Chemotactic Response of Vibrio coralliilyticus to mucus from various coral species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishraq Rahman ◽  
Al-Hussain Ali Al-Bar ◽  
Florina Stephanie Richard ◽  
Aazani Mujahid ◽  
Moritz Müller
Keyword(s):  
Microfluidic Chip ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Chemotactic Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Coral Mucus ◽  
Vibrio Coralliilyticus ◽  
Ranking Order

<i>Vibrio coralliilyticus</i>, a prominent pathogenic bacteria, is known to cause tissue damage in the coral <i>Pocillopora damicornis</i> and is attracted towards the coral via chemotaxis. However, the potential of <i>V. coralliilyticus</i> to infect most of the other coral hosts via chemotaxis is unknown. The present study used capillary assays to quantify the chemotactic response of <i>V. coralliilyticus</i> to the mucus of four tank-cultivated corals, <i>Cataphyllia jardine</i>, <i>Mussidae</i> sp., <i>Nemenzophyllia turbida </i>and <i>Euphyllia ancora</i> and mucus from three wild corals, <i>Acropora</i> sp., <i>Porites</i> sp. & <i>Montipora</i> sp. The bacteria showed positive chemotactic response to each coral mucus tested, with the highest response recorded to the mucus of <i>Acropora</i> sp and the lowest response to the mucus of <i>Montipora</i> sp. A microfluidic chip was then used to assess the chemotactic preference of <i>V. coralliilyticus </i>to the mucus of the tank cultivated corals. Here too, the bacteria showed positive response with a slightly different ranking order. The strong chemotactic response of <i>V. coralliilyticus</i> towards the mucus tested could indicate a broader host range of <i>V. coralliilyticus</i> and in extension its threat to weakened coral reefs worldwide.

scholarly journals First reported quantitative microbiota in different livestock manures used as organic fertilizers in the Northeast of Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lampet Wongsaroj ◽  
Ratmanee Chanabun ◽  
Naruemon Tunsakul ◽  
Pinidphon Prombutara ◽  
Somsak Panha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Nutrient Profiles ◽  
Soil Recovery ◽  
Local Farmers

AbstractNortheastern Thailand relies on agriculture as a major economic activity, and has used high levels of agrochemicals due to low facility, and salty sandy soil. To support soil recovery and sustainable agriculture, local farmers have used organic fertilizers from farmed animal feces. However, knowledge about these animal fecal manures remains minimal restricting their optimal use. Specifically, while bacteria are important for soil and plant growth, an abundance and a diversity of bacterial composition in these animal fecal manures have not been reported to allow selection and adjustment for a more effective organic fertilizer. This study thereby utilized metagenomics combined with 16S rRNA gene quantitative PCR (qPCR) and sequencing to analyze quantitative microbiota profiles in association with nutrients (N, P, K), organic matters, and the other physiochemical properties, of the commonly used earthworm manure and other manures from livestock animals (including breed and feeding diet variations) in the region. Unlike the other manures, the earthworm manure demonstrated more favorable nutrient profiles and physiochemical properties for forming fertile soil. Despite low total microbial biomass, the microbiota were enriched with maximal OTUs and Chao richness, and no plant pathogenic bacteria were found based on the VFDB database. The microbial metabolic potentials supported functions to promote crop growth, such as C, N and P cyclings, xenobiotic degradation, and synthesis of bioactive compounds. Pearson’s correlation analyses indicated that the quantitative microbiota of the earthworm manure were clustered in the same direction as N, and conductivity, salinity, and water content were essential to control the microbiota of animal manures.

"The Presence of the Other is a Presence that Teaches": Levinas, Pragmatism, and Pedagogy

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Elise Katz
Keyword(s):  
Educational Philosophy ◽  
Jewish Education ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Political Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
The Political ◽  
Moral Cultivation ◽  
Ethical Response ◽  
Ethical Project

AbstractAlthough Levinas talks about ethics as a response to the other, most scholars assume that this "response" is not something tangible—it is not an actual giving of food or providing of shelter and clothing. But there is evidence in Levinas's own writings that indicate he does intend for a positive response to the Other. In any event, while he acknowledges that the other is the sole person I wish to kill, killing the other, within an ethical framework would be a violation of that response. The failure to respond to the other ethically requires us to ask if Levinas's project needs an educational philosophy or a model of moral cultivation to supplement it. This essay explores this question by putting into conversation Levinas's ethical project and his interest in Jewish education with John Dewey's philosophy of education and its relationship to the political community. This exploration will help us see what this field of research might offer in promoting the cultivation of ethical response as Levinas envisions it and what its limits are.

scholarly journals Influence of Chemotaxis and Swimming Patterns on the Virulence of the Coral PathogenVibrio coralliilyticus

