Dry matter partitioning and residue N content for 11 major field crops in Canada adjusted for rooting depth and yield

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 574-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arumugam Thiagarajan ◽  
Jianling Fan ◽  
Brian G. McConkey ◽  
H.H. Janzen ◽  
C.A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
N Content ◽  
Major Field ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
C And N ◽  
The Mean

To improve the estimates of C and N inputs to soil, we developed new estimates of partitioning between the harvested portion, aboveground residue, and belowground residue for 11 major crops based on depth-adjusted root/shoot ratios and grain yield-adjusted harvest indices. We updated the mean N concentration of each partition.

scholarly journals PLANT DENSITY AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON COMMON BEAN NUTRITION AND YIELD

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 670-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROGÉRIO PERES SORATTO ◽  
TIAGO ARANDA CATUCHI ◽  
EMERSON DE FREITAS CORDOVA DE SOUZA ◽  
JADER LUIS NANTES GARCIA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Lower Plant

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of plant densities and sidedressed nitrogen (N) rates on nutrition and productive performance of the common bean cultivars IPR 139 and Pérola. For each cultivar, a randomized complete block experimental design was used in a split-plot arrangement, with three replicates. Plots consisted of three plant densities (5, 7, and 9 plants ha-1) and subplots of five N rates (0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha-1). Aboveground dry matter, leaf macro- and micronutrient concentrations, yield components, grain yield, and protein concentration in grains were evaluated. Lower plant densities (5 and 7 plants m-1) increased aboveground dry matter production and the number of pods per plant and did not reduce grain yield. In the absence of N fertilization, reduction of plant density decreased N concentration in common bean leaves. Nitrogen fertilization linearly increased dry matter and leaf N concentration, mainly at lower plant densities. Regardless of plant density, the N supply linearly increased grain yield of cultivars IPR 139 and Pérola by 17.3 and 52.2%, respectively.

Growth and yield studies of Lupinus angustifolius and L. albus in Victoria

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (115) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Boundy ◽  
TG Reeves ◽  
HD Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Matter Production

The effect of serial planting on dry matter production, leaf area, grain yield and yield components cf Lupinus angustifoiius (cvv. Uniwhite, Uniharvest and Unicrop) and L. albus (cv. Ultra) was investigated in field plots at Rutherglen in 1973 and 1974. Delayed planting reduced dry matter production of all cultivars, and leaf area for Ultra. Differences in dry matter partitioning were observed between the late flowering Uniharvest, and the early flowering Unicrop and Ultra. In Uniharvest, delayed plantings resulted in a greater proportion of total dry matter being produced during the flowering phase, whereas the reverse was true for Unicrop and Ultra. The later flowering cultivars showed marked grain yield and yield component reduction with later sowing. Yields were reduced by 160.6 kg/ha and 222.5 kg/ha for each week's delay in sowing Uniharvest and Uniwhite, respectively. This effect was offset in the early flowering cultivars by greater development of lateral branches. In addition, when Unicrop and Ultra were planted in April, pod and flower abortion on the main stem resulted from low temperatures at flowering time. Optimum sowing time was early April for Uniwhite and Uniharvest, and early May for Unicrop and Ultra. Excellent vegetative growth under ideal moisture conditions highlighted the poor harvest indices of lupins and the scope for genetic improvement in the genus.

Seed production in Cardiocrium cordatum: effects of nitrogen and dry mass availability of a plant

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 805-812
Author(s):  
Satoki Sakai ◽  
Akiko Sakai ◽  
Kohta Fujioka
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
N Content ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Number Of Seeds

To clarify how seed production depends on the relative N and dry mass availability, we examined the number and size of seeds, and the loss of dry mass in Cardiocrium cordatum (Thunb.) Makaino plants that differed naturally in overall size and stem N content. After adjusting for plant size (basal stem diameter was used as a criterion of plant size), the amount of dry mass lost because of respiration in a plant decreased with an increase in the stem N content of the plant, whereas the total dry mass of seeds of a plant increased with an increase in the stem N content. Plants with a high stem N content relative to dry mass status used dry mass resources more efficiently in seed production by reducing the loss of dry mass. Plants with a higher stem N content produced a greater number of seeds, and the amount of dry mass lost decreased with an increase in the number of seeds of the plant, possibly because the resources allocated to seed production are consumed rapidly, if numerous seeds simultaneously absorb those resources. However, the stem N content of a plant had no influence on the mean seed dry mass, seed N content, and the seed N concentration, and the latter three parameters did not affect respiration loss of dry mass. We concluded that plants undergoing seed production reduce dry mass loss if their relative N to dry mass availability is high, through an increase in the numbers of seeds they produce.

