Mycoviruses of Penicillium stoloniferum: influence of carbon–nitrogen nutrition upon replication

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 947-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Detroy ◽  
D. M. DeMarini ◽  
P. E. Still
Keyword(s):  
Virus Replication ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Minimal Growth ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
C And N ◽  
Penicillium Stoloniferum

Carbon–nitrogen ratio experiments indicate that limiting nutrition not only hinders Penicillium stoloniferum host proliferation but reduces total PsV-F and PsV-S virus replication. Results of C-N experiments show a pH-induced autolysis and virus release at minimal C levels. Maximal PsV-F levels and biomass were obtained with glucose and sucrose as C sources. Oleic acid also yielded high biomass and PsV-F yields. Yeast extract was an excellent N source; 2.83 g dry weight biomass and 87 A260 units PsV-F after 96 h of growth. Other nitrogen sources, including amino acids, supported only minimal growth and virus replication. The autolysis phenomenon is pH, not viral-induced. High C and N will support maximal growth and unrestricted virus replication with no cellular lysis. Under low C growth conditions, the replication of PsV-S is favored coupled with high pH and autolysis.

Development and quantitative measurement of microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 2097-2102 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hall ◽  
H. Ly
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Quantitative Measurement ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Low Glucose ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Hyaline Material

The development of microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae from a few swollen hyaline cells on a hypha to a multicellular, pigmented "mature" structure is described and illustrated. A method for quantitatively estimating the amount of pigmented microsclerotial material in pure cultures was developed to study quantitative relations between mycelial growth and production of microsclerotial material in media containing different concentrations of glucose. At low glucose concentrations (0.6 to 10 mg/ml) microsclerotial material continued to increase after total dry weight of the cultures had reached a maximum, suggesting conversion of hyaline to pigmented material. At high glucose concentrations (20 to 60 mg/ml) the patterns of increase in total dry weight, microsclerotial material, and hyaline material were similar over a 4-week incubation period. Maximum production of both pigmented and hyaline materials occurred at a glucose concentration of 30 mg/ml (carbon/nitrogen ratio of 50/1).

scholarly journals Transformation of Biodegradable Organic Municipal Solid Waste to Compost Using Stationary and Rotary Units

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Waleed M. Abood ◽  
Dhafer F. Ali ◽  
Firas S. Abass ◽  
Jathwa A. Al Ameen
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Composting Process ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
C And N

This study aims to convert the municipal solid waste (MSW), which include garbage and chicken manure as raw biodegradable organic waste to produce a compost in order to transform these materials into recommended fertilizer. The principle of aerobic composting method is a waste oxidation through holding these mixed raw materials with a ratio of 1:1 garbage and chicken manure in two units of composting, rotary unit and stationary unit with recommended Carbon/Nitrogen ratio C/N of 20:1 and pH of 6.5 with moisture content of about 40% by adding water during composting process and presence of oxygen naturally. The period time of composting process was 69 days to get normal temperature of compost bulk equal to ambient temperature and pH value as natural value using two composting units. The composting results during first 30 days shows the temperature values 59.5 and 55oC for rotary unit and stationary units that refers to microbial action of microorganism and decomposition of organic matter to energy as heat. The pH values were having acidic state during first week that refers to the formation of organic acids. The final compost characteristics show a C/N ratio of 20.8 and 22.275 for rotary and stationary units, respectively with a decrease in C% and N%, which refers to a successful composting process, where Nitrogen, Phosphor and Potassium NPK values were (1.428:1.719:4.508) % for rotary unit and (1.361:0.419:3.884) % for stationary unit and electrical conductivity of 5.5 and 6.04 mS/cm as acceptable value according to the recommended standard values.

Effect of carbon, nitrogen and physico-chemical factors on patulin production in Penicillium expansum

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
Aouatef Mansouri Mansouri ◽  
Miloud Elkarbane ◽  
Mohamed Ben Aziz ◽  
Hasna Nait M’Barek ◽  
Majida Hafidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio

Environmental and nutritional factors play important roles in regulating production of mycotoxins. Few studies have been reported on the biosynthesis of patulin mycotoxin and the mechanisms that involve its biosynthesis in Penicillium expansum. Here, we investigated the effects of two culture media, pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources and effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio on mycotoxin biosynthesis by P. expansum isolated from Moroccan cereals. It was found that pH and temperature had great influence on patulin production. Results also showed that carbon and nitrogen sources influ-enced patulin biosynthesis significantly in this strain. L-glutamate was optimized as important nitrogen source in synthetic culture medium. Effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio was evaluated which indicated the dependence of patulin production on this ratio. These results will provide useful information to better understand the regulatory mechanisms of patulin biosynthesis, and be helpful in developing effective means for controlling a mycotoxin contam-ination of foods and feeds.

