Growth and dry matter partitioning response in cereal-legume intercropping under full and limited irrigation regimes

AbstractThe dry matter partitioning is the product of the flow of assimilates from the source organs (leaves and stems) along the transport route to the storage organs (grains). A 2-year field experiment was conducted at the agronomy research farm of the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan during 2015–2016 (Y1) to 2016–2017 (Y2) having semiarid climate. Four summer crops, pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoidum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) and four winter crops, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), fababean (Vicia faba) and rapeseed (Brassica napus) were grown under two irrigation regimes (full vs. limited irrigation) with the pattern of growing each crop either alone as sole crop or in combination of two crops in each intercropping system under both winter and summer seasons. The result showed that under full irrigated condition (no water stress), all crops had higher crop growth rate (CGR), leaf dry weight (LDW), stem dry weight (SDW), and spike/head dry weight (S/H/PDW) at both anthesis and physiological maturity (PM) than limited irrigated condition (water stress). In winter crops, both wheat and barley grown as sole crop or intercropped with fababean produced maximum CGR, LDW, SDW, S/H/PDW than other intercrops. Among summer crops, sorghum intercropped either with pigeon pea or with mungbean produced maximum CGR, LDW, SDW, and S/H/PDW at both growth stages. Sole mungbean and pigeon pea or pigeon pea and mungbean intercropping had higher CGR, LDW, SDW, S/H/PDW than millet and sorghum intercropping. On the other hand, wheat and barley grown as sole crops or intercropped with fababean produced maximum CGR, LDW, SDW, and S/H/PDW than other intercrops. Fababean grown as sole crop or intercropped with wheat produced higher CGR, LDW, SDW, and S/H/PDW at PM than intercropped with barley or rapeseed. From the results it was concluded that cereal plus legume intercropping particularly wheat/fababean in winter and sorghum/pigeon pea or sorgum/mungbean in summer are the most productive intercropping systems under both low and high moisture regimes.

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Seasonal Partitioning of Leaf and Fruit Potassium and Fruit Dry Matter in French Prune Trees at Various Potassium Levels

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.116.6.981 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 116 (6) ◽

pp. 981-986 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

F.J.A. Niederholzer ◽

R.M. Carlson ◽

K. Uriu ◽

N.H. Willits ◽

J.P. Pearson

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fruit Growth ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Accumulation Rates ◽

Mature Trees ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

Weight Yield ◽

High K

A study was undertaken to determine the seasonal dynamics of leaf and fruit K content and the influence of tree K status and fruit growth on leaf and fruit K accumulation rates in French prune (Prunus domestics L. cv. d'Agen). Mature trees in a commercial orchard were treated with various rates of K2 SO4. (O to ≈20 kg/tree) in the fall. Fruit dry weight yield per tree at harvest and fruit K content were higher for high-K trees, but fruit percent K (by dry weight) was ≈1.0% for all trees. Leaf scorch and subsequent abscission severely reduced the canopy of K-deficient trees. Significant positive linear relationships between leaf and fruit K accumulation rates existed for the periods of 28 Apr.-28 May (May) and 28 May-7 July (June). A significant negative linear relationship existed between these two criteria from 7 July-3 Aug. (July). May (0.237 mg K per fruit-day) and July (0.267 mg K per fruit-day) mean fruit K accumulation rates were similar, but both were significantly higher (P = 0.001) than those for June (0.140 mg K per fruit-day). Mean leaf K accumulation rates for May (- 0.007 mg K per leaf-day) and July (-0.010 mg K per leaf-day) were similar, but both were significantly (P = 0.001) less than for June (0.005 mg K per leaf-day). Potassium per fruit accumulation was highest in trees with highest K status. Periods of net leaf K efflux and influx did not precisely correlate with fruit growth stages measured by fruit dry weight. The period of lowest fruit K accumulation (28 May-7 July) coincided with the period of maximum dry matter accumulation by the kernel. After 7 July, all increases in fruit dry weight and K content were due to mesocarp growth.

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Relación entre el peso freco y el peso seco del rastrojo de maíz en diferentes estados fenológicos del cultivo.

