Effect of Metals on the Biomass Production Kinetics of Freshwater Copepods

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Borgmann ◽  
R. Cove ◽  
C. Loveridge
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Mathematical Relationship ◽  
Toxic Concentration ◽  
Natural Assemblage ◽  
Freshwater Copepods ◽  
Kinetics Of

The effects of cadmium, copper, mercury, lead, and arsenic on the growth and mortality rates of a natural assemblage of copepods using natural food and water were determined. A seasonal cycle in toxicity was observed for all the metals except arsenic. Lead toxicity appeared to be related to the ash-free dry weight of the seston, but the reason for the variation in toxicity of cadmium, copper, and mercury remain unknown. The chronic toxicity of some metals differs much less between copepods and daphnids than does acute toxicity. The mathematical relationship between growth and mortality rates and metal concentration is discussed and a technique for calculating a sublethally toxic concentration is described.Key words: copepods, heavy metals, biomass production, cadmium, copper, mercury, lead, arsenic, toxicity

Interactive Effects of Metals in Mixtures on Biomass Production Kinetics of Freshwater Copepods

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1295-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Borgmann
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Growth Time ◽  
Metal Mixtures ◽  
Metal Interactions ◽  
Lead Zinc ◽  
Freshwater Copepods ◽  
Kinetics Of

The effect of metal mixtures on the biomass production rates of natural assemblages of copepods was predicted by assuming that metal-induced increases in the inverse of the growth rate (i.e. the growth time) are additive. The average observed growth time increase, ΔGTobs in 14 binary mixtures of the metals Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, and As was 17% larger than the average calculated growth time increases, ΔGTcal (assuming additivity), indicating a slight but statistically significant synergism. Synergism in multimetal mixtures appears to be cumulative, since the average ΔGTobs was 53% greater than the average ΔGTcal in mixtures containing five metals simultaneously. One of the 15 possible binary mixtures (Zn:As) of the six metals tested demonstrated a large divergence between ΔGTobs and ΔGTcal. For all other metal mixtures studied, most of the toxicity is accounted for by the summation of noninteractive, single, metal effects.Key words: copepods, metal toxicity, metal interactions, biomass production, cadmium, copper, mercury, lead, zinc, arsenic

Rates of Mortality, Growth, and Biomass Production of Lymnaea palustris During Chronic Exposure to Lead

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Borgmann ◽  
O. Kramar ◽  
C. Loveridge
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Rate Function ◽  
Lead Uptake ◽  
Percent Mortality

Lymnaea palustris, a freshwater snail, was exposed to lead in a continuous-flow system from newly laid eggs until reproductive maturity. Lead, at concentrations as low as 19 μg∙L−1, caused a significant increase in the mortality rate, although the growth rate was not affected. The lead-induced mortality was proportional to the lead concentration raised to the exponent 2.5. The analysis of mortality as a rate function was found superior to the use of the more conventional LC50 (concentration resulting in 50% mortality). A plot of the logarithm of the lead-induced mortality against log lead concentration is linear and has the same slope as plots of double logarithms of the inverse survival at any one time versus log lead concentration or log time versus log LC50 or log LT50 (time to 50% mortality) versus log lead concentration. The mortality rate, unlike the percent mortality, is independent of time and can be combined directly with the growth rate to estimate the biomass production rate. A 50% drop in the rate of biomass production was observed at 36 μg∙L−1 and a drop to 0 production at 48 μg∙L−1. Lead uptake in whole snails was found to be proportional to the lead concentration in the water, giving a concentration factor of 8500 on a dry weight basis. Key words: snails, lead, toxicity, biomass production, bioaccumulation

scholarly journals Produksi Biomassa Mikroalga (Tetraselmis chuii) Dengan Sistem Pemanenan Berbeda

