Gliocladium catenulatum: hyperparasite of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium species

H. C. Huang

doi:10.1139/b78-270

Effects of Antagonists on Mycotoxins of Seedborne Fusarium spp. in Sweet Corn

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11080438 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 438

Author(s):

Mary E. Ridout ◽

Bruce Godfrey ◽

George Newcombe

Keyword(s):

Sweet Corn ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Corn Seed ◽

Pichia Membranifaciens ◽

Mature Seeds ◽

F1 Cross

Fusarium species coexist as toxigenic, systemic pathogens in sweet corn seed production in southwestern Idaho, USA. We hypothesized that fungal antagonists of seedborne Fusarium would differentially alter production of Fusarium mycotoxins directly and/or systemically. We challenged the Fusarium complex by in vitro antagonism trials and in situ silk and seed inoculations with fungal antagonists. Fungal antagonists reduced growth and sporulation of Fusarium species in vitro from 40.5% to as much as 100%. Pichia membranifaciens and Penicillium griseolum reduced fumonisin production by F. verticillioides by 73% and 49%, respectively, while P. membranifaciens and a novel Penicillium sp. (WPT) reduced fumonisins by F. proliferatum 56% and 78%, respectively. In situ, pre-planting inoculation of seeds with Penicillium WPT systemically increased fumonisins in the resulting crop. Morchella snyderi applied to silks of an F1 cross systemically reduced deoxynivalenol by 47% in mature seeds of the F2. Antagonists failed to suppress Fusarium in mature kernels following silk inoculations, although the ratio of F. verticillioides to total Fusarium double with some inoculants. Fusarium mycotoxin concentrations in sweet corn seed change systemically, as well as locally, in response to the presence of fungal antagonists, although in Fusarium presence in situ was not changed.

Co-operative action by endo- and exo-β-(1→3)-glucanases from parasitic fungi in the degradation of cell-wall glucans of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1400047 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 140 (1) ◽

pp. 47-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

David Jones ◽

Alex. H. Gordon ◽

John S. D. Bacon

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽

Culture Filtrate ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Major Constituent ◽

Coniothyrium Minitans ◽

Parasitic Fungi ◽

Complete Breakdown

1. Two fungi, Coniothyrium minitans Campbell and Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr., were grown on autoclaved crushed sclerotia of the species Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which they parasitize. 2. in vitro the crude culture filtrates would lyse walls isolated from hyphal cells or the inner pseudoparenchymatous cells of the sclerotia, in which a branched β-(1→3)-β-(1→6)-glucan, sclerotan, is a major constituent. 3. Chromatographic fractionation of the enzymes in each culture filtrate revealed the presence of several laminarinases, the most active being an exo-β-(1→3)-glucanase, known from previous studies to attack sclerotan. Acting alone this brought about a limited degradation of the glucan, but the addition of fractions containing an endo-β-(1→3)-glucanase led to almost complete breakdown. A similar synergism between the two enzymes was found in their lytic action on cell walls. 4. When acting alone the endo-β-(1→3)-glucanase had a restricted action, the products including a trisaccharide, tentatively identified as 62-β-glucosyl-laminaribiose. 5. These results are discussed in relation to the structure of the cell walls and of their glucan constituents.

Biomonitoring of Fusarium spp. Mycotoxins: Perspectives for an Individual Exposure Assessment Tool

Food Science and Technology International ◽

10.1177/1082013210368884 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 266-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

G. Cano-Sancho ◽

S. Marin ◽

A.J. Ramos ◽

V. Sanchis

Keyword(s):

Exposure Assessment ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Probabilistic Methods ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Individual Exposure ◽

The Individual ◽

Current Exposure

Fusarium species are probably the most prevalent toxin-producing fungi of the northern temperate regions and are commonly found on cereals grown in the temperate regions of America, Europe and Asia. Among the toxins formed by Fusarium we find trichothecenes of the A-type or B-type, zearalenone, fumonisins or nivalenol. The current exposure assessment consists of the qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation based on the knowledge of the mycotoxin occurrence in the food and the dietary habits of the population. This process permits quantifying the mycotoxin dietary intake through deterministic or probabilistic methods. Although these methods are suitable to assess the exposure of populations to contaminants and to identify risk groups, they are not recommended to evaluate the individual exposition, due to a low accuracy and sensitivity. On the contrary, the use of biochemical indicators has been proposed as a suitable method to assess individual exposure to contaminants. In this work, several techniques to biomonitor the exposure to fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone or T-2 toxin have been reviewed.

