scholarly journals How Unusual Were June 2019 Temperatures in the Context of European Climatology?

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Sulikowska ◽  
Agnieszka Wypych
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Temperature Record ◽  
Bootstrap Resampling ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Circulation Types ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Composite Maps ◽  
Heat Events

The aims of the study were to assess the severity of temperature conditions in Europe, in June 2019, using a newly developed extremes index, as well as to evaluate circulation conditions that favored the occurrence of extremely hot days in June 2019, as seen over the long term. The main focus of this work was on two European regions particularly affected by high temperatures in June 2019, namely Central Europe and Iberia. To comprehensively characterize heat events in terms of their spatial extent and intensity, we proposed the extremity index (EI) and used it to compare hot days occurring in areas of different sizes and with different climatic conditions. The role of atmospheric circulation in the occurrence of hot days was evaluated using the Grosswetterlagen (GWL) circulation types catalog, as well as composite maps created with the bootstrap resampling technique. Our results reveal that June 2019 was unusually hot, and in terms of the magnitude of the anomaly, it has no analogue in the 70-year-long temperature record for Europe. However, the properties of heat events in the two considered regions were substantially different. The occurrence of hot days in June 2019, in Europe, was mainly associated with the GWL types forcing advection from the southern sector and co-occurrence of high-pressure systems which was significantly proven by the results of bootstrap resampling. In terms of the applicability of the new approach, the EI proved to be a useful tool for the analysis and evaluation of the severity of hot days based on their intensity and spatial range.

Physiological and morphological effects of climate change

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew E. McKechnie
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Heat Events

The direct impacts of higher temperatures on birds are manifested over timescales ranging from minutes and hours to years and decades. Over short timescales, acute exposure to high temperatures can lead to hyperthermia or dehydration, which among arid-zone species occasionally causes catastrophic mortality events. Over intermediate timescales of days to weeks, high temperatures can have chronic sub-lethal effects via body mass loss or reduced nestling growth rates, negatively affecting sev eral fitness components. Long-term effects of warming manifested over years to decades involve declining body mass or changes in appendage size. Key directions for future research include elucidating the role of phenotypic plasticity and epigenetic processes in avian adaptation to climate change, examining the role of stress pathways in mediating responses to heat events, and understanding the consequences of higher temperatures for species that traverse hot regions while migrating.

scholarly journals The role of variety and forecrop in the population dynamics of Rhizoctonia solani in soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
A. A. Malyuga ◽  
N. S. Chulikova
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Peaks

Long-term studies (2014–2019) of the population dynamics of the fungus Rhizoctonia solani Küch. were carried out in the soil on the Purple Majesty, Vitelotte and Fioletovy potato varieties and preceding crops (potatoes, oats and tendergreen). The study was carried out in Novosibirsk region in the soil and climatic conditions typical of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. To study the peculiarities of R. solani fungus population dynamics in potato plantations, soil samples were taken from under the plants during the entire growing season. The accumulation of rhizoctonia propagules in the soil was determined using the method of multiple soil pellets. The difference in the amount and rate of accumulation of the fungus R. solani on different varieties, as well as the influence of previous crops on this process, was established. Two peaks of the fungus accumulation were observed on the Purple Majesty variety: the first (48.7 propagules/100 g of soil) – during the full germination period, the second (57.2 propagules/100 g of soil) – at the end of the crop maturation phase. One peak was observed in the population dynamics of the fungus on Vitelotte and Fioletovy varieties, at the end of the ripening period (59.0 and 49.1 propagules/100 g soil, respectively). The smallest amount of R. solani fungus in the soil on average during the growing season was noted on the Fioletovy variety – 33.3 propagules/100 g of soil. In the Purple Majesty and Vitelotte varieties, this figure was 41.5 and 40.4 propagules/100 g of soil, respectively. When potato variety Agata was cultivated as monoculture, there was a rapid and significant accumulation of the fungus R. solani in the soil (from 34.6 to 126.8 propagules/100 g of soil). When this variety was cultivated following tendergreen or oats, the amount of the pathogen varied to a lesser extent (25.1–52.2 and 19.8–41.0 propagules/100 g of soil, respectively). No sharp increases in the number of propagative structures of the phytopathogen in the soil were noted.

scholarly journals The occurrence of hot weather in the Lublin-Felin and Czesławice in relation to atmospheric circulation (1966–2010)

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Bartoszek ◽  
Alicja Węgrzyn
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Resort ◽  
Probability Of Occurrence ◽  
Circulation Types ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Hot Weather

