Oak contribution to litter nutrient dynamics in an Appalachian forest receiving elevated nitrogen and dolomite

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 936-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.B. Piatek ◽  
P. Munasinghe ◽  
W.T. Peterjohn ◽  
M.B. Adams ◽  
J.R. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Nutrient Fluxes ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
N Dynamics ◽  
P Flux ◽  
P Immobilization ◽  
High Lignin Content ◽  
N Flux

Ecosystem nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) fluxes are affected by inputs of atmospheric N. Oak litter may additionally affect these fluxes because of its high-lignin content. We analyzed nutrient dynamics in ambient mixed-species litter in an aggrading hardwood stand at the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia. We separated oak from the mix for analysis (oak) and compared it with total litter (all species) to understand how oak affects nutrient fluxes in the litter layer. The study was conducted under ambient atmospheric deposition, under elevated atmospheric deposition, and under elevated deposition plus mitigation with dolomite. N flux between litterfall and 12 months later indicated a net loss in all-species litter of up to 7.3 kg N·ha–1 and a retention of up to 0.6 kg N·ha–1 in oak. P flux included losses in all species in ambient and in dolomite treatments of up to 0.19 kg P·ha–1 and gains of up to 0.12 kg P·ha–1 in oak in all treatments. Oak mineralized Ca at an average across treatments of 4.6 kg Ca·ha–1 compared with 16 kg Ca·ha–1 in all species, with half of that when trees were dormant. Percent immobilization and release over initial litter were greater in oak than in all species, but nutrient fluxes were lower in oak than in all species because of low oak litter mass. Elevated deposition lowered N and increased P immobilization. Dolomite appeared to affect early N dynamics only. With an increase in litterfall mass when forests mature, these effects are also likely to increase.

Biogeochemical and ecological features of sinking particulate matter in the deep Ionian Sea (E. Mediterranean) during a 10-year time series study: impacts of atmospheric and oceanographic variabilities on carbon production and sequestration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Gogou ◽  
Constantine Parinos ◽  
Spyros Stavrakakis ◽  
Emmanouil Proestakis ◽  
Maria Kanakidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Particulate Organic Carbon ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Ionian Sea ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
The Impact

<p>Biotic and abiotic processes that form, alter, transport, and remineralize particulate organic carbon, silicon, calcium carbonate, and other minor and trace chemical species in the water column are central to the ocean’s ecological and biogeochemical functioning and of fundamental importance to the ocean carbon cycle. Sinking particulate matter is the major vehicle for exporting carbon from the sea surface to the deep sea. During its transit towards the sea floor, most particulate organic carbon (POC) is returned to inorganic form and redistributed in the water column. This redistribution determines the surface concentration of dissolved CO<sub>2</sub>, and hence the rate at which the ocean can absorb CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere. The ability to predict quantitatively the depth profile of remineralization is therefore critical to deciphering the response of the global carbon cycle to natural and human-induced changes.</p><p>Aiming to investigate the significant biogeochemical and ecological features and provide new insights on the sources and cycles of sinking particulate matter, a mooring line of five sediment traps was deployed from 2006 to 2015 (with some gap periods) at 5 successive water column depths (700, 1200, 2000, 3200 and 4300 m) in the SE Ionian Sea, northeastern Mediterranean (‘NESTOR’ site). We have examined the long-term records of downward fluxes for Corg, N<sub>tot</sub>, δ<sup>13</sup>Corg and δ<sup>15</sup>N<sub>tot</sub>, along with the associated ballast minerals (opal, lithogenics and CaCO<sub>3</sub>), lipid biomarkers, Chl-a and PP rates, phytoplankton composition, nutrient dynamics and atmospheric deposition.  </p><p>The satellite-derived seasonal and interannual variability of phytoplankton metrics (biomass and phenology) and atmospheric deposition (meteorology and air masses origin) was examined for the period of the sediment trap experiment. Regarding the atmospheric deposition, synergistic opportunities using Earth Observation satellite lidar and radiometer systems are proposed (e.g. Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization - CALIOP, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer - MODIS), aiming towards a four‐dimensional exploitation of atmospheric aerosol loading (e.g. Dust Optical Depth) in the study area.</p><p>Our main goals are to: i) develop a comprehensive knowledge of carbon fluxes and associated mineral ballast fluxes from the epipelagic to the mesopelagic and bathypelagic layers, ii) elucidate the mechanisms governing marine productivity and carbon export and sequestration to depth and iii) shed light on the impact of atmospheric forcing and deposition in respect to regional and large scale circulation patterns and climate variability and the prevailing oceanographic processes (internal variability).</p><p>Acknowledgments</p><p>We acknowledge support of this work by the Action ‘National Network on Climate Change and its Impacts – <strong>CLIMPACT</strong>’, funded by the Public Investment Program of Greece (GSRT, Ministry of Development and Investments).</p>

