (full vs. limited irrigation) with the pattern of growing each crop either alone as sole crop or in combination of two crops in each intercropping system under both winter and summer seasons. The result showed that under full irrigated condition (no water stress), all crops had higher crop growth rate (CGR), leaf dry weight (LDW), stem dry weight (SDW), and spike/head dry weight (S/H/PDW) at both anthesis and physiological maturity (PM) than limited irrigated condition (water stress). In winter crops, both wheat and barley grown as sole crop or intercropped with fababean produced maximum CGR, LDW, SDW, S/H/PDW than other intercrops. Among summer crops, sorghum intercropped either with pigeon pea or with mungbean produced maximum CGR, LDW, SDW, and S/H/PDW at both growth stages. Sole mungbean and pigeon pea or pigeon pea and mungbean intercropping had higher CGR, LDW, SDW, S/H/PDW than millet and sorghum intercropping. On the other hand, wheat and barley grown as sole crops or intercropped with fababean produced maximum CGR, LDW, SDW, and S/H/PDW than other intercrops. Fababean grown as sole crop or intercropped with wheat produced higher CGR, LDW, SDW, and S/H/PDW at PM than intercropped with barley or rapeseed. From the results it was concluded that cereal plus legume intercropping particularly wheat/fababean in winter and sorghum/pigeon pea or sorgum/mungbean in summer are the most productive intercropping systems under both low and high moisture regimes.

Seed development in Malva parviflora: onset of germinability, dormancy and desiccation tolerance

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pippa J. Michael ◽  
Kathryn J. Steadman ◽  
Julie A. Plummer
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physical Dormancy ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Malva Parviflora

Seed development was examined in Malva parviflora. The first flower opened 51 days after germination; flowers were tagged on the day that they opened and monitored for 33 days. Seeds were collected at 12 stages during this period and used to determine moisture content, germination of fresh seeds and desiccation tolerance (seeds dried to 10% moisture content followed by germination testing). Seed moisture content decreased as seeds developed, whereas fresh (max. 296 mg) and dry weight (max. 212 mg) increased to peak at 12–15 and ~21 days after flowering (DAF), respectively. Therefore, physiological maturity occurred at 21 DAF, when seed moisture content was 16–21%. Seeds were capable of germinating early in development, reaching a maximum of 63% at 9 DAF, but germination declined as development continued, presumably due to the imposition of physiological dormancy. Physical dormancy developed at or after physiological maturity, once seed moisture content declined below 20%. Seeds were able to tolerate desiccation from 18 DAF; desiccation hastened development of physical dormancy and improved germination. These results provide important information regarding M. parviflora seed development, which will ultimately improve weed control techniques aimed at preventing seed set and further additions to the seed bank.

LIPID AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN DEVELOPING RAPESEED, BRASSICA NAPUS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. FOWLER ◽  
R. K. DOWNEY
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Erucic Acid ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation

Self-pollinated seed from normal and erucic acid free plants of summer rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was harvested at weekly intervals from pollination to maturity. Oven-dried whole seeds and their component parts were weighed and analyzed for oil content and fatty acid composition. Oil and dry matter accumulation followed sigmoidal patterns, most of the deposition occurring between 14 and 35 days after pollination (DAP). The relative contribution of the testa, endosperm and embryo to dry weight and oil content of whole seeds changed significantly during seed development. Oil content of the developing embryo varied from 22 to 44%, and the testa from 1.6 to 13%, although at maturity only 6 to 8% oil was found in the testa and adhering aleurone. The nucleate endosperm oil content was estimated to be low and in the order of 2 to 2.5%. In 7- to 14-day-old seeds the dry weight, oil content and fatty acid composition were largely determined by the testa and endosperm. From 14 to 21 DAP the testa and embryo were dominant and after 21 DAP the embryo was the controlling influence on the seed characteristics studied.Oils of the testa, nucleate endosperm and embryo differed in fatty acid composition. In seeds free of erucic acid, the ratios of the 18 carbon fatty acids of the embryo and testa remained nearly constant from 21 DAP to maturity. This suggested that the variation in fatty acid composition as well as oil content during seed development in this material was due to disproportionate changes in the contribution of the testa, nucleate endosperm and embryo. However, in developing seeds capable of producing erucic acid a change in the ratio of fatty acid synthesis occurred in both the testa and embryo.

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