Nitrogen Fertilization and Water Effects on Photosynthesis and Earlywood–Latewood Production in Douglas-fir

Single tree plots in a 23-year-old stand of Douglas-fir were: (1) fertilized at a rate of 448 kg nitrogen (N) per ha with NH4NO3 in April; (2) irrigated in the summer of the same year and in the following year with 25 mm of water per week; (3) given the combined fertilizer and irrigation treatment, or (4) left untreated. Diameter growth at breast height (1.37 m) increased in the first year by 16, 15 and 59%, respectively, above that of the control. Similar effects were obtained at breast height in the second year and also at the one-half tree height position. Only earlywood production was affected significantly; this resulted from an increase in rate and length of time of earlywood production. Treatment effect on nitrogen, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentration of leaves, leaf growth and water stress of soil and trees, was studied. Rate of photosynthesis was reduced similarly by water stress for fertilized and unfertilized trees; an increase in CO2 diffusion resistance appeared to cause the reduction in rate. Tree water stress had a more adverse effect on stem diameter growth than on rate of photosynthesis. The interaction between irrigation and fertilization indicates that nitrogen fertilization will have the most effect on stem diameter growth in years and on sites with favorable soil-water conditions.

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Effects of nitrogen fertilizer source and application rates on foliar nitrogen concentration, photosynthesis, and growth of Douglas-fir

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x81-111 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 775-780 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

H. Brix

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

Foliar Nitrogen ◽

Fertilization Rates ◽

Application Rates ◽

Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽

Stem Diameter Growth

The effects of nitrogen fertilization on foliage nitrogen concentration, rates of photosynthesis, and stem diameter growth were studied for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees, with a range of fertilizer applications from 0 to 896 kg N/ha. Ammonium nitrate (AN) and urea were compared as nitrogen sources. AN provided for a higher foliage nitrogen concentration and better growth the 1st year, but there was no source effect thereafter. A significant relationship was obtained between foliage nitrogen concentration and rate of photosynthesis, with an optimum rate at 1.74% foliar nitrogen and with no effect of nitrogen source. Stem diameter growth was increased at all fertilization rates, although no effect of the two lowest rates of fertilization (112 and 224 kg N/ha) was found on foliar nitrogen concentration.

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Daily variations in tomato stem diameter as a criterion for irrigation management

Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science ◽

10.26898/0370-8799-2021-5-12 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 (5) ◽

pp. 101-107

Author(s):

S. F. Usoltsev ◽

R. V. Rybakov ◽

G. V. Nestyak ◽

Yu. V. Goncharenko

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Water Stress ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Maximum Growth ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

Individual Plant ◽

Daily Variations ◽

Stem Diameter Growth

The process of daily variation in tomato stem diameter is examined in order to justify the use of this parameter to control drip irrigation. Changes in the size of individual plant parts depend on the provision of water, light, heat and nutrients to the production process. Therefore, such plant parameters as leaf temperature, xylem ﬂow rate, fruit and stem diameter can be indicators of availability of necessary resources. The research was carried out in Novosibirsk region in June - September 2020. The value of the range of daily variations in stem diameter, which has a close relationship to relative soil moisture, was used as an indicator of plant water stress. The source of the information is the results of measurements of soil moisture and stem diameter growth of tomato. Experiments to assess the eﬀect of water deﬁcit on stem parameters were carried out on a plant set out in the open ground separately from the rest. Artiﬁcial water stress conditions were created by watering once a week. Data were collected using a PM-11z phytomonitor, soil moisture and stem diameter growth sensors. The results of measurements were processed in Microsoft Oﬃce Excel program. It was found that the range of daily ﬂuctuations of stem diameter growth depends on moisture availability. When soil moisture is below 30%, the plant experiences water stress and the range of stem diameter ﬂuctuations increases. The maximum growth in stem diameter was observed at 7-10 a.m. and the minimum at 13-15 p.m. local time. The diﬀerence between the maximum and minimum of the daily stem diameter increase characterizes the range of the daily stem diameter diﬀerence, which correlates closely with soil moisture. The correlation coeﬃcient between them is 0.72. The limit for the daily stem diameter diﬀerence is 0.025 mm at 30% soil moisture. If the actual value of this parameter exceeds the limit value, the irrigation system can be activated. The implementation of this approach makes it possible to automate the irrigation process and to take into account the indicator that signals water stress of the plant.