A Comparative Study of the Pathogenicity of Fusarium circinatum and other Fusarium Species in Polish Provenances of P. sylvestris L.

Forests ◽

10.3390/f9090560 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 560 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kateryna Davydenko ◽

Justyna Nowakowska ◽

Tomasz Kaluski ◽

Magdalena Gawlak ◽

Katarzyna Sadowska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Fungal Pathogen ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Pitch Canker ◽

Fusarium Circinatum ◽

Northern Spain ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Pine Seedlings ◽

Unintentional Introduction ◽

Different Levels

The fungal pathogen Fusarium circinatum is the causal agent of Pine Pitch Canker (PPC), a disease which seriously affects different species of pine in forests and nurseries worldwide. In Europe, the fungus affects pines in northern Spain and Portugal, and it has also been detected in France and Italy. Here, we report the findings of the first trial investigating the susceptibility of Polish provenances of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L., to infection by F. circinatum. In a greenhouse experiment, 16 Polish provenances of Scots pine were artificially inoculated with F. circinatum and with six other Fusarium species known to infect pine seedlings in nurseries. All pines proved highly susceptible to PPC and displayed different levels of susceptibility to the other Fusarium spp. tested. The findings obtained indicate the potentially strong threat of establishment of an invasive pathogen such as F. circinatum following unintentional introduction into Poland.

Treatment with the Mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum Triggers Induction of Defense-Related Reactions in Tomato Roots When Challenged with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.1997.87.1.108 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 108-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 108

Author(s):

Nicole Benhamou ◽

Patrice Rey ◽

Mohamed Chérif ◽

John Hockenhull ◽

Yves Tirilly

Keyword(s):

Plant Defense ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Host Cell ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Pythium Oligandrum ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Host Cytoplasm ◽

Defense Reactions ◽

Tomato Roots ◽

Root Tissues

The influence exerted by the mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum in triggering plant defense reactions was investigated using an experimental system in which tomato plants were infected with the crown and root rot pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. To assess the antagonistic potential of P. oligandrum against F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, the interaction between the two fungi was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively). SEM investigations of the interaction region between the fungi demonstrated that collapse and loss of turgor of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici hyphae began soon after close contact was established with P. oligandrum. Ultrastructural observations confirmed that intimate contact between hyphae of P. oligandrum and cells of the pathogen resulted in a series of disturbances, including generalized disorganization of the host cytoplasm, retraction of the plasmalemma, and, finally, complete loss of the protoplasm. Cytochemical labeling of chitin with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)/ovomucoid-gold complex showed that, except in the area of hyphal penetration, the chitin component of the host cell walls was structurally preserved at a time when the host cytoplasm had undergone complete disorganization. Interestingly, the same antagonistic process was observed in planta. The specific labeling patterns obtained with the exoglucanase-gold and WGA-ovomucoid-gold complexes confirmed that P. oligandrum successfully penetrated invading cells of the pathogen without causing substantial cell wall alterations, shown by the intense labeling of chitin. Cytological investigations of samples from P. oligandrum-inoculated tomato roots revealed that the fungus was able to colonize root tissues without inducing extensive cell damage. However, there was a novel finding concerning the structural alteration of the invading hyphae, evidenced by the frequent occurrence of empty fungal shells in root tissues. Pythium ingress in root tissues was associated with host metabolic changes, culminating in the elaboration of structural barriers at sites of potential fungal penetration. Striking differences in the extent of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici colonization were observed between P. oligandrum-inoculated and control tomato plants. In control roots, the pathogen multiplied abundantly through much of the tissues, whereas in P. oligandrum-colonized roots pathogen growth was restricted to the outermost root tissues. This restricted pattern of pathogen colonization was accompanied by deposition of newly formed barriers beyond the infection sites. These host reactions appeared to be amplified compared to those seen in nonchallenged P. oligandrum-infected plants. Most hyphae of the pathogen that penetrated the epidermis exhibited considerable changes. Wall appositions contained large amounts of callose, in addition to be infiltrated with phenolic compounds. The labeling pattern obtained with gold-complexed laccase showed that phenolics were widely distributed in Fusarium-challenged P. oligandrum-inoculated tomato roots. Such compounds accumulated in the host cell walls and intercellular spaces. The wall-bound chitin component in Fusarium hyphae colonizing P. oligandrum-inoculated roots was preserved at a time when hyphae had undergone substantial degradation. These observations provide the first convincing evidence that P. oligandrum has the potential to induce plant defense reactions in addition to acting as a mycoparasite.