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Djunaedi
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Tetraselmis Chuii ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Permasalahan yang sering terjadi adalah masih rendahnya berat biomassa yang dihasilkan pada pemanenan mikroalga. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat berat kering biomassa T. chuii pada perbedaan sistem pemanenan. Penelitian ini dirancang menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan perbedaan sistem pemanenan filtrasi, centrifuge dan flokulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan berat kering biomassa T. chuii. Pada sistem pemanenan filtrasi diperoleh berat kering biomassa sebesar 3,899 ± 0,073 gr, pemanenan centrifuge sebesar 4,242 ± 0,129 gr dan pemanenan flokulasi sebesar 5,65 ± 0,026 gr. Perbedaan sistem pemanenan memberikan pengaruh sangat nyata (p<0,01) terhadap berat kering biomassa.Kata Kunci : Berat kering biomassa, filtrasi, centrifuge dan flokulasi, Tetraselmis chuii.Tetraselmis chuii is known as the higher quality natural food. The cultivation of T. chuii produce the high density, but the harvesting systems reduce it. The aim of the research was to find the appropriate harvesting system to the T. chuii biomass production. The T. chuii cultivations were done using the 30 liters plastic tank, with three replications. There were three treatments, which were applied, such as: filtration, centrifugation and flocculation, using the Completely Randomized Design. The results of this research showed, that the applied of varying harvesting systems to dry weight of T. chuii biomass was significant difference (p<0,01) respectively. The dry weight of microalgae biomass at applied of filtration system was obtained value of 3,89 ± 0,073 g, in centrifugation system of 4,23 ± 0,126 g, and than in the flocculation system of 5,65 ± 0,026 g.Keywords : Biomass Production; Filtration; Flocculation Centrifugation; Tetraselmis chuii. 

scholarly journals Overexpression of vesicle-associated membrane protein PttVAP27-17 as a tool to improve biomass production and the overall saccharification yields in Populus trees

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhavi Latha Gandla ◽  
Niklas Mähler ◽  
Sacha Escamez ◽  
Tomas Skotare ◽  
Ogonna Obudulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Populus Tremula ◽  
Transgenic Trees ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Glucose Yield ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Wild Type Control

Abstract Background Bioconversion of wood into bioproducts and biofuels is hindered by the recalcitrance of woody raw material to bioprocesses such as enzymatic saccharification. Targeted modification of the chemical composition of the feedstock can improve saccharification but this gain is often abrogated by concomitant reduction in tree growth. Results In this study, we report on transgenic hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) lines that showed potential to increase biomass production both in the greenhouse and after 5 years of growth in the field. The transgenic lines carried an overexpression construct for Populus tremula × tremuloides vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-associated protein PttVAP27-17 that was selected from a gene-mining program for novel regulators of wood formation. Analytical-scale enzymatic saccharification without any pretreatment revealed for all greenhouse-grown transgenic lines, compared to the wild type, a 20–44% increase in the glucose yield per dry weight after enzymatic saccharification, even though it was statistically significant only for one line. The glucose yield after enzymatic saccharification with a prior hydrothermal pretreatment step with sulfuric acid was not increased in the greenhouse-grown transgenic trees on a dry-weight basis, but increased by 26–50% when calculated on a whole biomass basis in comparison to the wild-type control. Tendencies to increased glucose yields by up to 24% were present on a whole tree biomass basis after acidic pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification also in the transgenic trees grown for 5 years on the field when compared to the wild-type control. Conclusions The results demonstrate the usefulness of gene-mining programs to identify novel genes with the potential to improve biofuel production in tree biotechnology programs. Furthermore, multi-omic analyses, including transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analyses, performed here provide a toolbox for future studies on the function of VAP27 proteins in plants.

scholarly journals A Cyanobacteria-Based Biofilm System for Advanced Brewery Wastewater Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Konstantinos P. Papadopoulos ◽  
Christina N. Economou ◽  
Athanasia G. Tekerlekopoulou ◽  
Dimitris V. Vayenas
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Surface Hydrophobicity ◽  
Reactor Performance ◽  
Brewery Wastewater ◽  
Kjeldahl Nitrogen ◽  
Supporting Materials