Agronomía Mesoamericana ◽

10.15517/am.v8i1.24719 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 20 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Bänziger ◽

G. O. Edmeades ◽

J. Bolaños

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Important Variable ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Simple Method ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Maturity Period ◽

Area Unit ◽

Drying Conditions ◽

The Relationship

The amount of dry matter produced during various stages of corn growth is a important variable to be taken into consideration. However, the lack of drying facilities makes its measurement a difficult task in the fields. A simple method to convert the fresh weight of a crop in the field into dry weight, could be an answer to that problem. In this study, we calculated the relationship between fresh and dry weight of corn stovers, over several, growth, stages of eight corn cultivars of different vigour and maturity period, at two Mexican locations. The differences between cultivars were for percent stover dry weight (%SDW) most evident in the second half of the grain growth stage, when late cultivars showed less humidity than the early ones. The % SDW was regressed against the phenological developmental stage and expressed as a ratio against antesis (R, days to sampling /days to 50% antesis). The equations (R2 = 0.97 - 0.99) with best results were: Early maturing cultivars: %SDW = 12.6 + 0.94R2 + 1.68R4; Late: %SDW = 16.1 - 4.00 R2 + 3.36R4. There were no consistant differences among cultivars with different vigour levels, even though certain differences were noted among the locations and they were attributed to differences in relative humidity. We describe a protocol for determining the dry weight of corn stover by area unit (t/ha) when drying conditions are not available, by utilizing only a scale and a ruler.We also suggest a method to calculate percent dry matter for a real plant parts (including grain).

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De-coupling seasonal changes in water content and dry matter to predict live conifer foliar moisture content

International Journal of Wildland Fire ◽

10.1071/wf13127 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 480 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

W. Matt Jolly ◽

Ann M. Hadlow ◽

Kathleen Huguet

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Water Content ◽

Seasonal Variations ◽

Seasonal Changes ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Water Mass ◽

Water Status ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Dry Matter Partitioning

Live foliar moisture content (LFMC) significantly influences wildland fire behaviour. However, characterising variations in LFMC is difficult because both foliar mass and dry mass can change throughout the season. Here we quantify the seasonal changes in both plant water status and dry matter partitioning. We collected new and old foliar samples from Pinus contorta for two growing seasons and quantified their LFMC, relative water content (RWC) and dry matter chemistry. LFMC quantifies the amount of water per unit fuel dry weight whereas RWC quantifies the amount of water in the fuel relative to how much water the fuel can hold at saturation. RWC is generally a better indicator of water stress than is LFMC. We separated water mass from dry mass for each sample and we attempted to best explain the seasonal variations in each using our measured physiochemical variables. We found that RWC explained 59% of variation in foliar water mass. Additionally, foliar starch, sugar and crude fat content explained 87% of the variation in seasonal dry mass changes. These two models combined explained 85% of the seasonal variations in LFMC. These results demonstrate that changes to dry matter exert a stronger control on seasonal LFMC dynamics than actual changes in water content, and they challenge the assumption that LFMC variations are strongly related to water stress. This methodology could be applied across a range of plant functional types to better understand the factors that drive seasonal changes in LFMC and live fuel flammability.

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Light Use, Water Uptake and Performance of Individual Components of a Sorghum/Groundnut Intercrop

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700003628 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 413-427 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. N. Azam-Ali ◽

R. B. Matthews ◽

J. H. Williams ◽

J. M. Peacock

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Unit Area ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Performance Ratio ◽

Sole Crop ◽

Conversion Coefficients ◽

Proportional Increase ◽

Total Dry Weight ◽

And Performance ◽

Intercepted Radiation

SUMMARYThe productivity of each component of a sorghum/groundnut intercrop and its constituent sole crops is determined in terms of a ‘Crop Performance Ratio’ (CPR) defined as the productivity of an intercrop per unit area of ground compared with that expected from sole crops sown in the same proportions. The CPR allows productivity, intercepted radiation and seasonal transpiration to be compared so that conversion coefficients for radiation (e; g MJ−1) and dry matter/water ratios (q; g kg−1) can be calculated for each intercrop component and its constituent sole crops. In this experiment, CPR for total dry weight in the intercrop was 1.08 and that for reproductive yield was 1.27. These advantages in overall productivity and yield were typical of those reported elsewhere for sorghum/groundnut intercrops. The proportional increase in total dry matter in the intercrop was largely a result of its greater interception of radiation. The further advantage in reproductive yield was a consequence of an improved harvest index in the sorghum component of the intercrop (0.64) compared with that of its sole crop counterpart (0.55).

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Effect of irrigation levels and agrochemicals on dry matter partitioning in summer maize (Zea maize L.)

Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal ◽

10.18805/asd.v35i4.6861 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

Author(s):

B. P. Meena ◽

G. S. Chouhan ◽

V. K. Meena ◽

H. S. Sumeriya

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Distribution Data ◽

Dry Matter Partitioning ◽

Dry Matter Distribution ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Grain Formation ◽

Irrigation Levels ◽

Leaf Dry Weight

Application of eight irrigations (seedling, 6 leaf, knee-high, before tasseling, 50% tasseling, 50% silking, grain formation and grain filling stages) where no stress was occurred significantly increased dry matter distribution. Data related to dry matter partitioning in stem, leaves and cobs at 25, 50, 75 and at harvest stage of crop. In general, irrespective of the treatments, crop attained maximum leaf dry weight at flowering stage. This decreased progressively up to harvest stage. While, stem dry weight showed increasing trend up to tasseling and silking stage and than declined slightly towards harvest stage of the crop. Obviously, cobs dry weight increased linearly from flowering up to harvest stage.

