The history, etiology, and management of ginseng replant disease: a Canadian perspective in review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Sean M. Westerveld ◽  
Fang Shi
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Cultivation ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Canadian Perspective ◽  
Ultimate Cause ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Definition Of

Ginseng replant disease (GRD) has had a major impact on the American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) industry in Canada and is a threat to its survival. With only 150 yr of domestic ginseng cultivation, GRD and its effect on the industry in North America is well documented compared with replant diseases in other crops. However, minimal research has been published on the etiology and management of GRD. Research and observations of replant diseases of the major commercial Panax species worldwide are presented to propose mechanisms of GRD and potential management options. The available evidence suggests the specific involvement of the soil-borne fungus Ilyonectria mors-panacis (A.A. Hildebr.) A. Cabral & Crous combined with an unknown host-related factor as the ultimate cause of GRD, since other proposed mechanisms seem unlikely to have occurred in the diversity of regions where GRD is reported. Other abiotic and biotic factors influencing the severity of the disease are also likely to be involved. Given the lack of clarity in the scientific literature between problems associated with continuous cultivation of ginseng and true replant disease, a definition of GRD is proposed. The development of an effective and economical management regime will require a better understanding of the mechanisms of GRD. Potential management options include reducing ginseng debris after harvest of the first crop, preplant testing to identify low-risk sites for replanting, fumigation, alternative disinfestation techniques, and fungicides (including biofungicides) targeting I. mors-panacis.

scholarly journals Incoherent dimensionality in fisheries management: consequences of misaligned stock assessment and population boundaries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M Berger ◽  
Jonathan J Deroba ◽  
Katelyn M Bosley ◽  
Daniel R Goethel ◽  
Brian J Langseth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Stock Assessment ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Spatial Simulation ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Spatially Explicit Models ◽  
Fisheries Policy ◽  
Simulation Estimation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Dynamic Population

Abstract Fisheries policy inherently relies on an explicit definition of management boundaries that delineate the spatial extent over which stocks are assessed and regulations are implemented. However, management boundaries tend to be static and determined by politically negotiated or historically identified population (or multi-species) units, which create a potential disconnect with underlying, dynamic population structure. The consequences of incoherent management and population or stock boundaries were explored through the application of a two-area spatial simulation–estimation framework. Results highlight the importance of aligning management assessment areas with underlying population structure and processes, especially when fishing mortality is disproportionate to vulnerable biomass among management areas, demographic parameters (growth and maturity) are not homogenous within management areas, and connectivity (via recruitment or movement) unknowingly exists among management areas. Bias and risk were greater for assessments that incorrectly span multiple population segments (PSs) compared to assessments that cover a subset of a PS, and these results were exacerbated when there was connectivity between PSs. Directed studies and due consideration of critical PSs, spatially explicit models, and dynamic management options that help align management and population boundaries would likely reduce estimation biases and management risk, as would closely coordinated management that functions across population boundaries.

ASSESSING TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF INNOVATIONS IN CANADA: THE GLOBAL SNAPSHOT

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (03) ◽  
pp. 1950025 ◽  
Author(s):  
WOJCIECH NASIEROWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Returns To Scale ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Canadian Perspective ◽  
Country Characteristics ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Innovation Approach

This paper presents the results of a comparison of the technical efficiency of innovation approach in Canada to approaches in 41 other countries. Data Envelopment Analysis was used to investigate this subject. Results of simulation experiments were used to anticipate possible general suggestions regarding policy measures that may be considered when exploring means to improve Canadian performance. Data from the World Competitiveness Yearbook and European Innovation Scoreboard were used. Oslo Manual definition of innovations was used. Enablers (context) — difficult to change country characteristics that may impact upon technical efficiency — were entered into the examination. A qualitative overview of the Canadian perspective to innovations supplements the quantitative portion of the presentation. It is observed that return to scale and congestion issues dominate considerations on technical efficiency of innovations. Wealthier countries seem to be less technically efficient in innovations than not so rich ones. Canada operates under Decreasing Returns to Scale. Congestions seem to be the main contributor to inefficiencies. Suggestions regarding the betterment of technical efficiency of innovations in Canada are presented here. Attention was drawn to several questions for further studies on the subject and their importance clarified.

scholarly journals Ozonated water electrolytically generated by diamond-coated electrodes controlled phytonematodes in replanted soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xorla Kanfra ◽  
Ahmed Elhady ◽  
Hendrik Thiem ◽  
Sven Pleger ◽  
Markus Höfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Greenhouse Experiment ◽  
Soil Nematodes ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Coated Electrodes ◽  
Ozonated Water