Abstract The occurrence of hot weather in the Lublin-Felin and Czesławice in relation to atmospheric circulation (1966−2010). The paper describes the occurrence of hot (tmax 25.1−30.0°C) and very hot days (tmax >30°C) in Lublin-Felin and Czesławice in the years 1966−2010. The analysis covers the long-term variability of such days, and duration of heat waves. Their circulation conditions were also determined, with indication of circulation types during which the probability of occurrence of hot and very hot days was the highest. In the study area, hot days occurred from April to September, and very hot days from May to August, with the highest frequency in July in both cases. In the period from 1991 to 2010, a considerably higher number of cases of very hot days were recorded than in the 1970s and 1980s. Moreover, they occurred in increasingly long sequences, contributing to more frequent occurrence of unfavourable thermal and humid conditions during the growing season of plants. The highest probability of occurrence of hot and very hot days was determined for circulation types with airflow from the southern sector, and the lowest from the northern sector. Should the upward trend in the frequency of very hot days continue, the risk of the effect of such unfavourable thermal conditions on the health and well-being of tourists and patients of the health resort in Nałęczów will also increase

Long-term climate and weather patterns in relation to crop yield: a minireview

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 1031-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.W. McKeown ◽  
J. Warland ◽  
M.R. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Climate Effects ◽  
Hot Days

It is accepted knowledge that weather affects yields and climate dictates which crops will grow in a region. Specific weather events, such as drought or hail, that affect yield or quality, are known, as are the general climatic conditions required for groups of crops such as cool season vegetables or tropical crops. However, more precise information on how changes in long-term weather and climate influence the yield of specific vegetable crops is not available. Studies of yield over long periods have the advantage of reflecting the combined effects of numerous environmental variables, including climate effects on physiological stress, pests, and diseases. A study of yields of cool season vegetable crops in Ontario revealed that a decrease in yields is related to an increase in the number of hot days with maximum temperatures over 30 °C. A clear warming trend in Ontario weather is evident, beginning in the mid-1980s, with increasing numbers of hot days and more variable temperatures from year to year. Furthermore, yields of cole crops declined by 10% for every 10 d with temperatures >30 °C in the growing season. Several other studies on agronomic crops worldwide show reductions in yield resulting from warmer temperatures. For example, in a study of rice in the Philippines, yield was reduced by 10% for every 1 °C increase in minimum temperature during the dry season. Methods for evaluating long-term climate effects on crop yield are discussed.

scholarly journals Green roof evapotranspiration rates and stormwater control under subtropical climate: a case study in Brazil

RBRH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathana Karina Swarowski Arboit ◽  
Rutineia Tassi ◽  
Tiago Liberalesso ◽  
Denise Ester Ceconi ◽  
Daniel Gustavo Allasia Piccili
Keyword(s):  
Green Roof ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Water Abundance ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Stormwater Control

ABSTRACT In this study a long-term field experiment evaluating evapotranspiration rates from irrigated and non-irrigated green roof modules, as well their impacts on stormwater control was accomplished. Six green roof modules (3 irrigated and 3 non-irrigated) vegetated with S. rupestre were monitored throughout 8 months in southern Brazil. Four non-vegetated modules (2 irrigated and 2 non-irrigated) were simultaneously assessed to understand the role of the vegetation in the whole process. The average evapotranspiration under water-stress (ETr) was 2.6 mm.day-1, while mean evapotranspiration under water-abundance (ETp) was 2.8 mm.day-1. Higher evapotranspiration rates were observed during summer, increasing the substrate storage capacity, although ETr amount along the seasons was very similar, mainly affected by climatic conditions. The long-term analysis showed that 47% of the total rainfall was converted into runoff, 21% was retained in the green roof modules and 32% was released through evapotranspiration, reinforcing the importance of vegetation as a mechanism for improving stormwater control benefits. The results of this research also allowed the establishment of a crop coefficient (Kc) time series, with a monthly average of 0.9 which permits the S. rupestre evapotranspiration to be preliminarily estimated by using equations developed for reference culture without the need of monitoring.

scholarly journals Experiences of heat stress while homeless on hot summer days in Adelaide

2021 ◽  
Vol 10.47389/36 (36.4) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
Danielle Every ◽  
Jim McLennan ◽  
Elizabeth Osborn ◽  
Chris Cook
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Homeless People ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Protective Actions ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Term Response

