Exercise and Breast Cancer: Review and Critical Analysis of the Literature

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer and cancer mortality among Canadian women. Based on the current incidence rates, the National Cancer Institute of Canada has estimated that one in 10 women will develop breast cancer during her lifetime. In an effort to control this disease, various prevention strategies have been proposed. One promising strategy involves the promotion of exercise in healthy women. It has been hypothesized that exercise may protect against breast cancer by influencing regularity of ovulatory cycles, by changing body fat composition, or by enhancing natural immunity. In this paper both the epidemiological and experimental evidence that speaks to a protective effect of exercise is reviewed. Although there are several biologically plausible mechanisms for the association, the existing epidemiological and experimental data are inconclusive due to the small number of studies and their methodological insufficiencies. However, given the enormous potential benefit of even a small protective effect of exercise, further studies designed to address the relationship between exercise and breast cancer risk are warranted. Key words: physical activity, mammary carcinogenesis, epidemiology

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The relationship between dairy products intake and breast cancer incidence: a meta-analysis of observational studies

BMC Cancer ◽

10.1186/s12885-021-08854-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yujing He ◽

Qinghua Tao ◽

Feifei Zhou ◽

Yuexiu Si ◽

Rongrong Fu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Breast Cancer Incidence ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Female Population ◽

Fermented Dairy Products ◽

Fermented Dairy ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background The effect of dairy products intake on breast cancer (BC) is highly controversial. This study aims to investigate the relationship between dairy intake and BC incidence. Methods A search was carried out in PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases before January 2021. The primary objective was the risk of BC and intake of dairy products were exposure variables. Results The meta-analysis comprised 36 articles with 1,019,232 participants. Total dairy products have a protective effect on female population (hazard ratio (HR) =0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) =0.91–0.99, p = 0.019), especially for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) (HR = 0.79, p = 0.002) and progesterone receptor-positive (PR+) BC (HR = 0.75, p = 0.027). For ER+/PR+ BC, there is a trend of protection, but it has not reached statistical significance (HR = 0.92, p = 0.075). Fermented dairy products can reduce BC risk in postmenopausal population (HR = 0.96, 95%CI = 0.93–0.99, p = 0.021), but have no protective effect on premenopausal population (HR = 0.98, 95%CI = 0.94–1.03, p = 0.52). Non-fermented dairy products have no significant effect on BC occurrence (p > 0.05). High-fat dairy products are harmful to women, without statistical difference (HR = 1.06, 95%CI = 1.00–1.13, p = 0.066). On the contrary, low-fat dairy products can protect the premenopausal population (HR = 0.94, 95%CI = 0.89–1.00, p = 0.048). Conclusion The intake of dairy products can overall reduce BC risk in the female population, but different dairy products have varying effects on different BC subtypes and menopausal status.

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The relationship between statins and breast cancer prognosis varies by statin type and exposure time: A meta-analysis.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e21606 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e21606-e21606

Author(s):

Binliang Liu ◽

Zongbi Yi ◽

Xiuwen Guan ◽

Fei Ma ◽

Yi-Xin Zeng

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Breast Cancer Prognosis ◽

Cancer Prognosis ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Cancer Specific Mortality ◽

The Relationship ◽

Statin Use

e21606 Background:Breast cancer is the most common cancer in females. The effects of statins on breast cancer prognosis have long been controversial, so it is important to investigate the relationship between statin type, exposure time, and breast cancer prognosis. This study sought to explore the effect of statins on breast cancer prognosis. Methods:We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library between October 15, 2016 and January 20, 2017. Searches combined the terms “breast neoplasms[MeSH]”, “statins”, “prognosis” or “survival” or “mortality” with no limit on publication date. Data were analyzed using Stata/SE 11.0. Results: 7 studies finally met the selection criteria and 197,048 included women. Overall statin use was associated with lower cancer-specific mortality and all-cause mortality (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.59-0.92, P = 0.000 and HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.58-0.89, P = 0.000). Lipophilic statins were associated with decreased breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.46-0.70, P = 0.000 and HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.48-0.69, P = 0.000); however, hydrophilic statins were weakly protective against only all-cause mortality (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.65-0.97, P = 0.132) and not breast cancer-specific mortality (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.76-1.17, P = 0.174). Of note, more than four years of follow-up did not show a significant correlation between statin use and cancer-specific mortality or all-cause mortality (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.71-1.00, P = 0.616 and HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.75-1.19, P = 0.181), while groups with less than four years of follow-up still showed the protective effect of statins against cancer-specific mortality and all-cause mortality (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44-0.87, P = 0.000 and HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.45-0.80, P = 0.000). Conclusions:Although statins can reduce breast cancer patient mortality, the benefit appears to be constrained by statin type and follow-up time. Lipophilic statins showed a strong protective function in breast cancer patients, while hydrophilic statins only slightly improved all-cause mortality. Finally, the protective effect of statins could only be observed in groups with less than four years of follow-up.