AbstractPhytonematodes cause severe yield losses in horticulture, partly because they are difficult to manage. Compact, energy-efficient generators that electrochemically produce ozonated water by utilizing diamond-coated electrodes have become available. In this study, the application of on-site generated ozonated water to inactivate soil nematodes and to mitigate nematode-mediated apple replant disease was tested. Pratylenchus penetrans was highly susceptible to dissolved ozone (LC50 0.6 mg L−1). In one greenhouse experiment, treatment of P. penetrans in soil with ozonated water (0.27 mg ozone L−1 soil) reduced subsequent invasion of the nematodes into roots by 60%. Growth of apple saplings in soil that was affected by apple replant disease (ARD) was significantly improved following a treatment with 1/10 volume ozonated water compared to the control. In a second greenhouse experiment, one-time drenching of ARD soil with ozonated water was followed by improved growth of apple plants similar to that in autoclaved soil. A second application of ozonated water did not further improve plant growth. The number of active nematodes in replanted soil that moved through a Baermann filter was significantly reduced by all tested concentrations of ozone (0.12–0.75 mg L−1 soil). A fraction of 19–36% of the nematodes survived and slightly recovered after four weeks. In conclusion, on-site generated ozonated water has potential to mitigate nematode problems in horticulture and to expand management options.

scholarly journals Management of prolonged second stage of labor

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 2527
Author(s):  
Sanjay Singh ◽  
Uttara Aiyer Kohli ◽  
Shakti Vardhan
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Perinatal Morbidity ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Second Stage Of Labor ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Second Stage Of Labour ◽  
Definition Of

Second stage of labour has been often neglected leading to increased maternal and perinatal morbidity. Recognising and managing prolonged second stage is a challenge even to an experienced obstetrician. This article reviews the changes in the definition of prolonged second stage over the years. It discusses the causes, recognition and management options along with the difficulties in delivering a patient with prolonged second stage of labour. Though adding an extra hour to the definition of second stage in patients may reduce the rate of caesarean section but some studies also show a rise in maternal and perinatal morbidity. Obstetricians are familiarized to the different techniques of delivery of the impacted head. Once diagnosis of prolonged second stage is confirmed, causes should be identified and addressed, and treatment should be individualised, and timing and mode of intervention planned.

scholarly journals Current management options for rosacea: clear skin is our reality

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 324-333
Author(s):  
Olga Yu. Olisova ◽  
E. M. Anpilogova
Keyword(s):  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Topical Therapy ◽  
Control Line ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Social Burden ◽  
Duration Time ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Skin Care Products

BACKGROUND: Treatment of rosacea makes enough difficulties. Review of current etiology, pathogenesis and social burden of rosacea are presented, as well as results of international studies on efficacy of brimonidine gel (Mirvaso Derm) and ivermectin creme (Soolantra) usage in erytemato-teleangiectatic and papulopustular rosacea. AIMS: To evaluate efficacy and safety of topical ivermectin and brimonidine for the treatment of rosacea. MATERIALS AND METODS: Results of our own experience of using these drugs in 87 rosacea patients are presented. Depending on the subtype and severity of the disease, patients with erythematotelangiectatic subtype rosacea were treated with Mirvaso Derm gel (59%), Soolantra cream, and tacrolimus ointment (41%); doxycycline 0.10.2 g twice a day and Soolantra cream (29%); and minocycline 0.050.1 g a day and Soolantra cream (37%). Moreover, patients with papulopustular subtype rosacea were treated with the following combined therapy: doxycycline/minocycline + Mirvaso Derm gel + Soolantra cream (34%). Regardless of the severity of the process, all patients received Cetaphil Pro for redness prone skin (Cetaphil Redness Control line until 2018) as daily skin care products. The mean duration time of therapy for antibiotics was 1.52 month and topical therapy had a relatively longer duration time of therapy: from 8 to 24 months for Mirvaso Derm and 3 to 10 months for Soolantra. RESULTS: After the therapy 43 and 55% of patients with papulopustular rosacea achieved Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) scores of 0 (clear) and 1 (almost clear), respectively; and 41% and 50% of patients with erythemato-telangiectatic rosacea achieved IGA scores 0 and 1, respectively. During the 1-year follow-up clear and almost clear skin (IGA = 01) remained in 87% of patients with papulopustular subtype rosacea and 79% of patients with erythemato-telangiectatic subtype rosacea. CONCLUSION: Thus, based on the results, Mirvaso Derm gel and Soolantra creme have demonstrated to be very effective and safe options for rosacea treatment.

Miscarriage and recurrent miscarriage

2020 ◽  
pp. 477-488
Author(s):  
Vikram Sinai Talaulikar ◽  
Mushi Matjila
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Recurrent Miscarriage ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Global Consensus ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Definition Of

Complications of early pregnancy, including pregnancy loss and threatened miscarriage, are common. Miscarriage affects almost one in five pregnancies and accounts for utilization of a significant proportion of healthcare resources. Women presenting with miscarriage should ideally be assessed, diagnosed, and managed in early pregnancy assessment units. They should be provided with comprehensive information about expectant, medical, and surgical management options, and helped to make informed decisions about their care. Early pregnancy loss can be a source of considerable distress to women and they should be provided with appropriate support and counselling. Recurrent miscarriage (RM) remains a challenge to patients and clinicians alike. Recognition of the psychosocial impact should prompt involvement of mental health specialists, counsellors, and social workers in patient management. Inconsistencies in definition (two or three consecutive miscarriages) confound research in RM. Although endocrinological, thrombotic, autoimmune, and uterine structural perturbations have been described in association with RM, antiphospholipid syndrome and embryonic karyotype abnormalities remain the two closest conditions for which a reasonable explanation can be offered to patients along with prognostication for future pregnancies. A diagnosis of RM has additional implications, not only for previable pregnancy loss, but an association with adverse obstetric and future maternal health outcomes. A global consensus on the definition of RM, along with phenotypic characterization of this heterogeneous condition would improve interpretation of available data and future research. A thorough understanding of the underlying molecular pathophysiological mechanisms in specific phenotypic categories of RM is the fundamental requisite for the advancement of this field.