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Changes in Root IAA Content and Growth of Bareroot Conifers Treated with Plant Growth Regulating Substances at Planting

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-18.2.99 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 99-107

Author(s):

C.F. Scagel ◽

R.G. Linderman

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Root Growth ◽

Lodgepole Pine ◽

Height Growth ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

Western Larch ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Stem Diameter Growth

Abstract Growth and survival of bareroot plants after transplanting is partially a function of the plant's capacity to produce new roots. We conducted an experiment to determine whether application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) or moisture retention materials could modify IAA concentration in roots, new root growth, and above ground plant growth. Bareroot western larch, Englemann spruce, lodgepole pine, and Douglas-fir were treated with Stimroot, ethrel, Hormogel, or Alginate immediately before planting into a raised bed in a greenhouse. All treatments increased IAA content in roots of western larch, Englemann spruce, and Douglas-fir, but only treatments containing IBA increased free IAA in roots of lodgepole pine. Stimroot and Hormogel treatment increased height growth of western larch, lodgepole pine, and Douglas-fir, but only ethrel treatment increased height growth of Englemann spruce. All treatments increased stem diameter growth of western larch. Stimroot increased stem diameter growth rate of Englemann spruce and Douglas-fir, but stem diameter of lodgepole pine was unaffected by all treatments. Our results indicate that application of PGRs or other root-promoting materials to the roots of bareroot conifers before planting has the potential to be a cost-beneficial method for increasing root growth and decreasing transplant shock.

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Correlations Between Overtopping Vegetation and Development of Douglas-Fir Saplings in the Oregon Coast Range

Western Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/wjaf/2.4.117 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 117-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Samuel S. Chan ◽

John D. Walstad

Keyword(s):

Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽

Tree Height ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Morphological Features ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

Coast Range ◽

Oregon Coast Range ◽

Oregon Coast ◽

Sapling Growth ◽

Stem Diameter Growth

Abstract The response of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) saplings to overtopping vegetation on three northeast-facing sites in the Oregon Coast Range was studied for two years. As amount of overtopping brush increased, sapling growth (as indicated by size) generally decreased. Basal stem diameter growth was most reduced, but similar reductions in growth occurred for tree height and other morphological features. West. J. Appl. For. 2(4):117-119, October 1987.

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Bulldozing stumps and nitrogen fertilization affect growth of Douglas-fir seedlings

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x88-122 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 803-806 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

W. G. Thies ◽

E. E. Nelson

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Growing Season ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Olympic Peninsula ◽

Diameter At Breast Height ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Breast Height ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Growth Of Seedlings

Eight treatments involving stump removal by bulldozing in combination with nitrogen fertilization were applied to 0.04-ha circular plots in a clear-cut on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Treatments included stump removal (either all stumps removed or the plot left undisturbed) and broadcast fertilization with ammonium nitrate (0, 336, 672, or 1345 kg N ha−1). Diameter at breast height and height of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings, planted several months after treatment, were recorded five and eight seasons after outplanting. The results showed that either bulldozing stumps from the site or fertilizing with ammonium nitrate increased growth of seedlings through their eighth growing season. After eight growing seasons, bulldozing had increased seedling height by 23% and diameter at breast height by 43%; fertilizing produced increases of 13% in height and 17% in diameter at breast height.

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Continuous measurement of stem-diameter growth response of Pinus pinea seedlings mycorrhizal with Rhizopogon roseolus and submitted to two water regimes

Mycorrhiza ◽

10.1007/s005720100118 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 129-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Javier Parladé ◽

Moshe Cohen ◽

Jordi Doltra ◽

Jordi Luque ◽

Joan Pera

Keyword(s):

Growth Response ◽

Continuous Measurement ◽

Pinus Pinea ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

Rhizopogon Roseolus ◽

Water Regimes ◽

Stem Diameter Growth

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Differential responsiveness in stem height and diameter growth of two Ficus tree species in the Three Gorges reservoir region of China as affected by branch removal

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x07-030 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 37 (9) ◽

pp. 1748-1754

Author(s):

Xiaoping Zhang ◽

Bo Zeng ◽

Zhangcheng Zhong

Keyword(s):

