Experimental design and evaluation of a peatland drainage system for forestry by optimization of synthetic hydrographs

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Tóth ◽  
Don Gillard
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Flood Duration

A ditch system was designed, constructed, and evaluated on a 1-km2 experimental plot in peat-covered wetland in Slave Lake Forest, Alberta, Canada, during 1981–1985. The purpose of the experiment was the development of techniques and procedures for the design of drainage systems for water-table control in large tracts of forested peatlands of northern Alberta, in order to enhance tree growth. The technical objective of the envisaged drainage systems is to prevent the water table from rising above a specified depth, or drainage norm νm, below the land surface, for a continuous time interval longer than a specified flood duration limit λm, during the growing season. The position of the water table and the rate and amplitude of its fluctuations in a ditched area depend on the environmental parameters (K, hydraulic conductivity; S*, field coefficient of water-table response to precipitation; z, depth to the first effectively impermeable stratum; P, pattern of daily rainfall) the design parameters (L, ditch spacing; u, ditch depth), and at later stages of drainage, the effect of the tree stand. The objective of the design is, therefore, to determine appropriate values of L and u as functions of the environmental parameters to be used in the construction of operational drainage systems. The central component of the design procedure is the optimization of synthetic hydrographs. The synthetic hydrograph is a graphical representation of calculated time series of the water table's fluctuations reflecting the effect of discrete rainfall events under specified drainage conditions. Synthetic hydrographs were calculated with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation drain spacing formula adapted here for daily rainfall events and ranges of estimated environmental and assumed design parameters. An experimental drainage system was constructed with preliminary design parameters that were expected to satisfy the criteria νm and λm. In addition, 14 water-table observation wells and a rain gauge were installed and operated for two summers. Synthetic hydrographs were then computed using the actually implemented design parameters, the actual rainfall pattern and a fixed z value, leaving K and S* as the only unknown variables. Those K and S* values giving the best approximation of calculated to observed hydrographs were considered to represent the effective field values and were used in turn to calculate the final design parameters, again by hydrograph matching. Final values for K and S* for two subregions of the experimental plot were found to be K1 = 0.37 m/d, S1* = 0.13; and K2 = 0.26 m/d, S2* = 0.11. For subregion No. 2 a ditch spacing L = 25 m and ditch depth u = 0.9 m satisfy the stipulated drainage norm νm = 0.4 m and flood duration limit λm = 14 days, using P1962, which was the wettest year for the last 28 years in the region.

scholarly journals Calibration of DRAINMOD for prediction of water table depths and drain discharges under waterlogged Vertisols of Maharashtra, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 724-731
Author(s):  
Shrimant Rathod ◽  
Sudhir Dahiwalkar ◽  
Sunil Gorantiwar ◽  
Mukund Shinde
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Design System ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Drain Spacing ◽  
Drainage Design ◽  
Rainy Days

An estimation of optimal design parameters of subsurface drainage system through monitoring of water table depths and drain discharges are expensive in terms of time and money. The simulation modeling is an effective tool for estimation of drainage design parameters at less cost and short time. In view to this, calibration of DRAINMOD model for prediction of water table depths and drain discharges were conducted by installing subsurface drainage system with 40 m drain spacing and 1.0 m drain depth at Agricultural Research Station, Kasbe Digraj, Dist. Sangli (Maharashtra) during 2012-13 to 2013-14. The field data on water table depth and drain discharge were used for calibration of DRAINMOD model. The input data files on climatic, soil, crop and drainage design system parameters were attached to DRAINMOD model and calibrated successfully. It is found that both observed and simulated water table depths and drain discharges showed a fluctuating trend and predicted both water table depths and drain discharges closely with the observed values during frequent rainy days and following the rainy days. The DRAINMOD model reliably predicted water table depths with a goodness of fit (R2 = 0.97), MAE (12.23 cm), RMSE (15.49 cm) and CRM (0.05); drain discharges with R2 of  0.93, MAE of 0.095 mm day-1, RMSE of 0.1876 mm day-1and CRM of 0.04. Thus, the calibrated DRAINMOD model can be used to simulate the water table depths and drain discharges in semi-arid climatic conditions of Maharashtra and in turn to estimate and evaluate drain spacing and depth.

scholarly journals Approximation of landfill drainage discharge by De Zeeuw-Hellinga model, and its verificationon sanitary landfill of solid domestic waste

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 335-342
Author(s):  
J. Štibinger
Keyword(s):  
Water Discharge ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Sanitary Landfill ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Solid Domestic Waste ◽  
Water Recharge

The goal of this work is to present a suitable tool or model for the evaluation of the internal landfill water discharge, in relation to the basic design parameters of internal landfill drainage system and other processes. De Zeeuw-Hellinga’s drainage theory fulfils those requirements. De Zeeuw-Hellinga’s drainage intensity factor takes in basic design parameters of internal landfill drainage system and also hydro-physical properties of the collected waste. The drainage theory calculates with landfill internal water recharge to the drainage system within a certain time interval. In practice this method was successfully verified in a sanitary landfill of solid domestic waste in Osecna (a region near Liberec, Czech Republic). The comparison of the real data of the measured values of the internal landfill water discharges with calculated values, demonstrated eligibility of the use of De Zeeuw-Hellinga drainage theory as a good instrument for approximation of the internal landfill water discharges. This tool needs only a minimum of information and can be applied for the evaluation of basic design parameters of the internal landfill drainage system, for the design of the landfill reservoir capacity, and also for description of the landfill hydrology processes.

