Cotyledonary Storage Proteins in Pisum sativum. IV. Effects of Sulfur, Phosphorus, Potassium and Magnesium Deficiencies

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Randall ◽  
JA Thomson ◽  
HE Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Total N ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Plant Yields

The quantitative and qualitative effects of deficiency of S, P, K or Mg on the cotyledonary proteins of pea seeds have been studied using chemical, immunological and electrophoretic techniques. Deficiency of S, P or K causes characteristic and consistent changes in the proportions of certain proteins both outside and inside protein bodies of mature seeds. Amongst the storage proteins in the protein bodies, S deficiency results in a relative decrease in legumin and in vicilin peak 3, accompanied by a relative increase in the predominant vicilin, peak 4. A quantitatively major cotyledonary protein of unknown function, located outside protein bodies and consisting of 22- kdalton polypeptides, is decreased by S deficiency. Deficiencies of P or K cause an increase in the quantitatively minor vicilin peak 3 and also a marked relative increase in legumin. Mg deficiency has little effect on the proportions of the storage proteins. The degree of nutrient deficiency is reflected in seed and plant yields. Total N and trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-insoluble N and the contents of some other mineral elements in the seed are given. A 10-fold increase in sulfur supply above the optimum for yield did not increase N or S in the TCA- insoluble fraction.

scholarly journals Hordein-gene expression during development of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) endosperm

1984 ◽  
Vol 223 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Rahman ◽  
M Kreis ◽  
B G Forde ◽  
P R Shewry ◽  
B J Miflin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Complementary Dna ◽  
Mrna Species ◽  
Dot Hybridization

A previous study [Rahman, Shewry & Miflin (1982) J. Exp. Bot. 33, 717-728] showed differential accumulation of the major storage proteins (called B and C hordeins) in developing endosperms of barley (Hordeum vulgare). To determine how this accumulation is regulated, we have studied mRNA fractions prepared from similar endosperms. Hordein-related mRNA species were detected some days before the deposition of hordeins in vivo. The translation products in vivo directed by polyribosomes, polysomal RNA and total cellular RNA showed similar changes in the proportions of the hordein products to those observed in the accumulations of the proteins in vivo. There was a relative increase in one of the subfamilies of B hordeins (called B1 hordein) and a decrease in the second subfamily of B hordeins (B3 hordein) and in C hordeins. The populations of RNA species related to these three groups of hordeins were studied by ‘dot hybridization’, with specific complementary-DNA probes for B1-, B3- and C-hordein-related sequences. This showed a 10-15-fold increase in sequences related to the B1 hordein during endosperm development, but only a 4-fold increase in sequences related to B3 and C hordeins. These results indicate that the rates of synthesis of hordeins are related to the abundance of their respective mRNA species. The different results observed for the two subfamilies of B hordeins are of interest, since they indicate differential expression of two subfamilies of genes present at a single multigenic locus.

Storage reserves of the seed-like, aestivating organs of Geophytes inhabiting granite outcrops in south-western Australia.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
KW Dixon ◽  
J Kuo ◽  
JS Pate
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
High Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soft Cluster ◽  
Storage Reserves

Storage reserves of the aestivating corms of Isoetes muelleri (Isoetaceae, Pteridophyta), stem tubers of Phylloglossum drummondii (Lycopodiaceae, Pteridophyta) and corms of Stylidium petiolare (Stylidiaceae, Dicotyledoneae) and Philydrella pygmaea (Philydraceae, Monocotyledoneae) were examined by chemical analysis, microscopy and scanning X-ray microanalysis. Concentrations of mineral elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn) in corm or stem tuber dry matter were similar to those recorded earlier for other bulbous, cormous and tuberous species, but levels of total N (31-32 mg/g dry matter) and protein (15-17% of corm fresh weight) were exceptionally high. Accumulation of mineral elements in developing replacement corms of S. petiolare showed precocious uptake of K, accumulation of Zn closely parallel to increases in dry weight, and most rapid accumulation of N, Mg and P during late corm filling, when tissues were dehydrating most rapidly. The dormant corms or stem tubers resembled seeds in small size (2-11 mg fresh weight), low water content (1-5% H20 in fresh weight) and the presence of closely packed starch grains (some species), lipid droplets and protein bodies in their storage parenchyma. Protein bodies contained 'soft', cluster-like (P. drummondii) or globoid-type (other three species) inclusions whose structure was often obscured due to leaching or dislodgement during specimen preparation. Point (0.5 �m2) microanalysis of protein bodies containing apparently intact inclusions indicated the latter to be especially rich in P, Ca, Mg, Zn and Mn (S. petiolare) or P, K, Ca and Zn (P. pygmaea). Storage reserves of seeds of S. petiolare (cotyledon tissue) and P. pygmaea (aleurone of endosperm) showed ultrastructural features closely similar to those of their respective corms.