Current Classification and Diversity of Fusarium Species Complex, the Causal Pathogen of Fusarium Wilt Disease of Banana in Malaysia

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11101955 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1955

Author(s):

Anysia Hedy Ujat ◽

Ganesan Vadamalai ◽

Yukako Hattori ◽

Chiharu Nakashima ◽

Clement Kiing Fook Wong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Fusarium Wilt ◽

Species Complex ◽

Phylogenetic Trees ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Specific Primers ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum Species Complex

The re-emergence of the Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium odoratissimum (F. odoratissimum) causes global banana production loss. Thirty-eight isolates of Fusarium species (Fusarium spp.) were examined for morphological characteristics on different media, showing the typical Fusarium spp. The phylogenetic trees of Fusarium isolates were generated using the sequences of histone gene (H3) and translation elongation factor gene (TEF-1α). Specific primers were used to confirm the presence of F. odoratissimum. The phylogenetic trees showed the rich diversity of the genus Fusarium related to Fusarium wilt, which consists of F. odoratissimum, Fusarium grosmichelii, Fusarium sacchari, and an unknown species of the Fusarium oxysporum species complex. By using Foc-TR4 specific primers, 27 isolates were confirmed as F. odoratissimum. A pathogenicity test was conducted for 30 days on five different local cultivars including, Musa acuminata (AAA, AA) and Musa paradisiaca (AAB, ABB). Although foliar symptoms showed different severity of those disease progression, vascular symptoms of the inoculated plantlet showed that infection was uniformly severe. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Fusarium oxysporum species complex related to Fusarium wilt of banana in Malaysia is rich in diversity, and F. odoratissimum has pathogenicity to local banana cultivars in Malaysia regardless of the genotype of the banana plants.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF A MONOALKYL BENZENE SULPHONATE COMPLEX

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m62-083 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 621-628 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W. A. Taber ◽

B. B. Wiley

Keyword(s):

Active Component ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Household Detergent ◽

Fungi Imperfecti

The antimicrobial activities of a branched, monoalkyl benzene sulphonate complex (ABS), the active component of a commercial liquid household detergent, and of the detergent have been investigated. Cultures of dermatophytes, Candida albicans, saprophytic phycomycetes, ascomycetes, fungi imperfecti, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were tested. Only the Fusarium species and the Gram-negative bacteria were not inhibited by a concentration of 0.1 ml of the detergent/50 ml medium. Microgram quantities of ABS inhibited the Gram-positive bacteria and the fungi except Fusarium spp. ABS was lethal in microgram quantities, the effect being detectable within 30 minutes. Inhibition of exogenous respiration of glucose by C. albicans began upon contact and was complete within 50 minutes. A linear and biodegradable ABS was more active than the branched form against C. albicans.

Genetic diversity and potential inoculum sources of Fusarium species causing cankers in bareroot-propagated almond trees in California nurseries

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-08-21-1637-re ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abigail Justine Stack ◽

Stephen Mark Marek ◽

Thomas Gordon ◽

Richard M. Bostock

Keyword(s):

Cold Storage ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Storage Facility ◽

Clonal Lineage ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Inoculum Sources ◽

