The stability and resilience of management agreements on climate-sensitive straddling fishery resources: the blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) coastal state agreement

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils-Arne Ekerhovd

How would the formation, stability, and success of an agreement on cooperative management between neighbouring coastal states for a climate-sensitive fishery resource be affected by changes in the distribution and accessibility of the resource within the exclusive economic zones (EEZs)? In scenario 1, the blue whiting ( Micromesistius poutassou ) is harvestable in the EEZs of Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and the European Union (EU), as well as in the international waters of the Northeast Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea. The Barents Sea is a fringe area for the species, and there are no fisheries for blue whiting there. Hence, Russia is not regarded as a coastal state with respect to the blue whiting fishery. This severely weakens the stability of the coastal state agreement. In scenario 2, the area of distribution of the harvestable stock expands into the Russian EEZ, giving it status as a coastal state with respect to the resource and, thus, a partner in the management agreement. This secures the coastal state coalition the maximum attainable cooperative value and increases the likelihood of a stable coastal state agreement.

Author(s):  
Simon MCKENZIE

Abstract The development of uncrewed maritime vehicles [UMVs] has the potential to increase the scale of military maritime surveillance in the exclusive economic zones of foreign coastal states. This paper considers the legal implications of the expanded use of UMVs for this purpose. It shows how features of the legal regime—namely how its application depends on determining the intent of a vessel's operation (to distinguish marine scientific research from military surveillance), as well the obligation to have due regard—have a “dynamic” quality that will pose a challenge to UMVs operated by autonomous technology. The legal obligations will require equipping UMVs with the capacity to communicate something about their identity, the purpose of their mission, and to be able to have some capacity to be responsive to the economic and environmental interests of the coastal state.


2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritaka Hayashi

Abstract One disturbing element in an overall stable order built on the Law of the Sea Convention is the disagreement between some States over the use of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of a coastal State by another State for military purposes. While it appears to be generally accepted that military activities in the EEZ of another State are part of “the freedoms . . . of navigation and overflight and other internationally lawful uses of the sea related to these freedoms . . .” under Article 58(1), some States, notably China, hold an opposing view. The disagreement has led to several incidents involving forceful disturbance of activities of United States military vessels and aircraft in and above the EEZ of China. There is an urgent need for the States concerned and the international community to find a common understanding on the issue or some kind of practical arrangement for avoiding further serious incidents.


Author(s):  
M. A. Petrova

The article analyzes the role of trade policy in ensuring the competitiveness of the automotive industry – one of the most sensitive to the changes of economic conditions and important for providing national economic security – and finding a balance between the need to regulate the internal market and the implementation of the commitments under WTO. The analyze of the current condition of the Russian automotive industry has shown that, despite the low share in the world production and exports, Russia has a great potential for growth, mainly due to the unsaturated domestic market. It is proved, that the development of the automotive industry as one of the innovative industries in the country has all the necessary terms. Moreover, the priority areas for the development of the automotive industry include, first of all, the creation of a full range production with foreign investment. Measures of attracting and regulating FDI received much attention due to their relationship with the instruments of trade policy, as the production of capital goods, particularly automobiles, require imports of components, and FDI, in turn, promote the export of finished products. The commitments taken by Russia in the automotive industry include reduction of duties on imported cars, the renegotiation of investment programs and rules for the functioning of special economic zones. At present, the most acute question is car recycling tax, which has led to a trade dispute with the European Union, and may lead to countervailing measures against Russian goods. Considering WTO rules, recommendations on the use of the most effective instruments of foreign policy, aimed at improving the competitiveness of the Russian automotive industry, were made, including the rationalization of import and the attraction of new technologies due to the diversification of customs duties on certain groups of automotive components, lowering income taxes, a gradual decrease of the fiscal functions of the customs tariff; the stability and transparency of the instruments of trade policy and simplification of customs procedures.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luh Putu Sudini ◽  
I Gusti Bagus Suryawan ◽  
Nella Hasibuan

