Whole and fractionated yellow pea flours modulate insulin, glucose, oxygen consumption, and the caecal microbiome in Golden Syrian hamsters

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 811-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P.F. Marinangeli ◽  
Denis Krause ◽  
Scott V. Harding ◽  
Todd C. Rideout ◽  
Fuqin Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Syrian Hamsters ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Yellow Peas ◽  
Pea Flour

The objective was to evaluate the effects of whole and fractionated yellow peas on circulating lipids, glucose and insulin levels, energy expenditure, and body composition, as well as to assess their prebiotic actions in Golden Syrian hamsters. Forty-five hamsters consumed a hypercholesterolemic diet for 28 days, then were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: control (CON), whole pea flour (WPF), and fractionated pea flour (hulls only) (FPF). WPF and FPF were incorporated into the diets, replacing 10% of the cornstarch. WPF and FPF feeding produced negligible effects on circulating cholesterol and triglyceride levels. However, both WPF (56.76 ± 9.22 pmol·L–1, p = 0.002) and FPF (89.27 ± 19.82 pmol·L–1, p = 0.032) reduced circulating insulin levels compared with the CON group (131.70 ± 17.70 pmol·L–1). Moreover, FPF decreased (p = 0.03) circulating glucose levels (6.26 ± 0.51 mmol·L–1) compared with CON (8.27 ± 0.81 mmol·L–1). Energy expenditure analysis revealed that hamsters consuming WPF demonstrated a higher (p = 0.036) oxygen consumption (2.00 ± 0.31 mL O2·g–1 lean body mass) vs. the CON group (1.56 ± 0.089 mL O2·g–1 lean body mass). Analysis of caecal digesta showed that WPF produced shifts in the abundance of microbial taxa with the most predominant changes occurring within the phylum Firmicutes. Yellow peas and their constituents should be investigated as future functional food ingredients that help prevent and manage lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes and obesity.

scholarly journals Fasting Ghrelin Levels Are Decreased in Obese Subjects and Are Significantly Related With Insulin Resistance and Body Mass Index

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Papandreou ◽  
Christos Karavolias ◽  
Fotini Arvaniti ◽  
Eleana Kafeza ◽  
Fatima Sidawi
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Amino Acid Peptide ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Fasting Plasma ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Obese Subjects

BACKGROUND: Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid peptide that predominantly produced by the stomach. Strong evidence indicates the effects of ghrelin in the regulation of metabolic functions and its potential role in the aetiology of obesity.AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of ghrelin levels with obesity, insulin resistance and glucose in normal and obese subjects.METHODS: Thirteen normal (n = 13) and seven (n = 7) obese weight subjects aged 20-22 participated in the study. Fasting plasma ghrelin, insulin and glucose levels were measured after overnight fasting. HOMA-IR was calculated to evaluate insulin resistance.RESULTS: Ghrelin and insulin levels were found to be statistically significantly lower and higher in obese subjects (P < 0.001), respectively. Glucose levels were clinically higher in obese subjects but not statistically significant. Fasting plasma ghrelin was negatively correlated with BMI (r = -0.77, P < 0.001), fasting insulin levels (r = -0.55, P < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (r = -0.66, P < 0.001). There was no correlation between ghrelin and glucose. In multiple regression analysis, insulin levels (Beta: -2.66, 95% CI: -2.49, -2.78, P < 0.001) HOMA-IR (Beta: -2.41, 95% CI: -2.33, -2.55, P < 0.001) and BMI (Beta: -1.77, 95% CI: -1.66, -1.89, P < 0.001) were significant independent determinants of fasting ghrelin.CONCLUSION: Obese subjects have low fasting ghrelin levels that they are significantly related to insulin resistance and body mass index. More prospective studies are needed to establish the role of ghrelin in the pathogenesis of human obesity.

