Long-term climate and weather patterns in relation to crop yield: a minireview

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 1031-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.W. McKeown ◽  
J. Warland ◽  
M.R. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Climate Effects ◽  
Hot Days

It is accepted knowledge that weather affects yields and climate dictates which crops will grow in a region. Specific weather events, such as drought or hail, that affect yield or quality, are known, as are the general climatic conditions required for groups of crops such as cool season vegetables or tropical crops. However, more precise information on how changes in long-term weather and climate influence the yield of specific vegetable crops is not available. Studies of yield over long periods have the advantage of reflecting the combined effects of numerous environmental variables, including climate effects on physiological stress, pests, and diseases. A study of yields of cool season vegetable crops in Ontario revealed that a decrease in yields is related to an increase in the number of hot days with maximum temperatures over 30 °C. A clear warming trend in Ontario weather is evident, beginning in the mid-1980s, with increasing numbers of hot days and more variable temperatures from year to year. Furthermore, yields of cole crops declined by 10% for every 10 d with temperatures >30 °C in the growing season. Several other studies on agronomic crops worldwide show reductions in yield resulting from warmer temperatures. For example, in a study of rice in the Philippines, yield was reduced by 10% for every 1 °C increase in minimum temperature during the dry season. Methods for evaluating long-term climate effects on crop yield are discussed.

Long-term marketable yields of horticultural crops in southern Ontario in relation to seasonal climate

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan McKeown ◽  
Jon Warland ◽  
Mary Ruth McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Before And After

In Ontario, Canada, marketable yields of certain annual horticultural crops increased steadily from 1940 to the mid-1980s, then dramatically decreased and became highly variable. This was not seen in field crops such as soybean and corn. Standard climatological variables showed little correlation with yields of vegetable crops such as tomatoes, cabbage, cauliflower, onions and rutabagas. The number of hot days (defined as days with maximum temperature greater than 30°C) and number of days with precipitation were better correlated with cool-season vegetable crop yield. With these climate measures we identified a period of milder growing season climate, from 1961 to 1986, and there was a greater frequency of hot days before and after this period. This analysis shows that horticultural crops are more sensitive to specific synoptic events, such as periods of hot days, than to overall growing season climate, and their yields may provide an indicator of a changing climate. Key words: Horticultural yields, historical climate, weather

scholarly journals Long-term Yield of Horticultural Crops in Wisconsin in Relation to Seasonal Climate in Comparison with Southern Ontario, Canada

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 863-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Tesfaendrias ◽  
Mary Ruth McDonald ◽  
Jon Warland
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Green Pea ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between long-term weather and yield of 11 horticultural crops and one field crop in Wisconsin was determined for a 55-year period (1950–2005). The relationships among weather parameters and yield in Wisconsin were also compared with associations between weather and yields in Ontario, Canada, from a previous study. The number of days in a growing season with maximum temperatures 30 °C or greater (hot days) was negatively correlated with yields of beet for canning (r2 = 0.15), green pea (r2 = 0.16), onion (r2 = 0.08), and sweet corn for processing (r2 = 0.16) in Wisconsin. Hot days were also negatively correlated with yield of green pea (r2 = 0.16) in Ontario, Canada. Growing season precipitation in Wisconsin was positively correlated with yields of beet for canning (r2 = 0.18) and green pea (r2 = 0.09). An increase in yields of beet for canning in Wisconsin and green pea from Ontario was also observed with an increase in number of days with rainfall during the growing season (r2 = 0.12 and 0.15, respectively). Monthly minimum and maximum temperatures and hot days had an effect on vegetable yields in Wisconsin. A high number of days with precipitation in May and July was associated with yields of most vegetables and grain corn in Wisconsin. These results indicated the importance of the total and frequency of seasonal precipitation and the negative effect of exposure of crops to extreme temperatures on yields of vegetable crops.

scholarly journals Observed Long-Term Trends for Agroclimatic Conditions in Canada

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 604-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Budong Qian ◽  
Xuebin Zhang ◽  
Kai Chen ◽  
Yang Feng ◽  
Ted O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The Standardized Precipitation Index

