The effect of growth environment on the chloroform–methanol and alkali-extractable cell wall and cytoplasm lipid levels of Mucor rouxii

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Safe ◽  
J. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Mucor Rouxii ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Filamentous Cell ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

The distribution of chloroform–methanol and alkali-extractable lipids in the cell walls of aerobically grown filamentous cells from Mucor rouxii has been determined. The results have been compared with the corresponding lipid composition of yeast-like cells from M. rouxii, which can be produced in two ways: by growth under anaerobic conditions and by aerobic growth in the presence of 0.22% phenethyl alcohol (PEA). It was observed that in most cases the crude cytoplasmic fraction contained higher levels of several lipids (i.e., squalene, sterols, triterpenes, and fatty acids) than did the corresponding cell walls. The cell walls did, however, contain both "free" (chloroform–methanol extractable) and "bound" (alkali extractable) lipids although the relative amounts were markedly dependent on the cell growth environment. The aerobically grown filamentous cell walls contained higher levels of squalene, sterols, triterpenes, and fatty acids than did aerobically grown yeast-like PEA-induced cell walls and there was also considerable variation in the "free''/"bound" ratios of the various lipid components. The lipid levels in both the cell walls and cytoplasm of the anaerobically grown cells were considerably lower than those of the cells grown under aerobic conditions. In addition, the differences in the growth environment were also reflected in the compositions of the individual lipid fractions from both the cell wall and the cytoplasm fraction.

scholarly journals Influence of the method of disintegration of biomass of microalga Chlorella sorokiniana on the production of lipid fraction

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Yulia A. Smyatskaya ◽  
◽  
Natalia A. Politaeva ◽  
Amira Toumi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Chlorella Sorokiniana ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Selection Of

This article discusses the effect of the disintegration of the cell wall of the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana on the output of the lipid fraction. The biomass of the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana was grown under laboratory conditions in special photobioreactors at a temperature of 25 °C, with a constant aeration of a mixture of carbon dioxide and air at a rate of 1.5 liters/min, illumination 2200-2800 Lx. Nutrient medium for cultivation contained macro – and micronutrients for high-speed growth of microalgae. Selection of optimal cultivation parameters allows obtaining biomass with desired properties. Disintegration was carried out with the homogenization of biomass and under the influence of microwave radiation. Extraction of lipids was carried out on a semi-automatic extractor according to the Randall method, using organic solvents. The output of the lipid fraction without treatment was 10.18% after the destruction of the cell wall 14.45% with the homogenization of biomass and 13.85% under the influence of microwave radiation. A qualitative analysis of the lipid fraction, carried out under gas chromatography, obtained under various conditions showed that there was no significant difference in composition from the disintegration method. Lipid fractions (more than 50%) in both cases consist mainly of unsaturated fatty acids, of which irreplaceable unsaturated fatty acids constitute more than 18% for both samples. The residual biomass formed after the extraction of the lipid fraction can be used as fertilizer in the plant, for the manufacture of sorption materials for the purification of industrial water and as a biofuel. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of cell wall disintegration on the output of the lipid fraction and qualitative composition.

The effects of phospholipid depletion on the cleavage pattern of the cell walls of frozen Gram-negative bacteria

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1056-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Forge ◽  
J. W. Costerton
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Cleavage Pattern ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Double Track ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

Extraction of whole cells of the marine pseudomonad (B-16) with chloroform–methanol causes the disappearance of the cleavage planes, and the cross-sectioned profile of both the cytoplasmic membrane and the double-track layer of the cell wall.

Synthesis of cell wall glucan, chitin, and protein by regenerating protoplasts and mycelia of Trichoderma reesei

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Messner ◽  
Christian P. Kubicek
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Trichoderma Reesei ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Protein ◽  
Protoplast Regeneration ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
Soluble Cell ◽  
Cell Wall Biogenesis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Specific Labelling

The synthesis of constituent polymers of the cell wall by either growing mycelia or regenerating protoplasts of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 was investigated by following the incorporation of radioactive precursors of the individual polymers (i.e., N[14C] acetyl-glucosamine, [3H] and [14C]glucose, [14C]mannose, and [35S]methionine) into individual fractions. N-Acetyl-glucosamine and glucose were found to become specifically incorporated into cell wall chitin and glucan by both mycelia and regenerating protoplasts, indicating the activity of chitin and glucan synthases in both systems. Cell wall glucan from regenerating protoplasts, however, consisted only of α-glucan and specifically lacked β-glucan which is found in mycelial cell walls. Mannose became metabolized to glucose before its label appeared in the cell wall, and was thus unsuitable for specific labelling. [35S]Methionine was found in a small (< 21 kDa) polypeptide from the first alkali-soluble cell wall fraction, but also in cell wall bound secretory proteins, i. e., β-glucosidase. These results indicate that cell wall biogenesis in T. reesei, in contrast to a report by other authors, is similar to that of other filamentous fungi. Key words: Trichoderma reesei, protoplast regeneration, cell wall polymer, β-glucan, cell wall protein.