Characterisation of Drawing Papers for Borko Lazeski’s Cartoons (1951–56)

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-183
Author(s):  
Maja Kostadinovska
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Mural Painting ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Informed Treatment ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Spot Tests ◽  
High Lignin Content

Abstract This paper presents a study of the drawing papers from Borko Lazeski’s cartoons for a mural painting. The collection is comprised of more than 20 single pieces (170×500 cm) executed in charcoal, pencil, pastel, tempera and ink. The cartoons exhibit different types of damages, such as grease stains, moisture stains, cracks, flaking paint, areas of loss caused by insects and mould stains. The study included spot tests, ATR-FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopy to characterise the artist’s papers. They were found to be a type of paper composed of partly bleached, neutral sulphite semi-chemical (NSSC) wood pulp originating from coniferous trees (softwood) with the occasional use of abaca fibres. The laboratory tests revealed slightly acidic conditions (pH=5.01–6.52), high lignin content (>5 %) and alum-rosin sizing. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed all findings of the spot tests. Micro-Raman spectroscopy showed the presence of gypsum in the papers. The study addresses conservation issues arising from the chemical nature of the paper support and highlights the need for an extended study in order to be able to make informed treatment choices.

scholarly journals Delignification of Date Palm Fronds using Modified Organosolv Technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Salih Mahdi ◽  
Asem Hassan Mohammed ◽  
Alaa Kareem Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Date Palm ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Statistical Experimental Design ◽  
Digestion Time ◽  
Stainless Steel Reactor ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Design Type ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
High Lignin Content

Abstract   In this study, modified organic solvent (organosolv) method was applied to remove high lignin content in the date palm fronds (type Al-Zahdi) which was taken from the Iraqi gardens. In modified organosolv, lignocellulosic material is fractionated into its constituents (lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose). In this process, solvent (organic)-water is brought into contact with the lignocellulosic biomass at high temperature, using stainless steel reactor (digester). Therefor; most of hemicellulose will remove from the biomass, while the solid residue (mainly cellulose) can be used in various industrial fields. Three variables were studied in this process: temperature, ratio of ethanol to water and digestion time. Statistical experimental design type Central Composite Design (CCD) has been used to find a mathematical relationship between the variables and the remaining lignin percent as dependent variable. The results obtained in this study were represented by a polynomial mathematical equation of the second degree.  The results showed that the best digestion time was (80 minutes), which gave the best percent remaining concentration of lignin (3%) at temperature of 185oC and ratio of ethanol: water equal to 50: 50 wt/wt. In order to reduce digesting time, the effect of using different catalysts have been studied such as (NaOH, H2SO4, Ca (OH) 2) at low concentration (0.025, 0.025, 0.05M) respectively. It was found that the best catalyst is sodium hydroxide at concentration (0.025) mol/L which gave the same percent of  lignin 3% but with low digestion time about 30 min. Keywords: Biomass pre-treatment, delignification, lignin, organosolv, date palm fronds.

scholarly journals Lag Times as Indicators of Hydrological Mechanisms Responsible for NO3-N Flushing in a Forested Headwater Catchment

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1092
Author(s):  
Klaudija Sapač ◽  
Andrej Vidmar ◽  
Nejc Bezak ◽  
Simon Rusjan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Lag Times ◽  
N Flux

Understanding the temporal variability of the nutrient transport from catchments is essential for planning nutrient loss reduction measures related to land use and climate change. Moreover, observations and analysis of nutrient dynamics in streams draining undisturbed catchments are known to represent a reference point by which human-influenced catchments can be compared. In this paper, temporal dynamics of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) flux are investigated on an event basis by analysing observed lag times between data series. More specifically, we studied lag times between the centres of mass of six hydrological and biogeochemical variables, namely discharge, soil moisture at three depths, NO3-N flux, and the precipitation hyetograph centre of mass. Data obtained by high-frequency measurements (20 min time step) from 29 events were analysed. Linear regression and multiple linear regression (MLR) were used to identify relationships between lag times of the above-mentioned processes. We found that discharge lag time (LAGQ) and NO3-N flux lag time (LAGN) are highly correlated indicating similar temporal response to rainfall. Moreover, relatively high correlation between LAGN and soil moisture lag times was also detected. The MLR model showed that the most descriptive variable for both LAGN and LAGQ is amount of precipitation. For LAGN, the change of the soil moisture in the upper two layers was also significant, suggesting that the lag times indicate the primarily role of the forest soils as the main source of the NO3-N flux, whereas the precipitation amount and the runoff formation through the forest soils are the main controlling mechanisms.