Dry matter partitioning and grain yield of winter maize in Nepal Terai under integrated nutrient management

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Pramod Prasad Dahal ◽  
Komal Bahadur Basnet ◽  
Shrawan Kumar Sah ◽  
Tika Bahadur Karki
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Integrated Nutrient Management ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and nitrogen concentration in grain and straw of rice under semi-deepwater conditions (51–100 cm)

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Reddy ◽  
M. M. Panda ◽  
B. C. Ghosh ◽  
B. B. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Intermediate Deep Water

SummaryUnder conditions of semi-deep water (51–100 cm) rice varieties with greater plant height produced more dry matter and grain yield as N fertilizer was increased from 0 to 20 and 40 kg/ha. The varieties which performed better in a situation of slow rise in water level to a depth of 120 cm could not survive a quick rise in water level owing to their lesser plant height and elongation ability. The loss of dry matter (dead and dried leaves) was also greater in varieties susceptible to deep water than varieties tolerant of deep water.With the increase in N fertilizer, there was increase in plant height, number of tillers, dry-matter production and grain yield. The loss of dry matter was less in crops given N fertilizer than in those not given N fertilizer. The varieties capable of producing higher grain yield in response to N fertilizer under semi-deep water did not improve their grain yield under intermediate deep water (15–50 cm). With increase in application of N fertilizer from 0 to 40 kg/ha the N concentration in grain increased. N concentration did not vary in straw under intermediate deep water, there was no definite trend in semi-deep water, and it was higher under conditions of semi-deep than intermediate deep water.

Soil temperature and its association with maize yield variations in the Highlands of Kenya

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. M. Cooper ◽  
R. Law
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Mean

summaryIn the Highlands of Kenya every 1-week delay in planting maize after the onset of the rains reduces the grain yield by approximately 0·6 t/ha. No satisfactory explanation has been found for this phenomenon. A physiological growth study was made on four dates of planting per year over 4 years. Early growth rates and maximum crop growth rates showed a progressive decline with delay in planting which resulted in smaller plants at 5 weeks post-emergence and at 50 % tassel emergence in maize planted later. There was a strong relationship between the size of plant at tasselling and the final grain yield and a highly significant relationship (r = 0·94) between the size of plant at 5 weeks post emergence and the final grain yield. Other environmental studies showed that soil temperature at 7·5 cm, coupled with a soil moisture stress factor, largely controlled the dry-matter production rate during early growth, and consideration of the mean value of these two variables over the first 5 weeks of growth accounted for 70% of the variation of dry matter at 5 weeks post-emergence. It was further shown that 82% of the variation in final grain yield caused by date of planting could be accounted for by consideration of the mean value of these two variables during the first 5 weeks of growth.

scholarly journals Variation in Root and Shoot Growth in Response to Reduced Nitrogen

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Tolley ◽  
Mohsen Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Fold Change ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
N Treatment

Recently, root traits have been suggested to play an important role in developing greater nitrogen uptake and grain yield. However, relatively few breeding programs utilize these root traits. Over a series of experiments at different growth stages with destructive plant biomass measurements, we analyzed above-ground and below-ground traits in seven geographically diverse lines of wheat. Root and shoot biomass allocation in 14-day-old seedlings were analyzed using paper roll-supported hydroponic culture in two Hoagland solutions containing 0.5 (low) and 4 (high) mM of nitrogen (N). For biomass analysis of plants at maturity, plants were grown in 7.5 L pots filled with soil mix under two nitrogen treatments. Traits were measured as plants reached maturity. High correlations were observed among duration of vegetative growth, tiller number, shoot dry matter, and root dry matter. Functionality of large roots in nitrogen uptake was dependent on the availability of N. Under high N, lines with larger roots had a greater yield response to the increase in N input. Under low N, yields were independent of root size and dry matter, meaning that there was not a negative tradeoff to the allocation of more resources to roots, though small rooted lines were more competitive with regards to grain yield and grain N concentration in the low-N treatment. In the high-N treatment, the large-rooted lines were correlated to an increase in grain N concentration (r = 0.54) and grain yield (r = 0.43). In low N, the correlation between root dry matter to yield (r = 0.20) and grain N concentration (r = −0.38) decreased. A 15-fold change was observed between lines for root dry matter; however, only a ~5-fold change was observed in shoot dry matter. Additionally, root dry matter measured at the seedling stage did not correlate to the corresponding trait at maturity. As such, in a third assay, below-ground and above-ground traits were measured at key growth stages including the four-leaf stage, stem elongation, heading, post-anthesis, and maturity. We found that root growth appears to be stagnant from stem elongation to maturity.