Abstract A set of agroclimatic indices representing Canadian climatic conditions for field crop production are analyzed for long-term trends during 1895–2007. The indices are categorized for three crop types: cool season, warm season, and overwintering. Results indicate a significant lengthening of the growing season due to a significantly earlier start and a significantly later end of the growing season. Significant positive trends are also observed for effective growing degree-days and crop heat units at most locations across the country. The occurrence of extremely low temperatures has become less frequent during the nongrowing season, implying a more favorable climate for overwinter survival. In addition, the total numbers of cool days, frost days, and killing-frost days within a growing season have a decreasing trend. This means that crops may also be less vulnerable to cold stress and injury during the growing season. Extreme daily precipitation amounts and 10-day precipitation totals during the growing season have been increasing. Significant trends associated with increased availability of water during the growing season are identified by the standardized precipitation index and seasonal water deficits. The benefit of the increased precipitation may have been offset by an upward trend in evaporative demand; however, this would depend on the amount of growth and productivity resulting from increased actual evapotranspiration.

Analysis of the production of major agricultural crops in the Orenburg region

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-71
Author(s):  
Kh. B. Dusaev ◽  
A. Kh. Dusaeva
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Orenburg Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Leguminous Crops

A detailed analysis of the production of the main agricultural crops in the Orenburg region for a long-term period, taking into account of their sown areas, gross yields and yields in farms of all categories has been provided in the article. The purpose of the research was to analyze the production of the main agricultural crops in the Orenburg region. Based on the conducted research, transformational changes and trends in the regional production of grain, potatoes and vegetable crops have been identified. During the study period, a gradual reduction in the acreage of grain and leguminous crops in the region was revealed with stabilization at the level of 2,7 million hectares with a wide range of variations in gross yields and productivity depending on the weather and climatic conditions of cultivation. The gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops in farms of all categories during the study period varied in a very wide range of 739,6–4207,2 thousand tons. The biggest gross harvests of grain and leguminous crops were observed in 2000, 2016 and 2017, respectively, 3141,7, 3138,6 and 4207,2 thousand tons in association with the most favorable natural and climatic conditions of their cultivation. There was the reduction in the area, the decrease in gross yields and the tendency to increase the yield of potatoes and vegetable crops in farms of all categories. Based on the analysis, measures are proposed to optimize the acreage, increase the gross yield and productivity of the main agricultural crops in the agricultural sector of the regional agro-industrial complex, as well as a set of measures for sustainable development and effective functioning of regional agricultural production with the possibility of applied use in other regions of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals How Unusual Were June 2019 Temperatures in the Context of European Climatology?

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Sulikowska ◽  
Agnieszka Wypych
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Temperature Record ◽  
Bootstrap Resampling ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Circulation Types ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Composite Maps ◽  
Heat Events

The aims of the study were to assess the severity of temperature conditions in Europe, in June 2019, using a newly developed extremes index, as well as to evaluate circulation conditions that favored the occurrence of extremely hot days in June 2019, as seen over the long term. The main focus of this work was on two European regions particularly affected by high temperatures in June 2019, namely Central Europe and Iberia. To comprehensively characterize heat events in terms of their spatial extent and intensity, we proposed the extremity index (EI) and used it to compare hot days occurring in areas of different sizes and with different climatic conditions. The role of atmospheric circulation in the occurrence of hot days was evaluated using the Grosswetterlagen (GWL) circulation types catalog, as well as composite maps created with the bootstrap resampling technique. Our results reveal that June 2019 was unusually hot, and in terms of the magnitude of the anomaly, it has no analogue in the 70-year-long temperature record for Europe. However, the properties of heat events in the two considered regions were substantially different. The occurrence of hot days in June 2019, in Europe, was mainly associated with the GWL types forcing advection from the southern sector and co-occurrence of high-pressure systems which was significantly proven by the results of bootstrap resampling. In terms of the applicability of the new approach, the EI proved to be a useful tool for the analysis and evaluation of the severity of hot days based on their intensity and spatial range.

Modelling of Moisture Movement in Wood during Outdoor Storage

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Baronas ◽  
F. Ivanauskas ◽  
I. Juodeikienė ◽  
A. Kajalavičius
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Finite Difference ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Moisture Movement ◽  
Finite Difference Technique ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Space Formulation ◽  
Term Storage

A model of moisture movement in wood is presented in this paper in a two-dimensional-in-space formulation. The finite-difference technique has been used in order to obtain the solution of the problem. The model was applied to predict the moisture content in sawn boards from pine during long term storage under outdoor climatic conditions. The satisfactory agreement between the numerical solution and experimental data was obtained.