Historically, heat waves have resulted in more Australian deaths than any other natural hazard and continue to present challenges to the health and emergency management sectors. While people experiencing homelessness are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of heat waves, little research has been reported about their hot weather experiences. This paper reports findings from interviews with 48 homeless people sleeping rough in Adelaide CBD on very hot days. While the majority reported drinking a litre or more of water in the previous 24 hours, 79% reported experiencing one or more heat stress symptoms. The research highlights that the protective actions people sleeping rough can take during hot weather are limited by their circumstances and may not be sufficient to prevent dehydration and heat stress. The levels of dehydration and heat stress symptoms suggest that immediate responses could include making drinking water more readily available. It may be helpful to provide information which highlights heat stress symptoms including indicators of dehydration. The role of outreach in providing connections, support and advice is most likely to ameliorate the risk of heat stress. However, the long-term response to protect people from heat stress is access to housing.

scholarly journals An examination of rockshelter palynology: Carpenter’s Gap 1, northwestern Australia

The Holocene ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1142-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra Rowe ◽  
Sue O’Connor ◽  
Jane Balme
Keyword(s):  
Late Holocene ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Patterns ◽  
Eucalypt Forest ◽  
Northwestern Australia ◽  
Vegetation Transition ◽  
Over Time

Carpenter’s Gap 1 is a large rockshelter located within the Kimberley region of northwestern Australia. The site provides valuable archives of late Quaternary palaeoecological information within an area known for a lack of deposits preserving long-term continuous botanical records. Previous studies of the macrobotanic, phytolith and wood charcoal records from Carpenter’s Gap 1 are in general agreement about changes in broad vegetation patterns over time but differ in the time scales used, in the representation of some species, and in the interpretation of changes – particularly on the degree to which the variations in the record represent cultural activities. An examination of palynology (the transport, deposition and preservation of pollen within the rockshelter environment) provides more detail to the vegetation patterns identified in these previous studies. In addition, because the pollen most likely reflects the vegetation of the site’s surrounds over time rather than plants introduced into the shelter by people, interpretation can be more confidently linked to environmental change, and by inference climatic conditions. The pollen data reveal pre-glacial mixed wooded vegetation. From the beginning of the Holocene, tree loss occurred in a transition from monsoonal forest to thicket and eucalypt forest to woodland. Vegetation transition around the mid Holocene suggests a shift in climate, becoming drier and more variable towards and into the late Holocene. The role of fire in the establishment of vegetation communities remains under investigation.

How representative is global terrestrial wind speed from in-situ observations?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Zhou ◽  
Cesar Azorin-Molina ◽  
Zhenzhong Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Wind Energy Resources

<p>Since long-term in-situ observations over land reflect to some extent the climatic conditions of the area where they are located, observed wind speed are used for many applications, e.g.: to estimate wind energy resources, to quantify the role of winds on evapotranspiration rates, or to assess the thermal response of lakes; among many others. However, it is not well-known whether site-specific station averages are representative of wind speed conditions in the corresponding areas; in fact, few studies have explored this so far. Here, we will investigate wind speed data from observation stations and reanalysis products. By comparing the relationships of the magnitude, inter-annual variability, and long-term trends in these two datasets at various spatiotemporal resolutions, e.g., 3⁰×3⁰, 5⁰×5⁰, continental and global scale, etc., we will better understand the representativeness of wind speed changes at in-situ stations in different regions. This study will help to further reveal the uncertainties in the representativeness of studies using station-based wind speed observations.</p>

Soil organic amendments for restoring degraded drylands: strategies, recommendations and challenges for large-scale application

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paloma Hueso-Gonzalez ◽  
Miriam Muñoz-Rojas
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Restoration ◽  
Application Rates

<p>Soil is an essential and non-renewable resource in natural and agricultural ecosystems with extremely slow formation and regeneration potential. In dryland areas, many ecosystems are being seriously affected by degradation processes because of an excessive use of agro-chemicals, deep tillage and intensive irrigation, among many other factors. The decline in soil organic matter is also becoming a major cause of soil degradation, particularly in dryland regions where low soil fertility cannot always maintain a sustainable production. The use of organic amendments in ecosystem restoration programs can be an effective technique for promoting soil restoration processes in degraded drylands and several studies have shown their benefits for improving soil physical, chemical and biological properties. This recovery is a result of the rapid increment of organic matter and clay contents in the soil in the short term. In the long-term, soil structure becomes more stable and water holding capacity, permeability and infiltration are improved, whereas surface runoff and erosion are reduced. Nevertheless, there are many research gaps in the knowledge of the effects of climatic conditions on their application, as well as the adequate types of amendment and doses and decomposition rates. In this presentation, we evaluate the role of organic amendments as an effective strategy in dryland restoration, highlighting the effects of different amendment types, doses and application rates. We will specifically address: (1) type of amendments and benefits arising from their use, (2) application methods and more appropriate doses and, (3) potential risk derivates for their application. We also showcase some recent case studies using organic amendments in degraded dryland areas from Spain and Australia.</p>

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