MSG lesions decrease body mass of suckling-age rats by attenuating circadian decreases of energy expenditure

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (3) ◽  
pp. E604-E611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Schoelch ◽  
Thomas Hübschle ◽  
Ingrid Schmidt ◽  
Barbara Nuesslein-Hildesheim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Plasma Leptin

Suckling-age rats display endogenous circadian rhythmicity of metabolic rate (MR) with energy-saving, torpor-like decreases, which are sympathetically controlled and suppressed by leptin treatment. We investigated whether neonatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment, known to cause arcuate nucleus damage and adult-age obesity, alters energy balance in the first two postnatal weeks. Continuously recorded MR and core temperatures (Tc) show that MSG treatment disinhibits the periodic, sympathetically controlled, energy-saving drops of Tc and MR. Increased energy expenditure thus explains reduced body fat at normal lean body mass found in MSG-treated pups artificially nourished identically to controls. In MSG-treated mother-reared pups, lean body mass is additionally reduced, suggesting that MSG also reduces suckling. Plasma leptin levels are similar in controls and MSG-treated pups but higher per unit of fat mass in the latter. We conclude that the postweaning development of MSG obesity and depressed thermogenesis are preceded by an early phase of increased energy expenditure with decreased fat deposition during suckling age and hypothesize cell damage in the arcuate nucleus to be involved in both.

Relationship between the metabolic syndrome and physical activity energy expenditure: a MONET study

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony D. Karelis ◽  
Marie-Ève Lavoie ◽  
Virginie Messier ◽  
Diane Mignault ◽  
Dominique Garrel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Physical Activity Energy Expenditure ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Activity Energy

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) in overweight and obese sedentary postmenopausal women. The study population consisted of 137 overweight and obese sedentary postmenopausal women (age, 57.7 ± 4.8 years; BMI, 32.4 ± 4.6 kg·m–2). Subjects had the MetS if 3 out of the following 5 criteria were met: visceral fat > 130 cm2, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol < 1.29 mmol·L–1, fasting triglycerides ≥ 1.7 mmol·L–1, blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg, and fasting glucose ≥5.6 mmol·L–1. We measured (i) body composition (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry); (ii) visceral fat (by computed tomography); (iii) insulin sensitivity (using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp); (iv) plasma lipids, fasting glucose, and insulin, as well as 2 h glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test; (v) resting blood pressure; (vi) peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak); (vii) PAEE (using doubly labeled water); and (viii) lower-body muscle strength (using weight-training equipment). Forty-two women (30.7%) had the MetS in our cohort. Individuals without the MetS had significantly higher levels of PAEE (962 ± 296 vs. 837 ± 271 kcal·d–1; p < 0.05), VO2 peak (18.2 ± 3.0 vs. 16.7 ± 3.2 mL·min–1·kg–1; p < 0.05), and insulin sensitivity, as well as significantly lower levels of 2 h glucose and central lean body mass. No differences in total energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate, and muscle strength between groups were observed. Logistic regression analysis showed that 2 h glucose (odds ratio (OR): 1.50 (95% CI 1.17–1.92)), central lean body mass (OR: 1.17 (95% CI 1.05–1.31)), and PAEE (OR: 0.998 (95% CI 0.997–1.000)), but not VO2 peak and (or) muscle strength, were independent predictors of the MetS. Lower levels of PAEE and higher levels of 2 h glucose, as well as central lean body mass, are independent determinants of the MetS in our cohort of overweight and obese postmenopausal women.

Defending body mass during food restriction in Acomys russatus: a desert rodent that does not store food

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (4) ◽  
pp. R881-R891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roee Gutman ◽  
Itzhak Choshniak ◽  
Noga Kronfeld-Schor
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Daily Torpor ◽  
Spiny Mice ◽  
Desert Rodent ◽  
Initial Decrease