DROUGHT OCCURRENCE UNDER LITHUANIAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laima TAPARAUSKIENĖ ◽  
Veronika LUKŠEVIČIŪTĖ
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Precipitation Record ◽  
Calculation Step ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
The Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
June July

This study provides the analysis of drought conditions of vegetation period in 1982-2014 year in two Lithuanian regions: Kaunas and Telšiai. To identify drought conditions the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was applied. SPI was calculated using the long-term precipitation record of 1982–2014 with in-situ meteorological data. Calculation step of SPI was taken 1 month considering only vegetation period (May, June, July, August, September). The purpose of investigation was to evaluate the humidity/aridity of vegetation period and find out the probability of droughts occurrence under Lithuanian climatic conditions. It was found out that according SPI results droughts occurred in 14.5 % of all months in Kaunas region and in 15.8 % in Telšiai region. Wet periods in Kaunas region occurred in 15.8 %, and in Telšiai region occurrence of wet periods was – 18.8 % from all evaluated months. According SPI evaluation near normal were 69.7 % of total months during period of investigation in Kaunas and respectively – 65.5 % in Telšiai. The probability for extremely dry period under Lithuania climatic conditions are pretty low – 3.0 % in middle Lithuania and 2.4 % in western part of Lithuania.

Evaluation of nitrogen dynamics and crop yield in a long-term tillage experiment

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 769-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Megyes ◽  
Tamás Rátonyi ◽  
Dénes Sulyok
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Dynamics

SELECTION WORK TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVE AND BREWING QUALITIES OF SPRING BARLEY

1970 ◽  
pp. 38-40
Author(s):  
О. V. Levakova ◽  
L. М. Eroshenko ◽  
А. N. Eroshenko
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Extract Content ◽  
Labile Phosphorus ◽  
Loam Soil

The article presents and analyzes data of competitive varietal testing of promising varieties and lines of spring barley for yield and brewing qualities. Field studies were conducted in 2014–2017 on dark gray forest heavy loam soil. Agrochemical parameters are total nitrogen – 0.24%, humus content in a layer of 0-40 cm (according to Tyurin) – 5.19%, hydrolysis nitrogen – 123.5 mg / kg, salt extract pH – 4.92 mg-eq / 100g; labile phosphorus - 34.6 mg / 100g, labile potassium – 20.0 mg / 100g. The forerunner is winter wheat. Meteorological conditions in the years of research differed from each other and from the average long-term value. Barley samples were assessed by the protein content in the grain (GOST 10846-91), extract content (GOST 12130-77), weight 1000 grains (GOST 10842-89). Ecological plasticity was determined by the method proposed by E.D. Nettevich, A.I. Morgunov and M.I. Maksimenko, stability index (Ľ) by A. A. Gryaznov, indicator of stability level (Puss) by E. D. Nettevich and A. I. Morgunov. The main measure for assessing quality indicators is protein content. Many other biochemical and technological features of grain depend on its level. The experimental data convincingly testify to the significant influence of the soil and climatic conditions on the yield and, especially, on the brewing qualities of barley in the conditions of the Central Region of the Nonchernozem Zone. According to the studied traits, new valuable varieties Nadezhny, Sir, Noble and selection lines 141 / 1-09 h 746, 23 / 1-10 h 784, distinguished by high adaptability and resistance to adverse environmental factors, have been identified.

scholarly journals Effects of disk tillage on soil condition, crop yield and weed infestation

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
M. Birkás ◽  
T. Szalai ◽  
C. Gyuricza ◽  
M. Gecse ◽  
K. Bordás
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Different Levels

This research was instigated by the fact that during the last decade annually repeated shallow disk tillage on the same field became frequent practice in Hungary. In order to study the changes of soil condition associated with disk tillage and to assess it is consequences, long-term tillage field experiments with different levels of nutrients were set up in 1991 (A) and in 1994 (B) on Chromic Luvisol at Gödöllö. The effects of disk tillage (D) and disk tillage combined with loosening (LD) on soil condition, on yield of maize and winter wheat, and on weed infestation were examined. The evaluation of soil condition measured by cone index and bulk density indicated that use of disking annually resulted in a dense soil layer below the disking depth (diskpan-compaction). It was found, that soil condition deteriorated by diskpan-compaction decreased the yield of maize significantly by 20 and 42% (w/w), and that of wheat by 13 and 15% (w/w) when compared to soils with no diskpan-compaction. Averaged over seven years, and three fertilizer levels, the cover % of the total, grass and perennial weeds on loosened soils were 73, 69 and 65% of soils contained diskpan-compaction.

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