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NITROGEN, POTASSIUM, AND CARBOHYDRATE PARTITIONING IN FIELD-GROWN GRAPEVINES OVER A TWO-YEAR PERIOD

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.6.613d ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 613d-613

Author(s):

Larry E. Williams

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Dry Matter Partitioning ◽

Carbohydrate Partitioning ◽

One Year ◽

Berry Set

Entire Thompson Seedless grapevines (to include the root system) were harvested at regular intervals over a two year period. Dry matter, soluble carbohydrates, N and K were quantified on an individual organ basis for each date. The pattern of dry matter partitioning to the roots and trunk were similar from one year to the next. Decreases in dry weight in the roots and trunk were accompained by decreases in soluble carbohydrates. The concentration of K in the roots remained almost constant over the two year period while that of N fluctuated from less than 1% (dry wt basis) to more than 2.5% depending on the time of the year. The dynamics of N and K within the trunk on a concentration or content (g vine-1) basis were similar to one another. N and K were remobilized from the trunk early in the growing while only N was remobilized from the root system. Remobilization of N from the roots took place from berry set until harvest.

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Dry Matter Partitioning, Carbohydrate Composition, Protein Reserves, and Fruiting in ‘Autumn Bliss’ Red Raspberry Vary in Response to Pruning Date and Cane Density

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.42.1.77 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 77-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Pedro Brás de Oliveira ◽

Maria José Silva ◽

Ricardo B. Ferreira ◽

Cristina M. Oliveira ◽

António A. Monteiro

Keyword(s):

Soluble Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Sucrose Concentration ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Red Raspberry ◽

Dry Matter Partitioning ◽

Dry Matter Distribution ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Carbohydrate Concentration

In a 2-year experiment (1994 and 1995), plants of primocane-fruiting red raspberry cultivar ‘Autumn Bliss’ grown in a plastic greenhouse were destructively harvested at different growth stages to determine the effect of pruning date and cane density on dry matter distribution, carbohydrate concentration, and soluble protein concentration in different plant parts. Three summer-pruning dates (early, mid, and late July) and four cane densities (8, 16, 24, and 32 canes/m row) were imposed. Relative root biomass decreased from pruning to first flower stage and remained constant thereafter for all pruning dates. Earlier pruning dates corresponded to earlier fruit production, but yield was significantly reduced on later pruning dates and higher cane densities. Sucrose concentration was higher in fine roots than in suberized roots and had a slight decrease during flowering and the beginning of harvest. Soluble protein concentrations did not differ significantly between pruning dates. Reserve carbohydrates in the root system were unaffected by pruning and cane density, and were rapidly used during active vegetative growth, began to recover just after bloom, and were fully recovered at the end of the season. Our experiment suggested that in red raspberry plants grown under poor environmental conditions, current yield is reduced but there is enough carbohydrate accumulation to support next year's growth.

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Alteration of dry matter accumulation under soil moisture fluctuation stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Australian Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.21475/ajcs.21.15.05.p3142 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 757-763

Author(s):

Cut Nur Ichsan ◽

Bakhtiar Basyah ◽

Sabaruddin Zakaria ◽

Efendi Efendi

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Root Weight ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Root Depth ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Weight

Drought-flood abrupt alterations (DFAA) is a condition in drought season when sudden rain inundate rice plants. These events are due to the high frequency of extreme climate events that might pose a threat to rice productivity. DFAA causes cumulative stress on rice which affects crop growth and alters dry matter accumulation. This study aims to understand the effect of DFAA to dry matter accumulation by assessing six rice varieties under DFAA. Three treatments were provided such as continuously irrigated as non-water stress (NS) as a control; drought to water stress -35 kPa (DFAA1) followed by sudden flood; drought to severe water stress -70 kPa (DFAA2) followed by abrupt floods; repeated until harvest. The study found that the alteration of dry matter accumulation was determined by root length, root weight, shoot length and shoot weight. Only varieties that are able to increase root depth under water stress fluctuation will be able to maintain the yield. The results of study showed that root depth was positively correlated with shoot length (r = 0.68), shoot weight (r = 0.62), root weight (r = 0.57), percentage of filled grain (r = 0.55) and number of filled grain per hill (r = 0.49). Shoot length was positively correlated with shoot weight (r = 0.83), root weight (r = 0.75) and the number of filled grain (r = 0.62), while shoot weight was only positively correlated with root weight (r = 0.88). This means that only root depth and shoot length can increase the seed setting rate and the number of filled grains per hill. Furthermore, at DFAA2, the percentage of filled grain was highest in Sipulo followed by Bo Santeut, Sanbei, Towuti and Situ Patenggang, which mean that varieties with deeper and heavier root dry weight can maintain higher yields than shallow and low root dry weight. The result of the study may allow to select rice varieties that are resistant to multilevel water-stress and able to maintain the potential yield, by looking at root depth, root dry weight, and through their grain yield in general. These traits could become key indicators for resistance to DFAA stress in rice. It is also necessary to pay attention to the fluctuation of soil water content in critical phases, especially in the reproductive phase and grain filling