Structure and chemical composition of yeast chlamydospores of Aureobasidium pullulans

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Brown ◽  
Louis A. Hanic ◽  
May Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Yeastlike Cells

Cellular form in Aureobasidium pullulons can be partially controlled by nitrogen nutrition. Ammonium nitrogen supports a mixture of filamentous and yeastlike growth, whereas only a few filaments develop on nitrate nitrogen. On nitrate 97% of the cell material consists of a mixture of yeastlike cells and chlamydospores. Chlamydospores are produced on both nitrogen sources; however, with ammonium nitrogen chlamydospores occur in an intercalar position, whereas nitrate nitrogen supports development of chlamydospores as separate structures containing one, two, or occasionally three cells. This mode of production allows separation of yeast chlamydospores from other cell types and subsequent isolation of their cell walls. Yeast chlamydospores and filaments have an electron dense, melanin-rich, granular, outer cell-wall layer which yeastlike cells lack. This granular material is also found in cross walls of filaments and chlamydospores. Glucose is the main component of chlamydospore walls and accounts for 36% of the dry weight. Yeastlike cell walls contain only 13% glucose, but more mannose, galactose, and bound lipid. Most of the glucan portion of chlamydospore walls is insoluble in dilute alkali; methylation analysis indicates that this material contains linear chains of (1 → 3) and (1 → 6) linked glucose. About one residue in five forms a branch point having both (1 → 3) and (1 → 6) linkages.

THE EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS AND ENVIRONMENT ON SYNNEMATA FORMATION OF STILBELLA THERMOPHILA

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Al-Hassan ◽  
C. L. Fergus
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
The Media ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Exogenous Supply

Stilbella thermophila Fergus was grown on a chemically denned medium of D-glucose, KNO3, MgSO4, KH2PO4, agar, and microelements to determine the effect of environment and nutrition on growth and synnemata production. An exogenous supply of thiamine stimulated growth markedly on pyridine-purified agar, but both thiamine and biotin were required for synnemata to form. Pyrimidine was the effective moiety, not thiazole. S. thermophila grew on a large number of carbon and nitrogen compounds substituted singly into the basal medium, but synnemata formed on less than half of such media. Sucrose did not inhibit synnemata formation with glucose present, but no synnemata formed with sucrose in the medium even with a number of different nitrogen sources. Synnemata production followed chance mold contamination on a few of the media that normally did not allow their production. The carbon–nitrogen ratio significantly affected synnemata formation. So did pH, concentration of phosphate buffer, and temperature. At suboptimal temperatures, reduced synnemata, or only loose bundles of conidiophores, formed. Light was not required for synnemata initiation nor for maturation. Synnemata formation occurred over a narrower range of temperature, pH, vitamin concentration, nutrient concentration, and nutrient spectrum (carbon and nitrogen sources) than did mycelial growth.

Biological Characteristics for Mycelial Growth of Agaricus bisporus

2014 ◽  
Vol 508 ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Ma ◽  
Chu Yu Guan ◽  
Xian Jun Meng
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
White Button Mushrooms

The biological characteristics of Agaricus bisporus mycelia were reported in this study. Biological characteristics of mycelium growth, including carbon source, nitrogen source, carbon-nitrogen ratio, temperature, pH and growth regulators, were investigated. The results indicated that the optimum carbon and nitrogen sources for mycelial growth were glucose and yeast extract fermentation, respectively. The optimum carbon-nitrogen ratio of culture was 20:1～30:1; the optimum temperature was 22～24°C and the optimum pH was 7.0～7.5. Analysis of growth regulators revealed that VC and VB1 were essential in promoting the mycelial growth of white button mushrooms.