Peptidoglycan structure in cell walls of parental and filamentous Streptococcus cremoris HP

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 905-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Johnson ◽  
I. J. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Muramic Acid ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Streptococcus Cremoris ◽  
Peptidoglycan Structure ◽  
Filamentous Cell

Cell walls were prepared from parental and filamentous cells of Streptococcus cremoris HP. In addition to aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, and lysine in a 1:2:3:1 ratio, such preparations contained hot formamide-extractable material composed of glucosamine, glucosa-mine-6-phosphate, glucose, galactose, and rhamnose. Parental and filamentous cell walls contained, respectively, 210 and 225 disaccharide units per milligram. The ratio of muramic acid: peptide subunits was about 1.3 for both preparations.Enzymic and chemical analyses revealed that glycan strands are incompletely substituted, peptide cross-bridging is not mediated by D-alanyl-L-alanyl linkages, peptide subunits are linked together to form large moieties, and no significant differences in peptidoglycan structure exist between parental and filamentous cell walls.Analysis by dinitrophenylation techniques disclosed the presence of significant quantities of glucosamine and muramic acid residues with free amino groups in the peptidoglycans of both cell wall preparations. Conversion of such groups by dinitrophenylation or N-acetylation greatly enhanced the response of cell walls to lysozyme digestion.

scholarly journals The structure of an acylated inositol mannoside in the lipids of propionic acid bacteria

1969 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 769-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Shaw ◽  
F. Dinglinger
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Heptadecanoic Acid ◽  
Pentadecanoic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Chloroform Methanol ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

1. Lipids were extracted from five strains of Propionibacterium with chloroform–methanol mixtures and fractionated by chromatography on silicic acid. 2. All five extracts contained a glycolipid composed of fatty acids, inositol and mannose in the molar proportions 2:1:1. 3. Hydrolysis of the glycolipid with alkali gave a mixture of fatty acids and O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-myoinositol. 4. Analysis of the fatty acids by g.l.c. showed that they were predominantly straight- and branched-chain isomers of pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid. 5. The location and distribution of the fatty acid residues in the molecule was established by periodate oxidation studies and mass spectrometry. The structure of the major glycolipid is 1-O-pentadecanoyl-2-O-(6-O-heptadecanoyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)myoinositol. 6. The glycolipids are located in the membrane; the cell walls are devoid of lipid. 7. Possible functions of the glycolipid are discussed.

The Chemical Composition and Serological Reactions of Lipopolysaccharides from Serogroups A, B, X, and Y Neisseria meningitidis

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 1347-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Jennings ◽  
G. B. Hawes ◽  
G. A. Adams ◽  
C. P. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
The Core ◽  
Serological Studies ◽  
The Individual

Analyses of the cell wall lipopolysaccharides prepared from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, X, and Y, indicated that they all contained glucose, galactose, glucosamine, heptose, lipid A, ethanolamine, fatty acids, phosphate, and protein. Some minor compositional differences in the sugar components did occur in that sialic acid (6–7%) was found only in serogroups B and Y, and galactosamine (2–3%) in serogroups B and X. The individual fatty acid and amino acid components in the four serogroups were also qualitatively similar. The Neisseria lipopolysaccharides studied have the same components as the core structure of the Enterobacterioceae but appear to lack the characteristic components of their O-antigen side chains. Serological studies indicated that the lipopolysaccharides were homogeneous and were for the main part group specific in nature, despite their compositional similarity. On the basis of compositional differences alone it is not possible to account for the group specificity that they exhibit.