EFFECTIVENESS OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA AS A PRESERVATIVE FOR HIGH-MOISTURE ALFALFA HAY IN LARGE ROUND BALES

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. ATWAL ◽  
L. C. HESLOP ◽  
K. LIEVERS
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Total N ◽  
Heat Damage ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Large Round

Two experiments were conducted in sequence to determine the effectiveness of anhydrous ammonia (AA) as a preservative of alfalfa hay stored as large round bales (LRB). In the the first experiment application of 3% AA (wt/wt) to alfalfa hay baled at about 23% moisture-content (MC) increased the temperature markedly above the control treatment and resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) higher acid-detergent-insoluble nitrogen and acid-detergent lignin. In the second experiment application of about 1% AA slowly (over 48 h) to LRB of alfalfa hay packaged at about 30% and > 35% MC, significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the cumulative degree-days above all reference points from 35 to 65 °C. Ammoniation completely eliminated dry matter losses in storage which were highest (8.3%) for 33% MC control hay. High moisture control hay (33% MC) suffered severe heat damage with 33% of total N being in the acid-detergent-insoluble fraction as compared to less than 10% for medium-moisture (26% MC) control and even lower values for ammoniated hay. Digestibility of crude protein and energy was significantly (P < 0.05) improved by ammoniation of medium-moisture (about 30% in-to-storage) alfalfa hay. When the ammonia-treated hay was uncovered in spring, coarsely ground and stored in a hay wagon the high-moisture-ammoniated hay (> 35% MC) became moldy within 4 wk, even when the ambient temperature was about 6 °C, whereas medium-moisture-ammoniated hay (about 30% MC) showed some deterioration after 7 wk as the ambient temperature increased to about 12 °C. Key words: Ammonia, alfalfa hay, digestibility, heat damage, high-moisture hay, large bales

scholarly journals Water Stress and Storage-protein Degradation during Germination of Impatiens Seed

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrassa Khademi ◽  
David S. Koranski ◽  
David J. Hannapel ◽  
Allen D. Knapp ◽  
Richard J. Gladon
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Soluble Protein Fraction ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
And Storage

Water uptake by impatiens (Impatiens wallerana Hook. f. cv. Super Elfin Coral) seeds was measured as an increase in fresh weight every 24 hours during 144 hours of germination. Seeds absorbed most of the water required for germination within 3 hours of imbibition and germinated at 60% to 67% moisture on a dry-weight basis. Germination started at 48 hours and was complete by 96 hours at 25C. Water stress of -0.1, -0.2, -0.4, and -0.6 MPa, induced by polyethylene glycol 8000, reduced germination by 13%, 49%, 91%, and 100%, respectively, at 96 hours. Under the same water-stress conditions, increases in fresh weight were inhibited by 53%, 89%, 107%, and 106%, respectively. Three distinct groups of storage proteins were present in dry seed; their estimated molecular weights were 1) 35, 33, and 31 kDa; 2) 26, 23, and 21 kDa; and 3) two bands <14 kDa. Major depletion of storage proteins coincided with the completion of germination. Water potentials that inhibited germination also inhibited degradation of storage proteins. During germination under optimum conditions, the soluble protein fraction increased, coinciding with a decrease in the insoluble fraction.

scholarly journals A Universal Stress Protein upregulated by hypoxia may contribute to chronic lung colonisation and intramacrophage survival in cystic fibrosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew O’Connor ◽  
Rita Berisio ◽  
Mary Lucey ◽  
Kirsten Schaffer ◽  
Siobhán McClean
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Stress Proteins ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Stress Protein ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Burkholderia Cenocepacia ◽  
Low Oxygen