scholarly journals Precipitate obtained following membrane separation of hydrothermally pretreated rice straw liquid revealed by 2D NMR to have high lignin content

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kengo Sasaki ◽  
Mami Okamoto ◽  
Tomokazu Shirai ◽  
Yota Tsuge ◽  
Hiroshi Teramura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
High Lignin Content

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Microcrystalline Cellulose Isolated from the Pod Husk and Stalk of Fluted Pumpkin

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
C. C. Nwajiobi ◽  
J. O. E. Otaigbe ◽  
O. Oriji
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Cellulose Derivatives ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Fluted Pumpkin ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
High Lignin Content ◽  
High Cellulose

Microcrystalline celluloses (MCC) were prepared from α-celluloses obtained from fluted pumpkin stalk and pod. The substrates were subjected to treatment with 2% (w/v) NaOH, 3.5% (w/v) NaOCl and 17.5% (w/v) NaOH solutions respectively to obtain alpha celluloses. Acid hydrolysis of the alpha-celluloses using 2.5 N hydrochloric acid were carried out. The study evaluates and compares the physicochemical properties of microcrystalline cellulose obtained from the pod and stalk of fluted pumpkin. Composition of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were also determined. Results showed cellulose; hemicellulose and lignin content of the pod husk and stalk were 49%, 26%, 9% and 41%, 24%, 26%, respectively. The morphology of the hydrolyzed MCCs’ were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the results revealed the stalk (FS-MCC) to have an individual rod-like shaped fiber when compared with flat-shaped large aggregated forms of the pod (FP-MCC). The particles sizes were also uneven with FP-MCC (6.689 µm) having larger particle sizes than FS-MCC (5.538 µm). The high cellulose content of the pod husk shows that the applications may be extended in the production of other cellulose derivatives while the high lignin content of the stalk reveals other alternative source of producing lignin in the making of textile dyes, coating and other agricultural chemical. Pod MCC (FP-MCC) had better physicochemical properties than the stalk MCC (FS-MCC).

scholarly journals Termite-repellent wood extractives

1969 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-227
Author(s):  
George N. Wolcott
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Chemical Constituent ◽  
Wood Extractives ◽  
Local School ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
East Indian ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
Termite Attack ◽  
Dry Wood ◽  
High Lignin Content

Neither hardness nor high lignin content of a wood prevent its being eaten by dry-wood termites. Immunity from attack of so-called termite-resistant woods is due to the presence of some specific chemical constituent, such as tectoquinone in East Indian teak, in comparatively small amounts which causes it to be toxic or unpalatable to the insects. This substance extracted from the wood may be used as an insecticide, like commercial Ryania from Ryania speciosa, or for impregnating termite-susceptible woods to make them immune to termite attack. Conrado Asenjo of the local School of Medicine is working on the extractives of West Indian mahogany.

scholarly journals Carbon, Nitrogen, and Orthophosphate Leaching from Soil under Single- and Mixed-species Landscapes

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1533-1539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim R. Pannkuk ◽  
Jacqueline A. Aitkenhead-Peterson ◽  
Kurt Steinke ◽  
James C. Thomas ◽  
David R. Chalmers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
P Flux

Effective landscape management practices in urban landscapes must include an awareness of nutrient removal from soil caused by leaching, and these practices should be those least damaging to freshwaters. Annual mean dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), nitrate-N, ammonium-N, soluble phosphate, and bicarbonate concentrations and fluxes were quantified in leachate from landscapes planted with different urban horticultural types. Plot vegetation consisted of either a single species or mixed species. The experiment was conducted at two sites in Texas with significantly different irrigation water chemistry. At the two sites, plant species had a significant effect on PO43--P flux, and irrigation chemistry had a significant effect on all nutrient fluxes. There was an interaction between plant species and irrigation chemistry for PO43--P flux (P < 0.05) only. The relationship between bicarbonate and DOC flux at sites was stronger and significant (0.92; P < 0.05) at the site irrigated with Na-HCO3 municipal tap water than at the site irrigated with Ca-HCO3 municipal tap water (R2 = 0.76, P = 0.05). Type of irrigation water chemistry may result in lower plant water uptake resulting in increased nutrients lost to leachate.

scholarly journals High-intensity ultrasound-assisted formation of cellulose nanofiber scaffold with low and high lignin content and their cytocompatibility with gingival fibroblast cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 104759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Razzera Huerta ◽  
Eric Keven Silva ◽  
Idaresit Ekaette ◽  
Tarek El-Bialy ◽  
Marleny D.A. Saldaña
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Cellulose Nanofiber ◽  
Gingival Fibroblast ◽  
Fibroblast Cells ◽  
High Intensity Ultrasound ◽  
Nanofiber Scaffold ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted ◽  
High Lignin Content
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