2018 ◽  
Vol 200 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake Ushijima ◽  
Claudia C. Häse
Keyword(s):  
Type Strain ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Coral Mucus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Swimming Pattern ◽  
Vibrio Coralliilyticus ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTChemotaxis, the directed movement toward or away from a chemical signal, can be essential to bacterial pathogens for locating hosts or avoiding hostile environments. The coral pathogenVibrio coralliilyticuschemotaxes toward coral mucus; however, chemotaxis has not been experimentally demonstrated to be important for virulence. To further examine this, in-frame mutations were constructed in genes predicted to be important forV. coralliilyticuschemotaxis. MostVibriogenomes contain multiple homologs of various chemotaxis-related genes, and two paralogs of each forcheB,cheR, andcheAwere identified. Based on single mutant analyses, the paralogscheB2,cheR2, andcheA1were essential for chemotaxis in laboratory assays. As predicted, the ΔcheA1and ΔcheR2strains had a smooth-swimming pattern, while the ΔcheB2strain displayed a zigzag pattern when observed under light microscopy. However, these mutants, unlike the parent strain, were unable to chemotax toward the known attractants coral mucus, dimethylsulfoniopropionate, andN-acetyl-d-glucosamine. The ΔcheB2strain and an aflagellate ΔfliG1strain were avirulent to coral, while the ΔcheA1and ΔcheR2strains were hypervirulent (90 to 100% infection within 14 h on average) compared to the wild-type strain (66% infection within 36 h on average). Additionally, the ΔcheA1and ΔcheR2strains appeared to better colonize coral fragments than the wild-type strain. These results suggest that although chemotaxis may be involved with infection (the ΔcheB2strain was avirulent), a smooth-swimming phenotype is important for bacterial colonization and infection. This study provides valuable insight into understandingV. coralliilyticuspathogenesis and how this pathogen may be transmitted between hosts.IMPORTANCECorals are responsible for creating the immense structures that are essential to reef ecosystems; unfortunately, pathogens like the bacteriumVibrio coralliilyticuscan cause fatal infections of reef-building coral species. However, compared to related human pathogens, the mechanisms by whichV. coralliilyticusinitiates infections and locates new coral hosts are poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of chemotaxis, the directional swimming in response to chemical signals, and bacterial swimming patterns on infection of the coralMontipora capitata. Infection experiments with different mutant strains suggested that a smooth-swimming pattern resulted in hypervirulence. These results demonstrate that the role of chemotaxis in coral infection may not be as straightforward as previously hypothesized and provide valuable insight intoV. coralliilyticuspathogenesis.

scholarly journals Marine Microbial Assemblages on Microplastics: Diversity, Adaptation, and Role in Degradation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Oberbeckmann ◽  
Matthias Labrenz
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Marine Microorganisms ◽  
Microbial Adaptation ◽  
Artificial Surfaces ◽  
Plastic Degradation

We have known for more than 45 years that microplastics in the ocean are carriers of microbially dominated assemblages. However, only recently has the role of microbial interactions with microplastics in marine ecosystems been investigated in detail. Research in this field has focused on three main areas: ( a) the establishment of plastic-specific biofilms (the so-called plastisphere); ( b) enrichment of pathogenic bacteria, particularly members of the genus Vibrio, coupled to a vector function of microplastics; and ( c) the microbial degradation of microplastics in the marine environment. Nevertheless, the relationships between marine microorganisms and microplastics remain unclear. In this review, we deduce from the current literature, new comparative analyses, and considerations of microbial adaptation concerning plastic degradation that interactions between microorganisms and microplastic particles should have rather limited effects on the ocean ecosystems. The majority of microorganisms growing on microplastics seem to belong to opportunistic colonists that do not distinguish between natural and artificial surfaces. Thus, microplastics do not pose a higher risk than natural particles to higher life forms by potentially harboring pathogenic bacteria. On the other hand, microplastics in the ocean represent recalcitrant substances for microorganisms that are insufficient to support prokaryotic metabolism and will probably not be microbially degraded in any period of time relevant to human society. Because we cannot remove microplastics from the ocean, proactive action regarding research on plastic alternatives and strategies to prevent plastic entering the environment should be taken promptly.

Differentiation of Clostridium perfringens from Related Clostridia in Iron Milk Medium

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLOS ABEYTA ◽  
ANITA MICHALOVSKIS ◽  
MARLEEN M. WEKELL
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Positive Results

The stormy fermentation reaction of Clostridium perfringens in iron milk medium was compared to that of several C. perfringens-like strains. These clostridia, C. barati, C. perenne, C. absonum, and C. paraperfringens are very similar to C. perfringens on the basis of certain biochemical reactions and, consequently, are often difficult to distinguish from C. perfringens. Furthermore, these related clostridia may also be present in foods. Results of this study demonstrate that after 18 h of incubation at 45°C, only C. perfringens gave a positive reaction in iron milk with inocula as low as 22 cells/g. Some of the other strains began to show only gas production at 18 h. After 24 to 42 h some strains gave positive results and after 72 h all were positive. Enumeration of C. perfringens from food samples in iron milk medium by a 3-tube most probable number (MPN) technique gave similar results to enumeration by plate count using Shahidi-Ferguson Perfringens (SFP) agar. Furthermore, a rapid positive response occurred after only 2 and 3 h incubation of iron milk inoculated with 108 and 107 cells/ml, respectively. The high selectivity, ease of identification and rapid growth of C. perfringens in iron milk make the iron milk MPN procedure a valuable assay for accurate enumeration and differentiation of C. perfringens from related Clostridia in food products.