scholarly journals Effect of the duration of the vegetative phase on crop growth, development and yield in two contrasting pearl millet hybrids

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Q. Craufurd ◽  
F. R. Bidinger
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Vegetative Phase

SummaryThe phenotype of medium duration pearl millet varieties grown in West Africa differs from that of the shorter duration millets grown in India. African varieties are usually much taller, have longer panicles, fewer productive tillers, and a lower ratio of grain to above-ground dry-matter (harvest index). The effect of crop duration on plant phenotype was investigated in two hybrids using extended daylengths to increase the duration of the vegetative phase (GSl: sowing to panicle initiation). The two hybrids, 841A × J104 and 81A × Souna B, were considered to represent the Indian and African phenotype, respectively. Tiller production and survival, leaf area, and dry-matter accumulation and partition, were monitored over the season. Grain yield and its components were determined at maturity.The two hybrids responded similarly to the short and long daylength treatments. The duration of GSl was increased from 20 to 30 days, resulting in increased number of leaves, leaf area, and stem and total dry-matter accumulation; there was no effect on tiller production and survival, or on panicle growth rate. Grain yield was, therefore, the same in both GSl treatments, and harvest index (HI) was much reduced in the long GSl treatment owing to the increased stem growth. One evident effect of a longer GSl was on dry-matter partitioning between shoots; partitioning to the main stem (MS) was increased, whereas partitioning to the tillers was reduced.There was no difference in crop development, growth or yield between the two hybrids in either GSl treatment. The only significant differences were in the efficiency with which intercepted radiation was converted to dry matter, which was greater in 841A × J104 than in 81A × Souna B, and in the balance between MS and tillers; the grain yield of the MS was significantly greater in 81A x Souna B than in 841A × J104, but at the expense of number of productive tillers.The results demonstrate that both African and Indian phenotypes are equally productive under good agronomic conditions. The lower HI in longer duration African millets is a consequence of a much extended stem growth phase and therefore increased competition between stem and panicle during grain filling. Possible ways to increase grain yield in the medium duration African millets are considered.

An analysis of the environmental limitation to yield of irrigated grain sorghum during the dry season in tropical Australia using a radiation, interception model

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Muchow ◽  
DB Coates
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Tropical Australia

Variation in yield of irrigated grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) grown during the dry season in tropical Australia was analysed in terms of the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted, its efficiency of use in dry matter production and the proportion of dry matter partitioned to grain. Three commercial hybrids (Texas 610SR, Dekalb DK55, Pacific Monsoon) grown under favourable conditions on two soil types (Cununurra Clay and Ord Sandy Loam) yielded similarly, but there was a significant effect of sowing date. Grain yield was highest (9.5 t ha-1 at 14% moisture) in the May sowing, with the lowest yield (7.4 t ha-1) being obtained in the April sowing. Yield was intermediate from a July sowing. Differences in grain yield across the dry season were not related to the amount of PAR intercepted, nor to the efficiency of conversion of intercepted PAR into net aboveground dry matter, but rather to differences in dry matter partitioning. A stable efficiency of conversion of 2.4 g MJ-1 of intercepted PAR was recorded for the entire crop cycle for sorghum crops growing under favourable growing conditions in this environment. This conversion efficiency for a tropical C4 cereal is similar to maximum values, but higher than average conversion efficiencies over the entire crop cycle obtained for temperate C3 cereals growing in temperate regions. Temperature did not affect this conversion efficiency, but had a pronounced effect on the duration of crop development.

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