Algal/cyanobacterial biofilm photobioreactors provide an alternative technology to conventional photosynthetic systems for wastewater treatment based on high biomass production and easy biomass harvesting at low cost. This study introduces a novel cyanobacteria-based biofilm photobioreactor and assesses its performance in post-treatment of brewery wastewater and biomass production. Two different supporting materials (glass/polyurethane) were tested to investigate the effect of surface hydrophobicity on biomass attachment and overall reactor performance. The reactor exhibited high removal efficiency (over 65%) of the wastewater’s pollutants (chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, orthophosphate, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen), while biomass per reactor surface reached 13.1 and 12.8 g·m−2 corresponding to 406 and 392 mg·L−1 for glass and polyurethane, respectively, after 15 days of cultivation. The hydrophilic glass surface favored initial biomass adhesion, although eventually both materials yielded complete biomass attachment, highlighting that cell-to-cell interactions are the dominant adhesion mechanism in mature biofilms. It was also found that the biofilm accumulated up to 61% of its dry weight in carbohydrates at the end of cultivation, thus making the produced biomass a suitable feedstock for bioethanol production.

scholarly journals Effect of Planting Time on Canopy Structure and Biomass Production in Some Soybean Genotypes

1970 ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
MK Uddin ◽  
MK Hasan ◽  
AKMA Alam
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Late Planting ◽  
Planting Time ◽  
Soybean Genotypes

A field experiment was conducted in the Field Laboratory of the Department of Crop Botany, BAU, Mymensingh during November 2003 to May 2004 to assess the effect of planting time (November and December) on some morphological structure, and root & shoot biomass production in four soybean genotypes (GPB-1, GPB-2, AGS-332 and AGS-11-35). The plant height, stem base diameter, seed dry weight plant-1 were significantly greater in the late planting crops (December) but number of branches plant-1, number of leaves plant-1, leaves dry weight plant-1, shoots dry weight plant-1, roots dry weight plant-1, total dry matter plant-1 were also significantly greater in November planting. Highest plant height, branches plant-1 and leaves plant-1, shoot dry weight plant-1 and total dry matter were found in GPB-2 genotype. Key words: Early and late planting, shoot and root mass, Glycine max. DOI = 10.3329/jard.v5i1.1453 J Agric Rural Dev 5(1&2), 25-29, June 2007

scholarly journals Electromagnetic Fields (0.04 to 0.39) mT effect on cellular growth cycles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strains

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Eliseo Amado-González ◽  
Alveiro Álvarez Ovallos ◽  
Alfonso Quijano Parra
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Growth Cycles

Low frecuency electromagnetic fields effect (EMF) on growth cycles of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strains Rv1 and Rhône were studied.  A cylindrical coil induced magnetic fields with inductions up to 0,39 mT. Exposure time to EMF varied between (1 – 10) min at 30 °C.  The biomass growth were monitored in the reactor culture media (yeast extract + by measurement optical density from (0 to 32) h. The biomass was found by dry weight. After yeast expose to the different EMF, the number of growth cycles decreased from 4 cycles to 2 or 1. However, the biomass production increased almost 50 %.  The best biomass production was found at 0.39 mT and 10 min exposure time.  Keywords: Electromagnetic fields, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, biomass production, RV1

scholarly journals An 112 Days Experiment on Dietary Cadmium Retention in Hepatopancreas in Adult Cantareus aspersus Snails

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 2803-2804
Author(s):  
George A. Draghici ◽  
Cristina A. Dehelean ◽  
Iulia Pinzaru ◽  
Despina M. Bordean ◽  
Georgeta Pop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Land Snails ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cantareus Aspersus ◽  
Ecotoxicological Model ◽  
Dietary Cadmium ◽  
Kinetics Of