Canker Disease ◽

Fusarium Acuminatum ◽

Almond Trees ◽

Rotation Crops

Previous research determined that Fusarium acuminatum and Fusarium avenaceum are important causal agents of a canker disease in bareroot-propagated fruit and nut trees in California that emerges during cold-storage or after transplanting. The disease largely disappeared after 2001, but it reemerged in 2011 in almond trees in at least one nursery. This motivated further study of the etiology and epidemiology of the disease by undertaking studies to determine distribution of the pathogens throughout almond nursery propagation systems and trace possible sources of inoculum. Research initiated in 2013 detected pathogenic Fusarium spp. throughout the almond propagation system, including in healthy trees, in soils, on wheat rotation crops, on equipment, and in the cold storage facility air. In addition to the two Fusarium spp. implicated previously, Fusarium brachygibbosum and a new Fusarium species, Fusarium californicum, were found to be pathogenic on almond trees. Multi-locus sequence typing and somatic compatibility testing confirmed that isolates within a species collected from different materials in the nursery were all highly genetically similar and likely of one clonal lineage. These findings affirm that equipment surfaces, wheat rotation crops, soil, cold storage facility air, and asymptomatic almond tree materials (i.e., rootstock cuttings, budwood, and scions) can potentially contribute inoculum to increase disease prevalence and severity.

Fusarium infection–induced partial failure of free anterolateral thigh musculocutaneous flap: Case report

SAGE Open Medical Case Reports ◽

10.1177/2050313x19841963 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 2050313X1984196

Author(s):

Hsin-Han Chen ◽

Pin-Keng Shih

Keyword(s):

Late Onset ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Musculocutaneous Flap ◽

Split Thickness Skin Graft ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Partial Failure ◽

Flap Failure ◽

Anterolateral Thigh

Fusarium species, a soil-borne fungi, causes disease in animals and humans, particularly in immunocompromized patients. A 62-year-old male presented with type II diabetes mellitus, diagnosed 4 years ago. He had a motorcycle accident-caused open tibiofibular fracture of the left lower extremity (Gustilo grade IIIb). With open reduction and internal fixation, an anterolateral thigh musculocutaneous flap was harvested for coverage of exposed bone and defect reconstruction. Partial failure of the flap occurred 9 days following reconstruction, and histological examination revealed Fusarium spp. After treatment with antifungal drugs and debridement, we performed a split-thickness skin graft. At 2-year follow-up, the flap was viable with adequate bone union. This is the first reported case of partial flap failure due to a Fusarium spp. infection. Possibility of fungal infections in patients with late-onset flap failure should be noted. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are needed to prevent repeated free-tissue transfer and/or devastating outcomes.

Isolation and Identification of Fusarium spp., the Causal Agents of Onion (Allium cepa) Basal Rot in Northeastern Israel

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology9040069 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 69

Author(s):

Ben Kalman ◽

Dekel Abraham ◽

Shaul Graph ◽

Rafael Perl-Treves ◽

Yael Meller Harel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Allium Cepa ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Preventive Program ◽

Onion Bulbs ◽

Basal Rot

Over the past decade, there have been accumulating reports from farmers and field extension personnel on the increasing incidence and spread of onion (Allium cepa) bulb basal rot in northern Israel. The disease is caused mainly by Fusarium species. Rotting onion bulbs were sampled from fields in the Golan Heights in northeastern Israel during the summers of 2017 and 2018. Tissue from the sampled onion bulbs was used for the isolation and identification of the infecting fungal species using colony and microscopic morphology characterization. Final confirmation of the pathogens was performed with PCR amplification and sequencing using fungi-specific and Fusarium species-specific primers. Four Fusarium spp. isolates were identified in onion bulbs samples collected from the contaminated field: F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae, and two species less familiar as causative agents of this disease, F. acutatum and F. anthophilium. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these species subdivided into two populations, a northern group isolated from white (Riverside cv.) onion bulbs, and a southern group isolated from red (565/505 cv.) bulbs. Pathogenicity tests conducted with seedlings and bulbs under moist conditions proved that all species could cause the disease symptoms, but with different degrees of virulence. Inoculating seeds with spore suspensions of the four species, in vitro, significantly reduced seedlings’ germination rate, hypocotyl elongation, and fresh biomass. Mature onion bulbs infected with the fungal isolates produced typical rot symptoms 14 days post-inoculation, and the fungus from each infected bulb was re-isolated and identified to satisfy Koch’s postulates. The onion bulb assay also reflected the degree of sensitivity of different onion cultivars to the disease. This work is the first confirmed report of the direct and primary cause of Fusarium onion basal rot disease in northeastern Israel. These findings are a necessary step towards uncovering the mycoflora of the diseased onion plants and developing a preventive program that would reduce the disease damage.