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Dietary Constituents: Relationship with Breast Cancer Prognostic (MCC-SPAIN Follow-Up)

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18010084 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 84

Author(s):

Trinidad Dierssen-Sotos ◽

Inés Gómez-Acebo ◽

Nuria Gutiérrez-Ruiz ◽

Nuria Aragonés ◽

Pilar Amiano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Menopausal Status ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Normal Weight ◽

High Intake ◽

The Relationship

The aim of this study was to characterize the relationship between the intake of the major nutrients and prognosis in breast cancer. A cohort based on 1350 women with invasive (stage I-IV) breast cancer (BC) was followed up. Information about their dietary habits before diagnosis was collected using a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Participants without FFQ or with implausible energy intake were excluded. The total amount consumed of each nutrient (Kcal/day) was divided into tertiles, considering as “high intakes” those above third tertile. The main effect studied was overall survival. Cox regression was used to assess the association between death and nutrient intake. During a median follow-up of 6.5 years, 171 deaths were observed. None of the nutrients analysed was associated with mortality in the whole sample. However, in normal-weight women (BMI 18.5–25 kg/m2) a high intake of carbohydrates (≥809 Kcal/day), specifically monosaccharides (≥468 Kcal/day), worsened prognostic compared to lowest (≤352 Kcal/day). Hazard Ratios (HRs) for increasing tertiles of intake were HR:2.22 95% CI (1.04 to 4.72) and HR:2.59 95% CI (1.04 to 6.48), respectively (p trend = 0.04)). Conversely, high intakes of polyunsaturated fats (≥135 Kcal/day) improved global survival (HR: 0.39 95% CI (0.15 to 1.02) p-trend = 0.05) compared to the lowest (≤92.8 kcal/day). In addition, a protective effect was found substituting 100 kcal of carbohydrates with 100 kcal of fats in normal-weight women (HR: 0.76 95% CI (0.59 to 0.98)). Likewise, in premenopausal women a high intake of fats (≥811 Kcal/day) showed a protective effect (HR:0.20 95% CI (0.04 to 0.98) p trend = 0.06). Finally, in Estrogen Receptors (ER) negative tumors, we found a protective effect of high intake of animal proteins (≥238 Kcal/day, HR: 0.24 95% CI (0.06 to 0.98). According to our results, menopausal status, BMI and ER status could play a role in the relationship between diet and BC survival and must be taken into account when studying the influence of different nutrients.

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The Relationship between Dairy Products Intake and Breast Cancer Incidence: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-548714/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yujing He ◽

Ping Chen ◽

Feifei Zhou ◽

Yuexiu Si ◽

Rongrong Fu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Breast Cancer Incidence ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Female Population ◽

Fermented Dairy Products ◽

Fermented Dairy ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background: The effect of dairy products intake on breast cancer (BC) is highly controversial. This study aims to investigate the relationship between dairy intake and BC incidence.Methods: A search was carried out in PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases before January 2021. The primary endpoint was the relationship between intake of dairy products and BC risk. Results: The meta-analysis comprised 36 articles with 1,019,232 participants. Total dairy products have a protective effect on female population (hazard ratio (HR) =0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) =0.91-0.99, p=0.019), especially for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) (HR=0.79, p=0.002) and progesterone receptor-positive (PR+) BC (HR=0.75, p=0.027). For ER+/PR+ BC, there is a trend of protection, but it has not reached statistical significance (HR=0.92, p=0.075). Fermented dairy products can reduce BC risk in postmenopausal population (HR=0.96, 95%CI=0.93-0.99, p=0.021), but have no protective effect on premenopausal population (HR=0.98, 95%CI=0.94-1.03, p=0.52). Non-fermented dairy products have no significant effect on BC occurrence (p>0.05). High-fat dairy products are harmful to women, without statistical difference (HR=1.06, 95%CI=1.00-1.13, p=0.066). On the contrary, low-fat dairy products can protect the premenopausal population (HR=0.94, 95%CI=0.89-1.00, p=0.048).Conclusion: The intake of dairy products can overall reduce BC risk in the female population, but different dairy products have varying effects on different BC subtypes and menopausal status.

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Mammographic density as marker of increased risk of breast cancer

Medical alphabet ◽

10.33667/2078-5631-2021-19-41-48 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 41-48

Author(s):

P. G. Labazanova ◽

M. V. Budanova ◽

I. I. Burdina ◽

S. B. Zapirova ◽

M. L. Mazo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Mammographic Density ◽

Molecular Genetic ◽

Breast Cancer Risk Factor ◽

Develop Breast Cancer ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Genetic Studies ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

‘Mammographic density’ (MD) is a concept that has entered medical practice since 2017. as a marker of breast cancer risk factor (BC) according to the international classifiation of NCCN. The term reflcts the degree of severity of benign diffuse breast dysplasia in women of post-reproductive age. MD is determined by the ratio of stromal, epithelial, and adipose tissue. According to the literature, in young women, high MD limits the possibilities of X-ray mammography, reducing its effectiveness in oncomammoscreening, leading to the detection of advanced forms of breast cancer. Post-reproductive women with high MD are more likely to develop breast cancer than those with low MD. In this regard, MD is of particular interest for studying its role in oncogenesis. Recent molecular genetic studies of the differences between high and low MD explain the main biological reasons why post-reproductive women with dense breast structure are at a higher risk of developing breast cancer. The aim is to identify the factors that inflence the relationship of MD with the risk of developing breast cancer based on a comparative analysis of molecular genetic studies and radiological manifestations of MD of different severity and to identify the factors that contribute to the formation of MD variants.