The Administrative Response to Court Decisions

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sol Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Appellate Courts ◽  
Vital Part ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Better Than

The decisions of the appellate courts are a vital part of the environment in which law enforcement and correction must function. The reactions of administrators in these fields to the decisions are, to a considerable extent, a matter of choice. The choices may be labeled provocative, defensive, or positive. The defensive position looks like the easiest one to take but may, in the long run, pose more difficulties than the positive reaction. The positive response is "right" in that it works better than the other responses toward advancing correctional practice.

scholarly journals Vibrio coralliilyticus sp. nov., a temperature-dependent pathogen of the coral Pocillopora damicornis

2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Ben-Haim ◽  
F. L. Thompson ◽  
C. C. Thompson ◽  
M. C. Cnockaert ◽  
B. Hoste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Vibrio Coralliilyticus

scholarly journals Temperature-Regulated Bleaching and Lysis of the Coral Pocillopora damicornis by the Novel Pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 4236-4242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Ben-Haim ◽  
Maya Zicherman-Keren ◽  
Eugene Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Coral Bleaching ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Environmental Parameter ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Extracellular Proteases ◽  
Extracellular Protease Activity ◽  
Vibrio Coralliilyticus

ABSTRACT Coral bleaching is the disruption of symbioses between coral animals and their photosynthetic microalgal endosymbionts (zooxanthellae). It has been suggested that large-scale bleaching episodes are linked to global warming. The data presented here demonstrate that Vibrio coralliilyticus is an etiological agent of bleaching of the coral Pocillopora damicornis. This bacterium was present at high levels in bleached P. damicornis but absent from healthy corals. The bacterium was isolated in pure culture, characterized microbiologically, and shown to cause bleaching when it was inoculated onto healthy corals at 25°C. The pathogen was reisolated from the diseased tissues of the infected corals. The zooxanthella concentration in the bacterium-bleached corals was less than 12% of the zooxanthella concentration in healthy corals. When P. damicornis was infected with V. coralliilyticus at higher temperatures (27 and 29°C), the corals lysed within 2 weeks, indicating that the seawater temperature is a critical environmental parameter in determining the outcome of infection. A large increase in the level of the extracellular protease activity of V. coralliilyticus occurred at the same temperature range (24 to 28°C) as the transition from bleaching to lysis of the corals. We suggest that bleaching of P. damicornis results from an attack on the algae, whereas bacterium-induced lysis and death are promoted by bacterial extracellular proteases. The data presented here support the bacterial hypothesis of coral bleaching.

scholarly journals Physiological responses of the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis to bacterial stress from Vibrio coralliilyticus

2011 ◽  
Vol 214 (9) ◽  
pp. 1533-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vidal-Dupiol ◽  
O. Ladriere ◽  
A.-L. Meistertzheim ◽  
L. Foure ◽  
M. Adjeroud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scleractinian Coral ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Vibrio Coralliilyticus

scholarly journals Comparison of Symbiotic Bacterial Community of Soft Corals Sarcophyton and Sinularia of the Hainan Province, (South China Sea, China)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Hao Lu ◽  
Alireza Asem ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Weidong Li ◽  
PeiZheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
South China ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Hainan Province ◽  
Soft Corals

Changes in the microbial community associated with environmental impacts can lead to opportunistic infections, coral disease and death. Diversity analysis and community comparison were performed on 23 collected soft Coral specimens from South China See surrounding Hainan Province (China) based on Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The results showed that Proteobacteria was the main symbiotic bacteria in soft corals. In the same geographical location, the diversity and abundance of symbiotic bacteria in the genus Sinularia are higher than genus Sarcophyton. Unlike Sinularia, the genus Sarcophyton is more inclined to Tenericutes. Furthermore, the same coral species has different bacterial community structure in different environments. The temperature difference between sampling points at 2 ℃ is the main factor affecting the results. A large number of Endozoicomonas found in stone corals have not become the dominant bacteria associated with soft corals. Coral-related pathogenic bacteria were not found in this investigation. This study provided a baseline for future studies of soft coral microbiomes, and assessment of functions of host metabolites and soft coral holobionts. Our result documented that same coral species in each locality represent identical pattern of bacterial diversity and community.

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