SummaryUniversal stress proteins (USPs) are ubiquitously expressed in bacteria, plants and eukaryotes and play a lead role in adaptation to environmental conditions. In Gram negative bacteria they enable adaption of bacterial pathogens to the conditions encountered in the human niche, including hypoxia, oxidative stress, osmotic stress, nutrient deficiency or acid stress, thereby facilitating colonisation. We previously reported that all six USP proteins encoded within a low-oxygen responsive locus in Burkholderia cenocepacia showed increased abundance during chronic colonisation of the CF lung. However, the role of USPs in chronic infection is not known. Using mutants derived from B. cenocepacia strain, K56-2, we show that USP76 is required for growth and survival in many conditions associated with the CF lung including, hypoxia, acidic conditions, oxidative stress. Moreover, it is involved in attachment to host epithelial cells, but not virulence. It also has a role in survival in macrophages isolated from people with CF. In contrast, another USP encoded in the same locus, USP92 had no effect on host cell attachment or oxidative stress, but was responsible for a 3-fold increase in virulence. Overall this shows that these USPs, both upregulated during chronic infection, have distinct roles in Burkholderia pathogenesis and may support the survival of B. cenocepacia in the CF lung. Specifically, USP76 is involved in its survival within CF macrophages, a hallmark of Burkholderia infection.

Cruciferous Oilseed Proteins: the Protein Bodies of Sinapis alba Seed

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 731 ◽  
Author(s):  
JTO Kirk ◽  
NA Pyliotis
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Protein Body ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Intense Band ◽  
Ungerminated Seed ◽  
Protein Classes

The solubility properties of the proteins of oil-free meal of white mustard seed (S. alba) in various aqueous extraction media are described. Electrophoresis on cellulose acetate of a salt extract of the seed meal at pH 7.0 shows the presence of two positively charged protein bands: a slow moving intense band (I) and a less intense band with higher mobility (II). On the basis of Sephadex G100 chromatography and sedimentation behaviour, these bands are deemed to be identical with the two major protein classes (12 S and 1.7 S, respectively) present in this and other Brassica-related species, as described by other workers. Centrifugation after filtration of a seed meal homogenate yields a preparation that is completely soluble in salt solution, and can be shown by electron microscopy to consist entirely of protein body fragments. Only the 12 S protein can be detected in significant quantity in this preparation: this protein at least we may assume to be present in the aleurone (protein) grains observed in micrographs of the cotyledon cells. In germinating seeds, disappearance of protein bodies is accompanied by a diminution in total salt-soluble protein and in the amounts of the 12 S and 1.7 S proteins, supporting their identification as storage proteins. The rate of utilization is the same in the light and in the dark. Proteolytic activity was detected in the ungerminated seed. The level of activity was more than sufficient to account for the subsequent observed rate of protein utilization. Proteolytic activity per seed increased by only 40-70% during 4 days germination.

Characterization of storage proteins extracted from Avena sativa seed protein bodies

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Claude Pernollet ◽  
Su Il Kim ◽  
Jacques Mosse
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Seed Protein ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Protein Bodies

scholarly journals Uncovering miRNAs involved in crosstalk between nutrient deficiencies in Arabidopsis

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Liang ◽  
Qin Ai ◽  
Diqiu Yu
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Differentially Expressed Mirnas ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Nutrient Homeostasis ◽  
Mirna Abundance

Abstract Integrating carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) metabolism is essential for the growth and development of living organisms. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in regulating nutrient metabolism in plants. However, how plant miRNAs mediate crosstalk between different nutrient metabolic pathways is unclear. In this study, deep sequencing of Arabidopsis thaliana small RNAs was used to reveal miRNAs that were differentially expressed in response to C, N, or S deficiency. Comparative analysis revealed that the targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs are involved in different cellular responses and metabolic processes, including transcriptional regulation, auxin signal transduction, nutrient homeostasis and regulation of development. C, N and S deficiency specifically induced miR169b/c, miR826 and miR395, respectively. In contrast, miR167, miR172, miR397, miR398, miR399, miR408, miR775, miR827, miR841, miR857 and miR2111 are commonly suppressed by C, N and S deficiency. In particular, the miRNAs that are induced specifically by a certain nutrient deficiency are often suppressed by other nutrient deficiencies. Further investigation indicated that the modulation of nutrient-responsive miRNA abundance affects the adaptation of plants to nutrient starvation conditions. This study revealed that miRNAs function as important regulatory nodes of different nutrient metabolic pathways.