Optimization of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate production by halotolerant bacterial strains isolated from saline environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (08) ◽  
pp. 4775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabila Fathima ◽  
Veena Gayathri Krishnaswamy*
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Saline Environment ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Phb Production ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio

PHB is a biodegradable plastic which is becoming an environmentally friendly substitute to the synthetic plastics that are persistent and accumulate in large amounts and are non-degradable. PHB is a class of Polyhydroxyalkanoate which are similar to commercial plastics like polypropylene but with an added advantage of being biodegradable. To overcome the problem of commercializing PHB production by microorganisms because of the high cost involved, Halotolerant organisms can be used as they are easier to cultivate and do not require strict sterile conditions. In this present study PHB producing halotolerant bacterial strains were isolated from a marine environment and cultivated under saline conditions. The growth conditions of the bacterial strains were optimized for maximum production of PHB. The parameters such as pH, temperature, NaCl concentration, carbon sources, nitrogen sources and carbon and nitrogen ratio were optimized and studied.  The growth conditions for each of the parameter were optimized and the PHB production was estimated for the bacterial strains under saline conditions. The optimum pH and temperature range yielded maximum PHB production of about 42 – 45 mg/100ml and 30 – 40 mg/100ml respectively. The perspective application of PHB could be in the medicinal field for manufacturing medical devices as implants for various surgeries such as dental, cranio – maxillofacial and dental surgeries. 

scholarly journals Chemical compounds of extracts from Sarcodon imbricatus at optimized growth conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Sułkowska-Ziaja ◽  
Agnieszka Szewczyk ◽  
Joanna Gdula-Argasińska ◽  
Halina Ekiert ◽  
Jerzy Jaśkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Initial Ph

The effect of carbon and nitrogen sources and initial pH and temperature of the medium on the mycelial growth of <em>Sarcodon imbricatus</em> (L.) P. Karst. in axenic liquid culture was investigated. The optimal composition of the medium was found to be: 5% fructose, 1% hydrolysate of casein, 1% yeast extract, and 0.3% KH<span><sub>2</sub></span>PO<span><sub>4</sub></span> at pH = 6 and incubation temperature of 20°C. In this condition the maximum biomass growth was observed, yielding 10.2 g L<sup>−1</sup> of dry weight after 3-week of growth. The medium regarded as optimal for growth of <em>S. imbricatus</em> mycelium was used for the production of the biomass and further chemical analysis. The quantitative and qualitative composition of phenolic acids, fatty acids, and sterols were determined using chromatographic methods. The total content of phenolic acids was 1.86 mg × 100 g<sup>−1</sup> DW, with the largest amount of protocatechuic acid (1.27 mg × 100 g<sup>−1</sup> DW). Nineteen fatty acids were estimated, including five unsaturated fatty acids, e.g., oleic and α-linolenic acid. The analysis of sterols composition revealed the presence of ergosterol and ergosterol peroxide (197.7 and 200.47 mg × 100 g<sup>−1</sup> DW, respectively). These compounds were isolated and confirmed by <sup>1</sup>H-NMR. Presented study constitutes the first report on the accumulation of substances (phenolic acids, fatty acids, and sterols) with multidirectional biological activity in the mycelial axenic culture of <em>Sarcodon imbricatus</em>.

Environmental significance of atrazine in aqueous systems and its removal by biological processes: an overview

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-178 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Environmental Significance ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Living Organisms

Atrazine, a chlorinated s-triazine group of herbicide is one of the most widely used pesticides in the World. Due to its extensive use, long half-life and various toxic properties, it has very high environmental significance. Up to 22 mg l-1 of atrazine was found in ground water whereas permissible limit of atrazine is in ppb level in drinking water. As per Indian standard there should not be any pesticide present in drinking water. Among many other treatment processes available, Incineration, adsorption, chemical treatment, phytoremediation and biodegradation are the most commonly used ones. Biological degradation of atrazine depends upon various factors like the operating environment, external carbon and nitrogen sources, carbon/ nitrogen ratio (C/N), water content and the bacterial strain. Although, general atrazine degradation pathways are available, the specific pathways in specific conditions are not yet clearly defined. In this paper extensive review has been made on the occurrence of atrazine in surface and ground water bodies, probable sources and causes of its occurrence in water environment, the toxicity of atrazine on various living organisms and its removal by biological processes.

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