Golden spiny mice, which inhabit rocky deserts and do not store food, must therefore employ physiological means to cope with periods of food shortage. Here we studied the physiological means used by golden spiny mice for conserving energy during food restriction and refeeding and the mechanism by which food consumption may influence thermoregulatory mechanisms and metabolic rate. As comparison, we studied the response to food restriction of another rocky desert rodent, Wagner’s gerbil, which accumulates large seed caches. Ten out of 12 food-restricted spiny mice (resistant) were able to defend their body mass after an initial decrease, as opposed to Wagner’s gerbils ( n = 6). Two of the spiny mice (nonresistant) kept losing weight, and their food restriction was halted. In four resistant and two nonresistant spiny mice, we measured heart rate, body temperature, and oxygen consumption during food restriction. The resistant spiny mice significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced energy expenditure and entered daily torpor. The nonresistant spiny mice did not reduce their energy expenditure. The gerbils’ response to food restriction was similar to that of the nonresistant spiny mice. Resistant spiny mice leptin levels dropped significantly ( n = 6, P < 0.05) after 24 h of food restriction, and continued to decrease throughout food restriction, as did body fat. During refeeding, although the golden spiny mice gained fat, leptin levels were not correlated with body mass ( r2 = 0.014). It is possible that this low correlation allows them to continue eating and accumulate fat when food is plentiful.

Energy expenditure is reduced in preobese 2-day Zucker fa/fa rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (2) ◽  
pp. R262-R265 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Moore ◽  
S. J. Armbruster ◽  
B. A. Horwitz ◽  
J. S. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

The rate of oxygen consumption was measured in 2-day Zucker preobese (fa/fa), homozygous (Fa/Fa) lean, and lean rats of unknown genotype (Fa/?) over the ambient temperature range of 26-35 degrees C. Significant differences in body mass were found among the three groups at this early age, the preobese pups having the greatest body mass. To account for body mass differences, the oxygen consumption data were expressed in terms of metabolic body size (ml O2 consumed X g body mass-2/3 X h-1). This mass-independent rate of oxygen consumption was significantly lower in the preobese pups than in the homozygous lean (Fa/Fa) pups at both thermoneutral (33-34 degrees C) and cold (26-27 degrees C) ambient temperatures at which, respectively, minimal and maximal rates of oxygen consumption were observed. This reduction in energy expenditure occurs before the establishment of hyperphagia or decreased levels of activity in the preobese pups. These data support the view that attenuated energy expenditure is a significant contributor to the early development of obesity in the Zucker fatty rat and point to the possibility of defective brown adipose tissue-mediated thermogenesis in the preobese pup.

scholarly journals Energy expenditure and body composition in children with Crohn’s disease: effect of enteral nutrition and treatment with prednisolone

Gut ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Azcue ◽  
M Rashid ◽  
A Griffiths ◽  
P B Pencharz
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Enteral Nutrition ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Compartments

Background—Malnutrition and growth retardation are common complications of Crohn’s disease in children. The contribution of resting energy expenditure (REE) to malnutrition is unclear.Aims—To characterise the REE and body composition in children with Crohn’s disease and compare them with normal controls and patients with anorexia nervosa; to compare the effects of prednisolone and enteral nutrition on energy expenditure and body composition.Subjects—Twenty four children with Crohn’s disease, 19 malnourished females with anorexia nervosa, and 22 healthy control subjects were studied.Methods—In children with Crohn’s disease measurements were done when the disease was acute and repeated at one and three months after treatment with either prednisolone or enteral nutrition. Resting energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry and body composition by anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis, total body potassium, H218O, and bromide space studies.Results—Body weight and ideal body weight were significantly lower in patients with Crohn’s disease than in healthy controls. Lean tissue was depleted and there was an increase in extracellular water. Per unit of lean body mass, there was no difference between REE in patients with Crohn’s disease and controls, whereas patients with anorexia nervosa had significantly reduced REE. With enteral nutrition all body compartments and REE increased significantly (p<0.001). In a subgroup of age-matched men there was a significant increase in height after three months of enteral nutrition compared with prednisolone (p<0.01). Those treated with steroids did not show a significant change in height but did show an increase in all body compartments. However, intracellular water as well as lean body mass accretion were significantly higher in the enteral nutrition group than in the prednisolone group.Conclusions—Despite being malnourished, children with Crohn’s disease fail to adapt their REE per unit of lean body mass. This might be a factor contributing to their malnutrition. Lean tissue accretion is higher in patients treated with enteral nutrition than in those treated with prednisolone.

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