Intensive forest management — does it pay off financially on drained peatlands?

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1101-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anssi Ahtikoski ◽  
Hannu Hökkä
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Intensive Management ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Site Type ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
Management Regimes

There are only a few studies focusing on the financial aspects of management regimes on peatland forests and even fewer studies investigating intensive management. Such studies, however, are urgently needed, particularly in Finland, where a considerable proportion of drained peatlands is reaching a phase requiring active management. An empirical data set derived from the 10th National Forest Inventory (NFI10) is applied for stand-level simulations (MOTTI stand simulator) until final cut. The data are a representative sample of the most common drained peatland site types and their current stand structures in Finland. Based on several different initial stand conditions, tree growth was projected according to four management regimes: (1) passive management (only one clearcut executed), (2) management according to prevailing silvicultural recommendations, (3) stand-level optimum without ditch network maintenance (DNM) and fertilization (FERT), and (4) stand-level optimum with DNM and FERT (intensive management). The intensive management regime financially outperformed the other management options distinctively, regardless of the climatic region, peatland site type, and initial stand structure. However, towards more harsh climatic conditions and a more barren site type, the financial difference between management options flattened out, and silvicultural recommendations even resulted in a higher mean annual increment (MAI) compared with intensive management.

scholarly journals Premature Ejaculation: Aetiology and Treatment Strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Gillman ◽  
Michael Gillman
Keyword(s):  
Premature Ejaculation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Patient Assessment ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Personal Consequences ◽  
Definition Of

Premature ejaculation (PE) is a highly prevalent male sexual dysfunction that is often neglected, presenting a currently unmet therapeutic need. The classification of PE has historically been varied and at times ambiguous, contributing to inaccurate prevalence estimates. This review uses the International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) definition of PE, which includes reduced ejaculatory latency, lack of control and associated negative personal consequences. Patient assessment and management options differ depending on the classification of PE and it is the role of the clinician to appropriately classify patients and be aware of the correct management strategies. This review provides an overall background of PE in terms of classification and underlying physiology, patient assessment and management strategies along with the scientific rationale for treatment. Patients with lifelong and acquired PE are most likely to benefit from combination therapy of pharmacological treatment in the form of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor dapoxetine, psychosexual behavioural therapy and psychological therapy.

scholarly journals Gestational Diabetes: Overview with Emphasis on Medical Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9573
Author(s):  
Michelle Lende ◽  
Asha Rijhsinghani
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Medical Management ◽  
International Association ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
One Step ◽  
Definition Of

With the rising trend in obesity, the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and perinatal complications associated with the condition are also on the rise. Since the early 1900s, much knowledge has been gained about the diagnosis, implications, and management of gestational diabetes with improved outcomes for the mother and fetus. Worldwide, there is variation in the definition of GDM, methods to screen for the condition, and management options. The International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups has published recommendations for a one-step approach to screen pregnant women for GDM, in order to develop outcome-based criteria that can be used internationally. However, management of GDM continues to be varied, and currently several options are available for treatment of hyperglycemia during pregnancy. A review of various aspects of GDM is discussed with a focus on the medical management during pregnancy, as practiced in the United States.

scholarly journals Linking Social Values of Wild Reindeer to Planning and Management Options in Southern Norway

ARCTIC ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjørn P. Kaltenborn ◽  
Mehmet Mehmetoglu ◽  
Vegard Gundersen
Keyword(s):  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Path Modeling ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
Southern Norway ◽  
Wild Reindeer

Norway is home to the last remaining populations of wild mountain reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Europe. Concerns over anthropogenic and natural drivers have led to change in the management regime from a population-based model to an area-based model. More complex management goals, increasing involvement of stakeholders, and larger management units call for improved knowledge about reindeer-related values. We examined the responses of 1000 respondents to 39 statements of attitudes and values associated with wild reindeer presence and the management situation in two reindeer regions of southern Norway. We used a partial least-squares path modeling approach to examine the nexus between the attraction of wild reindeer, sustainability concerns, utilitarian and non-utilitarian values, conflicts, and attitudes toward hunting. The results show that local concepts of the sustainability of reindeer are based on opinions about the ecological requirements as well as the roles reindeer can play in the social and economic development of the communities. The attraction of reindeer is a function of consumptive as well as non-consumptive objectives. Segments of the community with different consumptive orientations can share ideas about the attraction of reindeer, but diverge in their interpretation of the sustainability of the species. Improved knowledge about the diversity and complexity of value orientations associated with wild reindeer can be a useful tool for developing multi-objective management frameworks with a diversity of stakeholders who may share similar values and interests, although they have different experience and knowledge bases.

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