AbstractThe research objective is to find out and understand the use of the right of immediate pursuit of foreign ships that violate the Indonesian sea territory; and know and understand the limits of Indonesia's authority in the use of the right of immediate pursuit in its territorial waters. The problem is how to use the right of immediate pursuit of foreign ships that violate Indonesia's maritime territory. And what about the limits of Indonesia's authority in the use of immediate pursuit rights in its territorial waters? The research method used is empirical legal research methods. The results of the research on the use of the right of immediate pursuit of foreign ships that violate the territorial sea of Indonesia include several things that must be considered, namely the chase must be carried out by the competent authority of the coastal State and have sufficient reasons and are convincing that the foreign ship has violated the law in waters of the jurisdiction of the coastal State. The pursuit must begin when a foreign ship or one of its partners is in inland waters, archipelagic waters, territorial seas, auxiliary routes or exclusive economic zones. The pursuit can only continue outside the territorial seas, outside the auxiliary routes or outside the exclusive economic zone if the pursuit is continuous and uninterrupted. The pursuit may only begin after giving a stop sign from a distance that the foreign ship can see or hear. The right of pursuit must be stopped as soon as the ship being chased has entered the sea of the territory of the third party. The limit of Indonesia's authority in the use of the right to immediate pursuit in its territorial waters, Indonesia can take actions, starting with a signal, for example with a sound sign or a flag signal or an optical light, not paying attention to the signal, then it may be followed by warning shots. the first shot with a blank bullet is also ignored, followed by the shot with a live bullet, provided that when shooting, the shot must be directed in front of the prow of the ship being chased. If you take a fight that endangers the patrol boat or the lives of people, balanced violence can be carried out, if possible avoiding casualties. The immediate chase is stopped if the foreign ship enters the territorial waters of another State.Key words: right of immediate pursuit; foreign ships; useAbstrakTujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui dan memahami penggunaan hak pengejaran segera terhadap kapal-kapal asing yang melanggar wilayah laut Indonesia; dan mengetahui dan memahami batas kewenangan Indonesia dalam penggunaan hak pengejaran segera di wilayah perairannya. Permasalahan yaitu bagaimana penggunaan hak pengejaran segera terhadap kapal-kapal asing yang melanggar wilayah laut Indonesia. Dan bagaimana batas kewenangan Indonesia dalam penggunaan hak pengejaran segera di wilayah perairannya. Metode penelitian yang dipergunakan metode penelitian hukum empiris. Hasil penelitian penggunaan hak pengejaran segera terhadap kapal asing yang melanggar wilayah laut Indonesia, mencakup ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan, yaitu pengejaran harus dilakukan oleh pihak yang berwenang dari Negara pantai dan mempunyai alasan yang cukup serta meyakinkan bahwa kapal asing tersebut telah melakukan pelanggaran hukum di perairan yurisdiksi Negara pantai. Pengejaran itu harus dimulai ketika kapal asing atau salah satu sekocinya ada di perairan pedalaman, perairan kepulauan, laut teritorial, jalur tambahan atau zona ekonomi eksklusif. Pengejaran itu hanya dapat dilanjutkan di luar laut wilayah, di luar jalur tambahan atau di luar zona ekonomi eksklusif bila pengejaran itu terus menerus dan tidak terputus. Pengejaran hanya boleh dimulai setelah memberi suatu tanda berhenti dari suatu jarak yang dapat dilihat atau didengar oleh kapal asing tersebut. Hak pengejaran itu harus dihentikan sesaat kapal yang dikejar itu telah memasuki laut wilayah Negara pihak ketiga. Batas kewenangan Indonesia dalam penggunaan hak pengejaran segera di wilayah perairannya, Indonesia dapat melakukan tindakan-tindakan, diawali harus dilakukan dengan memberi tanda isyarat, misalnya dengan tanda suara atau isyarat bendera atau lampu optis, tidak diperhatikannya tanda isyarat, baru boleh dilanjutkan dengan tembakan peringatan, tembakan pertama dengan peluru hampa, juga tidak diindahkan dilanjutkan dengan tembakan dengan peluru tajam, dengan ketentuan bahwa waktu menembak, tembakan harus diarahkan di depan haluan kapal yang dikejar. Apabila melakukan perlawanan yang membahayakan kapal patroli atau jiwa orang, dapat dilakukan tindakan kekerasan yang seimbang, jika memungkinkan menghindari adanya korban jiwa. Pengejaran segera itu dihentikan apabila kapal asing tersebut memasuki wilayah perairan Negara lain.