Cadmium is very hazardous pollutant with massive impact on aspects of everyday life. Little knowledge exists on kinetics of dietary cadmium retention in Cantareus aspersus for durations above three months although this species of land snails serves as excellent ecotoxicological model for studying cadmium hazard. Here was used a continuous 112-day exposure study design, in which test snails were exposed to a wide range of dietary cadmium levels, including human- and environmentally-relevant levels. Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, cadmium levels in the hepatopancreas were found to increase significantly, and in dose-dependent manner starting from a dietary cadmium dose of 0.2 mg/kg dry weight. The results of the present study render the hepatopancreas of mature snails, C. aspersus, as excellent endpoints for assessing Cd toxicity over a broad range of concentrations. Hence, this species of land snails can be reliably used for both active and passive biomonitoring of environmental cadmium pollution.

scholarly journals THE POTENTIAL OF MATURE PANDAN LEAVES AS A SOURCE OF CHLOROPHYLL FOR NATURAL FOOD COLORANTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Chatarina Lilis Suryani ◽  
◽  
Tutik Dwi Wahyuningsih ◽  
Supriyadi Supriyadi ◽  
Umar Santoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Food Colorants ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Leaf Maturity ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Natural Colorants ◽  
Four Levels

Plant leaves are the primary source of natural colorants for food, mainly due to their chlorophyll content. However, the plant types and the degree of leaf maturity determine the quality and quantity of the chlorophyll. This study aimed to determine the best maturity level of pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) leaves that serves as potential source of chlorophyll for natural food colorants. Eighty three pandan plants obtained from six different farming locations in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia were used as samples. The leaves were grouped into four levels of maturity using descriptive statistics based on their morphology, anatomy, color, and chlorophyll contents. The results showed that the average number of leaves ranged from 20-24 leaves per plant (at 95% confidence interval), and 96.4% of the plant had a maximum of 24 leaves. The leaf maturity was grouped into (1) young, (2) medium, (3) mature, and (4) over mature, corresponding to leaf number 1-6, 7-12, 13-18, and 19-24, respectively. The higher the leaf maturity, the higher the chlorophyll content. However, the over mature leaves were only slightly different from the mature ones. In addition, pandan leaves have specific flavor and contain carotenoid, phenolic, and flavonoid substances. Anatomically, the mesophyll’s size was greatest in the mature leaves, while the size of chloroplast was not significantly different from medium to over mature leaves. Based on the chlorophyll content and mesophyll size, it was concluded that mature pandan leaves were the best source of chlorophyll, containing chlorophyll of 623.08 mg/100 g dry weight (DW).

Cycle de développement, croissance et production de Pisidium amnicum (Mollusca: Bivalvia) dans le Saint-Laurent (Québec)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2350-2359 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Vincent ◽  
G. Vaillancourt ◽  
N. Lafontaine
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Bithynia Tentaculata ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
St Lawrence River

The population dynamics of Pisidium amnicum have been studied in one population of the St. Lawrence River over a 2-year period during which 19 samples were taken. The species can live up to 3 years and it is iteroparous; individuals generally attain sexual maturity after 1 year and they reproduce twice, once at 2 and once at 3 years of age. In adults, mortality is lower in winter than during the rest of the year and mortality rates are twice as high during the 1st year than during the 2nd year. Total dry weight (PT, in milligrams) is related to maximum length (L, in millimetres) according to the equation PT = 0.0283∙L3,80 and flesh dry weight (PC, in milligrams) is related to length as follows: PC = 0.007∙L3,18. The annual production to mean biomass (P/B) ratio is 1.4, the mean annual production being 1.298 mg/m2 of total dry weight and 107 mg/m2 of flesh weight. Comparing these results with those obtained for the gastropod Bithynia tentaculata in the same environment and at the same period of the year has shown that the growth of Pisidium amnicum is far less influenced by the temperature regime than that of the other species and that its production is at least 10 times lower.

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