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Defense Mechanism Functioning in Patients With Breast Cancer: Using the Defense Mechanism Rating Scale

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.666373 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Marwa Saab ◽

Matias Hartmann ◽

Xue Han

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Defense Mechanism ◽

Disease Process ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

Stage 4 ◽

The Individual ◽

The Relationship

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the highest incidence rates in Lebanon. Previous studies had focused scarcely on the unconscious protective shield of patients with BC or BC survivors against cancer, while only some studies had focused on the relationship between defense mechanisms (DMs) and high adaptation with the disease process and progress. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the reaction of inpatients with BC toward the disease by measuring DMs in the Lebanon context.Methods: Seventy inpatients with BC were recruited randomly from six hospitals. Their DMs were measured using the Defense Mechanism Rating Scale. Moreover, the Relationship Anecdotes Paradigm (RAP) was used with three recent life vignettes of initial diagnosis, family, and daily life. The data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and Spearman's rank.Results: Patients with stage 2 BC used more high-adaptive defense levels than patients with stage 4 BC who used more minor image distorting defense levels. Moreover, patients with stage 2 BC used more self-observation and undoing, while patients with stage 4 BC used more devaluation.Conclusion: The severity of BC, the age of carriers, and the social status may lead to higher use of DMs, at the level of the individual defense and the hierarchal or the tripartite levels.

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Evidence Update on the Relationship between Diet and the Most Common Cancers from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Study: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13103582 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 3582

Author(s):

Esther Ubago-Guisado ◽

Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco ◽

Ana Ching-López ◽

Dafina Petrova ◽

Esther Molina-Montes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Prostate Cancer ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Lower Risk ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Processed Meat ◽

Study Results ◽

The Relationship ◽

Prospective Investigation

The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) is a multicentre prospective study conducted in 23 centres in 10 European countries. Here we review the findings from EPIC on the relationship between diet-related exposures and incidence or mortality from the four most frequent cancers in the European population: colorectal, breast, lung, and prostate cancer. We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines and identified 110 high-quality studies based on the EPIC cohort. Fruit and vegetable consumption had a protective effect against colorectal, breast, and lung cancer, whereas only fruit had a protective effect against prostate cancer. A higher consumption of fish and lower consumption of red and processed meat were related with a lower risk of colorectal cancer; and higher consumption of fatty fish with lower risk of breast cancer. Calcium and yogurt intake were found to protect against colorectal and prostate cancer. Alcohol consumption increased the risk for colorectal and breast cancer. Finally, adherence to the Mediterranean diet emerged as a protective factor for colorectal and breast cancer. The EPIC study results are in agreement with the latest evidence from leading authorities on cancer prevention and help to inform public prevention policies and strategies.

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The Relationship Between Antioxidant Nutrient Intake and Cataracts in Older People

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831.76.6.359 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 76 (6) ◽

pp. 359-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Rodríguez-Rodríguez ◽

Ortega ◽

López-Sobaler ◽

Aparicio ◽

Bermejo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Older People ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Elderly People ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Institutionalized Elderly ◽

Weighing Method ◽

The Relationship

This study investigated the relationship between the intake of antioxidant nutrients and the suffering of cataracts in 177 institutionalized elderly people (61 men and 116 women) aged ≥ 65 years. Dietary intake was monitored for 7 consecutive days using a "precise individual weighing" method. Subjects, who during their earlier years were exposed by their work to sunlight, had a greater risk of suffering cataracts (OR = 3.2; Cl: 1.1–9.3, P < 0.05) than those who worked indoors. A relationship was found between increased vitamin C intake and a reduced prevalence of cataracts (i.e., when comparing those above P95 for vitamin C intake with those below P5; (OR = 0.08; Cl: 0.01–0.75, P 0.05). Among subjects with cataracts, 12.1% had vitamin C intakes of < 61 mg/day (P10) and only 2.2% had intakes of > 183 mg/day (P95) (p < 0.01). Subjects who consumed > 3290 μg/day (P95) of lutein were less likely to have cataracts (OR = 0.086; Cl: 0.007–1.084; p < 0.05) than those whose consumption was < 256 μg/day (P5). In men, high intakes of zeaxanthin seemed to provide a protective effect against the problem (OR = 0.96; Cl: 0.91–0.99; p < 0.05). The results suggest an association exists between exposure to sunlight and the development of cataracts, and that vitamin C, lutein, and zeaxanthin offer some protection against this disorder.

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