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Dry Matter Production and Partitioning in Different Plant Parts of Rice Cultivars under Irrigation Regimes and Systems of Cultivation

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.18805/ijare.a-5316 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

G.V. Venkataravana Nayaka ◽

G. Prabhakara Reddy ◽

R. Mahender Kumar

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Wetting And Drying ◽

Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽

Irrigation Regimes ◽

Matter Production ◽

Crop Growth Stages

Background: Growth and yield characteristics of genotypes depend on genetic and environmental factors. Among the different production factors, varietal selection at any location plays an important role. Proper crop management depends on the growth characteristics of various varieties to get maximum benefit from new genetic material. Among the different water- saving irrigation methods in rice, the most widely adopted is alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Many of the rice cultivars vary in their performance under different systems of cultivation.Methods: A field experiment was conducted on a clay loam soil at Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR) Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana during the kharif seasons of 2017 and 2018. to study the “productivity and water use efficiency of rice cultivars under different irrigation regimes and systems of cultivation” The treatments consisted of two irrigation regimes Alternate wetting and drying and Saturation as main plot treatments, three establishment methods System of Rice Intensification (SRI), Drum Seeding (DS) and Normal transplanting (NTP) as sub plot treatments and four Cultivars namely DRR Dhan 42, DRR Dhan 43, MTU-1010 and NLR-34449 as sub-sub plot treatments summing up to 24 treatment combinations laid out in split-split plot design with three replications.Result: At 60, 90 DAS/DAT and harvest significantly dry matter production (DMP) was recorded with DRR Dhan 43 cultivar (607, 4320 and 11548 kg ha-1 respectively in pooled means of both 2017 and 2018) than other cultivars. Whereas MTU-1010 and NLR-34449 recorded on par dry matter production values at all the crop growth stages during both the years of study. However, DRR Dhan 42 produced the lowest dry matter production compared to other genotypes. DRR Dhan 43 recorded higher dry matter accumulation (g m-2) in root, stem and leaves at all the crop growth stages, during both the years of the study over other cultivars. Alternative wetting and drying method of irrigation recorded significantly higher DMP at all the growth stages of rice (60, 90 DAS/DAT and at harvest) except at 30 DAS/DAT during both 2017 and 2018 as compared to saturation. SRI recorded significantly higher DMP as compared to normal transplanting; however, it was comparably at par with drum seeding at all the growth stages.

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Shading Affects Morphology, Dry-matter Partitioning, and Photosynthetic Response of Greenhouse-grown `Chardonnay' Grapevines

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.1.65 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 65-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Justine E. Vanden Heuvel ◽

John T.A. Proctor ◽

K. Helen Fisher ◽

J. Alan Sullivan

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Dark Respiration ◽

Light Response ◽

Leaf Size ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Volume Density ◽

Response Curves ◽

Dry Matter Partitioning ◽

Light Response Curves ◽

Whole Plant

In order to gain an understanding of the capacity of severely shaded leaves to be productive in dense canopies, the effects of increased shading on morphology, dry-matter partitioning, and whole-plant net carbon exchange rate (NCER) were investigated on greenhouse-grown Vitis vinifera L. `Chardonnay' grapevines. Vines were subjected to whole-plant shading levels of 0%, 54%, 90%, and 99% of direct sun 3 weeks after potting. Data were collected 8 to 10 weeks after potting. Nonlinear regression was used to investigate the relationship of leaf morphological traits and organ dry weights to increased shading. Leaf size was maintained with increased shading to approximately the 90% shading level, while leaf fresh weight, volume, density, and thickness were immediately reduced with increased shading. Root dry weight was most affected by increased shading, and root to shoot ratio was reduced. When nonlinear regressions were produced for light response curves, light compensation point was reduced by approximately 49% by moderate shading, and 61% by severe shading. Shaded leaves approached the asymptote of the light response curve more quickly, and had reduced dark respiration rates, indicating that the morphological compensation responses by the vine allow shaded leaves to use available light more efficiently. However, the long-term ramifications of reduced root growth in the current year on vines with shaded leaves may be significant.

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