Three Gorges Reservoir ◽

Height Growth ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

Three Gorges ◽

Stem Height ◽

The Three Gorges Reservoir ◽

The Three Gorges ◽

Three Gorges Reservoir Region ◽

Stem Diameter Growth

In the Three Gorges reservoir region of China, Ficus microcarpa L. and Ficus virens Ait. var. sublanceolata (Miq.) Corner (Moraceae) are widely used in greening and ecological restoration following construction, including roads, railways, towns, etc. Branch cuttings are used for cultivating saplings of these trees. We conducted a 4 year experiment that included four branch-removal intensities to evaluate the influence of branch removal on stem height and diameter growth of these Ficus spp. It was found that branch removal did not affect the stem height growth of either F. microcarpa or F. virens, but decreased the growth of their stem basal diameters. The reduction in growth of stem basal diameter was intensified with branch removal. As expected, branch removal decreased the tapering of whole tree stems, but this effect was mainly due to the alteration of the shape of the bare stem part, and the shape of the stem part within the intact upper crown was not affected by the treatment. The data clearly showed that stem height growth was less sensitive than stem diameter growth to branch removal, and that the response of stem diameter growth to branch removal differed between bare and intact stem parts.

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Growth diversity, heritability, and genetic correlation of 4-years-old of Alstonia angustiloba progeny test in Wonogiri, Central Java

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/914/1/012015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 914 (1) ◽

pp. 012015

Author(s):

Mashudi ◽

D Setiadi ◽

S Pudjiono ◽

M Susanto ◽

L Baskorowati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Correlation ◽

Block Design ◽

Population Level ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Progeny Test ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

Central Java ◽

The Family ◽

Two Factors ◽

Stem Diameter Growth

Abstract Alstonia angustiloba is a local tree species that have potential for community forest plantation; therefore, it is important to provide improved seeds. This study aimed to determine the diversity of growth, estimate the value of heritability, and the genetic correlation of the 4-years-old A. angustiloba progeny test. Randomized Completely Block Design with two factors (population and family) were used in this study. In this study, families are nested in the population. The population factors consisted of 4 levels, and family factors consisted of 43 families. The analysis of variance showed that height and stem diameter growth were significantly different between populations and families at four years old. The best height and stem diameter growth at the population level was obtained from the Pendopo population, 4.45 m and 7.71 cm, respectively. At the family level, the best height growth was obtained from 9 families (4.46-5.06 m), and the best stem diameter growth was obtained from 11 families (7.48-8.72 cm). The estimated individual heritability value for height was 0.41, and stem diameter was 0.23. Estimated family heritability values were 0.66 for height and 0.50 for stem diameter. The genetic correlation between height and stem diameter was 0.97.

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Seasonal Pattern of Stem Diameter Growth of Qinghai Spruce in the Qilian Mountains, Northwestern China

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11050494 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 494 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yanfang Wan ◽

Pengtao Yu ◽

Xiaoqing Li ◽

Yanhui Wang ◽

Bin Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Stem Growth ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

Daily Growth Rate ◽

Daily Growth ◽

Growth Initiation ◽

Qinghai Spruce ◽

Stem Diameter Growth

It is important to develop a better understanding of the climatic and soil factors controlling the stem diameter growth of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia Kom.) forest. The results will provide basic information for the scientific prediction of trends in the future development of forests. To explain the seasonal pattern of stem diameter growth of Qinghai spruce and its response to environmental factors in the Qilian Mountains, northwest China, the stem diameter changes of 10 sample trees with different sizes and soil and meteorological conditions were observed from May to October of 2015 and 2016. Our results showed that the growth initiation of the stem diameter of Qinghai spruce was on approximately 25 May 2015 and 20 June 2016, and stem diameter growth commenced when the average air and soil temperatures were more than 10 °C and 3 °C, respectively. The cessation of growth occurred on approximately 21 August 2015 and 14 September 2016, and it was probably controlled by soil moisture. Stem diameter growth began earlier, ended later, and exhibited a larger growth rate as tree size increased. For the period May–October, the cumulative stem diameter growth of individual trees was 400 and 380 μm in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The cumulative stem diameter growth had a clear seasonal pattern, which could be divided into three growth stages, i.e., the beginning (from day of year (DOY) 120 to the timing of growth initiation with the daily growth rate of less than 2 μm·day−1), rapid growth (from the timing of growth initiation to the timing of growth cessation with the daily growth rate of more than 2 μm·day−1), and ending stages (from the timing of growth cessation to DOY 300 with the daily growth rate of less than 2 μm·day−1). The correlation of daily stem growth and environmental factors varied with growth stages; however, temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and soil moisture were the key factors controlling daily stem diameter growth. Overall, these results indicated that the seasonal variation in stem growth was regulated by soil and climatic triggers. Consequently, changes in climate seasonality may have considerable effects on the seasonal patterns of both stem growth and tree growth.

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