Responses of intensively grazed dairy pastures to applications of fertiliser nitrogen in south-western Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 927 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
I. F. Guthridge
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Total N ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

For the first time, we quantified pasture dry matter (DM) responses to applied fertiliser nitrogen (N) for intensively grazed, rain-fed, dairy pastures on sandy soils common in the Mediterranean-type climate of south-western Australia. The pastures are composed of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and annual and Italian ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud. and L. multiflorum Lam.). Six rates of N, as urea (46% N), were applied to 15 m by 15 m plots four times during 2002 and after each of the first 5–7 grazings in 2003 and 2004, throughout the typical April–October growing season. Total rates of N applied in the first year of the experiments were 0, 60, 120, 160, 200 and 320 kg N/ha, which were adjusted in subsequent years as detailed in the ‘Materials and methods’ section of this paper. The pastures in the experiments were rotationally grazed, by starting grazing when ryegrass plants had 2–3 leaves per tiller. The amount of pasture DM on each plot was measured before and after each grazing and was then used to estimate the amount of pasture DM consumed by the cows at each grazing for different times during the growing season. Linear increases (responses) of pasture DM to applied N occurred throughout the whole growing season when a total of up to 320 kg N/ha was applied in each year. No maximum yield plateaus were defined. Across all three experiments and years, on average in each year, a total of ~5 t/ha consumed DM was produced when no N was applied and ~7.5 t/ha was produced when a total of 200 kg N/ha was applied, giving ~2.5 t/ha increase in DM consumed and an N response efficiency of ~12.5 kg DM N/kg applied. As more fertiliser N was applied, the proportion of ryegrass in the pasture consistently increased, whereas clover content decreased. Concentrations of nitrate-N in the DM consistently increased as more N was applied, whereas concentrations of total N, and, therefore, concentration of crude protein in the DM, either increased or were unaffected by applied N. Application of N had no effect on concentrations of other mineral elements in DM and on dry matter digestibility and metabolisable energy of the DM. The results were generally consistent with findings of previous pasture N studies for perennial and annual temperate and subtropical pastures. We have shown that when pasture use for milk production has been maximised in the region, it is profitable to apply fertiliser N to grow extra DM consumed by dairy cows; conversely, it is a waste of money to apply N to undergrazed pastures to produce more unused DM.

EFFECTS OF PRESERVING ALFALFA FORAGE AS FORMIC-ACID-TREATED SILAGE, WILTED SILAGE, AND AS HAY IN LARGE ROUND BALES ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS, DIGESTIBILITY AND HEIFER GROWTH

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. ATWAL
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Growth Study ◽  
Total N ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Large Round ◽  
Study Performance

First-cut alfalfa was stored as formic-acid-treated silage (FS), wilted silage (WS) and hay (Hay 1) in large round bales (LRB). Hay 1 was exposed to frequent showers (15.1 mm) in the windrows and required a drying period of 13 days; dry matter (DM) yield was only 60% of the average for silages (3.9 tonnes/ha). Second-cut alfalfa hay (Hay 2) yielded 1.84 tonnes DM/ha. For winter feeding, recoveries from storage of FS, WS, Hay 1 and Hay 2, respectively, were 85.7, 87.2, 78.3 and 81.9% of energy; 81.1, 87.0, 75.0 and 72.6% of crude protein (CP). Adlibitum intakes of DM were 1.90, 1.93, 1.78 and 2.08% of body weight for the four treatments, respectively. Differences in chemical composition and digestibility of nutrients for FS, WS and Hay 2 were small and statistically not significant (P > 0.05). However, values of FS were highest for CP (20.6%) and gross energy (20.5 kJ/g DM); digestibilities of DM, energy and CP (i.e. 59.3, 60.6 and 68.7% respectively) when fed at maintenance level; digestibilities of DM, energy, CP, cellulose and hemicellulose (i.e. 64.1, 66.6, 61.9, 64.5 and 46.3%, respectively) when fed in combination with corn silage (1:1 DM basis) on an ad libitum basis. All these values were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the corresponding values for Hay 1. Heat damage to CP of hay stored in LRB was high and 19.9% of total N of Hay 1 was in the acid detergent insoluble fraction. In a growth study, performance of yearling heifers did not differ significantly when rations made of corn silage and FS or WS (1:1 DM basis) were compared. Key words: Alfalfa silages, wilted, digestibility, formic acid, round bales, heifer growth

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