2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (75) ◽  
pp. 39-68
Author(s):  
Mercedes Rosello

Abstract The conservation of fish stocks in the world’s exclusive economic zones (EEZs), which collectively harbour the vast majority of marine-living resources, is the primary responsibility of coastal States. As the effects of failures by coastal States to protect those stocks from the impacts of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing may extend beyond domestic boundaries, this paper questions whether and how coastal States may be made accountable in respect of their regulatory deficits. With the proliferation of non-legal conduct rules to guide the regulatory role of States and their agencies, non-judicial mechanisms have the potential to foster coastal State stewardship of domestic fisheries. Outlining a number of international, transnational and domestic approaches, this paper gives consideration to the opportunities and limitations they present in order to strengthen coastal State accountability for IUU fishing control deficits.


2020 ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kusztykiewicz-Fedurek

Political security is very often considered through the prism of individual states. In the scholar literature in-depth analyses of this kind of security are rarely encountered in the context of international entities that these countries integrate. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to key aspects of political security in the European Union (EU) Member States. The EU as a supranational organisation, gathering Member States first, ensures the stability of the EU as a whole, and secondly, it ensures that Member States respect common values and principles. Additionally, the EU institutions focus on ensuring the proper functioning of the Eurozone (also called officially “euro area” in EU regulations). Actions that may have a negative impact on the level of the EU’s political security include the boycott of establishing new institutions conducive to the peaceful coexistence and development of states. These threats seem to have a significant impact on the situation in the EU in the face of the proposed (and not accepted by Member States not belonging to the Eurogroup) Eurozone reforms concerning, inter alia, appointment of the Minister of Economy and Finance and the creation of a new institution - the European Monetary Fund.


2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blessing Mhlanga ◽  
Laura Ercoli ◽  
Elisa Pellegrino ◽  
Andrea Onofri ◽  
Christian Thierfelder

AbstractConservation agriculture has been promoted to sustainably intensify food production in smallholder farming systems in southern Africa. However, farmers have rarely fully implemented all its components, resulting in different combinations of no-tillage, crop rotation, and permanent soil cover being practiced, thus resulting in variable yield responses depending on climatic and soil conditions. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the effect of conservation agriculture components on yield stability. We hypothesized that the use of all three conservation agriculture components would perform the best, resulting in more stable production in all environments. We evaluated at, eight trial locations across southern Africa, how partial and full implementation of these components affected crop yield and yield stability compared with conventional tillage alone or combined with mulching and/or crop rotation. Grain yield and shoot biomass of maize and cowpea were recorded along with precipitation for 2 to 5 years. Across different environments, the addition of crop rotation and mulch to no-tillage increased maize grain by 6%, and the same practices added to conventional tillage led to 13% yield increase. Conversely, adding only mulch or crop rotation to no-tillage or conventional tillage led to lower or equal maize yield. Stability analyses based on Shukla’s index showed for the first time that the most stable systems are those in which mulch is added without crop rotation. Moreover, the highest yielding systems were the least stable. Finally, additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis allowed clarifying that mulch added to no-tillage gives stable yields on sandy soil with high rainfall. Similarly, mulch added to conventional tillage gives stable yield on sandy soil, but under low rainfall. This is the first study that highlighted the crucial role of mulch to enhance the stability and resilience of cropping systems in southern Africa, supporting their adaptability to climate change.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David March ◽  
Kristian Metcalfe ◽  
Joaquin Tintoré ◽  
Brendan J. Godley

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in unparalleled global impacts on human mobility. In the ocean, ship-based activities are thought to have been impacted due to severe restrictions on human movements and changes in consumption. Here, we quantify and map global change in marine traffic during the first half of 2020. There were decreases in 70.2% of Exclusive Economic Zones but changes varied spatially and temporally in alignment with confinement measures. Global declines peaked in April, with a reduction in traffic occupancy of 1.4% and decreases found across 54.8% of the sampling units. Passenger vessels presented more marked and longer lasting decreases. A regional assessment in the Western Mediterranean Sea gave further insights regarding the pace of recovery and long-term changes. Our approach provides guidance for large-scale monitoring of the progress and potential effects of COVID-19 on vessel traffic that may subsequently influence the blue economy and ocean health.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document