Action of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and lysozyme on cell walls of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 913-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Cox Jr. ◽  
R. G. Eagon
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Intact Cell ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Phosphate Groups

Incubation of isolated cell walls of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and lysozyme, either singly or in combinations, results in partial solubilization of the cell walls.When cell walls were incubated with a combination of Tris and EDTA, approximately 30% of the total cell wall and 32% of the lipopolysaccharide fraction were solubilized. The following percentages of the individual cell wall constituents were solubilized: protein, 19%; carbohydrate, 35%; lipid, 5%; ash, 54%; and, phosphorus 23%. When lysozyme was included with Tris and EDTA, approximately 36% of the total cell wall and 86% of the lipopolysaccharide fraction were solubilized. Solubilization of the individual cell wall constituents was similarly increased.Phospholipids, which make up 7–8% of the intact cell wall of P. aeruginosa, were not released by incubation of the cell walls with these agents. Fatty acids in addition to those found in the lipopolysaccharide, however, were detected in the solubilized cell wall materials.Incubation systems composed of Tris, of EDTA, and of Tris and lysozyme solubilized cell walls to a lesser extent than incubation systems of Tris and EDTA, and of Tris, EDTA, and lysozyme. Incubation of cell walls in water, furthermore, was effective in solubilizing approximately 8% of the cell walls. Muramic acid containing materials were solubilized only in the presence of lysozyme.Materials liberated from cell walls which were incubated in systems containing EDTA exhibited single symmetrical Schlieren peaks characterized by uncorrected sedimentation constants of approximately 7 S, suggesting the release of homogenous subunits from the cell walls.Intra- and inter-molecular cross-linking by divalent cations via phosphate groups contained in lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide components of the cell wall of P. aeruginosa is proposed.

scholarly journals Variation in the Concentration of Lipids and Some Other Constituents in the Blood Plasma of Cows at Various Stages of Lactation

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Hartmann ◽  
AK Lascelles
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Cholesterol Esters ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
The Individual

The variation in the concentration of protein, the various lipid fractions, volatile fatty acids, and glucose in plasma from the jugular vein was studied in 18 cows at different stages of lactation. The within-and between-cow values for the coefficients of variation and the results of the analysis of variance demonstrated that a large portion of the variation in the plasma concentration of triglycerides, free fatty acids, and glucose was due to diurnal variation within the individual cow. On the other hand the concentrations of protein, total fat, phospholipids, cholesterol esters, cholesterol, and ,B-carotene were relatively constant over a short period of time compared with the large variation between cows. The production of milk fat was positively correlated with the plasma concentration of total fat and cholesterol esters. The significance of these findings in relation to the contribution of the various plasma constituents to the synthesis of milk fat is discussed.

THE LIPIDS IN NORMAL CHICKEN LIVER

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 763-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demetrios Sgoutas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Phosphatidyl Inositol ◽  
Phosphatidyl Serine ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cholesterol Esters ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

The livers of male chicks which had been fed a soybean and corn type ration for 8 weeks were exhaustively extracted with chloroform–methanol. The total (4.47%) lipid extract was separated into neutral and phospholipid fractions on a Unisil column and the mixed fatty acids in each fraction determined with the aid of gas chromatography. The neutral lipid fraction contained 3.16% hydrocarbons, 4.73% cholesterol esters, 74.99% triglycerides, 0.28% free fatty acids, 11.57% cholesterol, 3.37% diglycerides, and 1.54% monoglycerides. The phospholipid fraction contained 5.7% cardiolipin, 32.3% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 7.3% phosphatidyl inositol, 3.0% phosphatidyl serine, 47.9% phosphatidyl choline, and 3.8% sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidyl choline. The cholesterol ester and diglyceride fractions contained twice as much linoleic acid as the other neutral lipid fractions. Phospholipids were characterized by a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Silicification of wood-cell walls

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
S. E. Keckler ◽  
D. M. Dabbs ◽  
N. Yao ◽  
I. A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Resin Composite ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Inorganic Precursors

Cellular organic structures such as wood can be used as scaffolds for the synthesis of complex structures of organic/ceramic nanocomposites. The wood cell is a fiber-reinforced resin composite of cellulose fibers in a lignin matrix. A single cell wall, containing several layers of different fiber orientations and lignin content, is separated from its neighboring wall by the middle lamella, a lignin-rich region. In order to achieve total mineralization, deposition on and in the cell wall must be achieved. Geological fossilization of wood occurs as permineralization (filling the void spaces with mineral) and petrifaction (mineralizing the cell wall as the organic component decays) through infiltration of wood with inorganics after growth. Conversely, living plants can incorporate inorganics into their cells and in some cases into the cell walls during growth. In a recent study, we mimicked geological fossilization by infiltrating inorganic precursors into wood cells in order to enhance the properties of wood. In the current work, we use electron microscopy to examine the structure of silica formed in the cell walls after infiltration of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document