scholarly journals A Stochastic Procedure for Temporal Disaggregation of Daily Rainfall Data in SuDS Design

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Matteo Pampaloni ◽  
Alvaro Sordo-Ward ◽  
Paola Bianucci ◽  
Ivan Gabriel-Martin ◽  
Enrica Caporali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Series ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Daily Rainfall Data ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Temporal Disaggregation

Hydrological design of Sustainable urban Drainage Systems (SuDS) is commonly achieved by estimating rainfall volumetric percentiles from daily rainfall series. Nevertheless, urban watersheds demand rainfall data at sub-hourly time step. Temporal disaggregation of daily rainfall records using stochastic methodologies can be applied to improve SuDS design parameters. This paper is aimed to analyze the ability of the synthetic rainfall generation process to reproduce the main characteristics of the observed rainfall and the estimation of the hydrologic parameters often used for SuDS design and by using the generally available daily rainfall data. Other specifics objectives are to analyze the effect of Minimum Inter-event Time (MIT) and storm volume threshold on rainfall volumetric percentiles commonly used in SuDS design. The reliability of the stochastic spatial-temporal model RainSim V.3 to reproduce observed key characteristics of rainfall pattern and volumetric percentiles, was also investigated. Observed and simulated continuous rainfall series with sub-hourly time-step were used to calculate four key characteristics of rainfall and two types of rainfall volumetric percentiles. To separate independent rainstorm events, MIT values of 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h and storm volume thresholds of 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 mm were considered. Results show that the proposed methodology improves the estimation of the key characteristics of the rainfall events as well as the hydrologic parameters for SuDS design, compared with values directly deduced from the observed rainfall series with daily time-step. Moreover, MITs rainfall volumetric percentiles of total number of rainfall events are very sensitive to MIT and threshold values, while percentiles of total volume of accumulated rainfall series are sensitive only to MIT values.

scholarly journals Approximation of subsurface drainage discharge by De Zeeuw-Hellinga theory and its verification in heavy soils of fluvial landscape of the Cerhovice brook

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
J. Štibinger
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Analytical Approximation ◽  
Real Field ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
The Impact

The subsurface drainage discharge is one of the most important indicators of the impact of the drainage systems on the water management. The procedure adopted in this study is based on the application of the De Zeeuw-Hellinga theory to derive the final expression for the estimation of the value of the subsurface drainage discharge. A simple analytical approximation of the Bussinesq’s Equation was used to verify theoretically the validity of the De Zeeuw-Hellinga assumptions and to confirm the correctness of other corresponding processes. The formulas describing the subsurface drainage discharge were derived in the conditions of the unsteady state subsurface flow to drains. These conditions included the approximately horizontal impervious layer and the Dupuit’s assumptions and Darcy’s law. No recharge to the groundwater table was realised during the drainage testing. The applicability of the De Zeeuw-Hellinga formula and the accuracy of the analytical approximation of the subsurface drainage discharge by the Bussinesq’s Equation were verified by the real field measurements on the heavy soils of the experimental watershed area of the Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation (RISWC) Prague-Zbraslav, Czech Republic. The same data were successfully used also for the confirmation of the accuracy of the method for the derivation of a simple analytical approximation of the subsurface total drainage quantity. It was demonstrated that this approximation of the subsurface drainage discharge by De Zeeuw-Hellinga theory could satisfactorily serve in the area of water engineering practice as an elementary tool for the immediate estimation of the values of the subsurface drainage discharges from the pipe drainage systems in the saturated porous environment. The advantage of this approximation is particularly the minimum amount of the input data, e.g. the basic soil hydrology data and drainage system basic design parameters. The sphere of the use of the De Zeeuw-Hellinga equations is certainly very wide. The verifications of the field test results and measurements demonstrated that the possibilities of applications and their perceived benefits to the user can be fulfilled.

Modeling Performance of a Tile Drainage System Incorporating Mole Drainage

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Tuohy ◽  
James O’Loughlin ◽  
Owen Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Tile Drains ◽  
System 2 ◽  
System 1

Abstract. Mole drain performance is known to vary temporally and spatially due to variations in soil properties, installation conditions, mole channel integrity, and weather patterns. In fine-textured, low-permeability soil profiles, moles can be installed to supplement an underlying tile drain system. However, moles are often not included in such designs. The objective of this modeling study was to investigate the performance impacts of variations in mole integrity and design in such a soil profile during a range of rainfall event scenarios. A finite element software package (SEEP/W) was used to model a field site having (system 1) subsurface tile drains (0.9 m depth, 15 m spacing) with gravel aggregate(10 to 50 mm) and intersecting mole drains (0.6 m depth, 1.4 m spacing). The field site was subjected to a pedological survey to characterize the soil profile, while an on-site weather station and end-of-pipe flowmeters provided rainfall and discharge data from which the model could be calibrated. The calibrated model showed close agreement between modeled and observed subsurface discharge in the validation period (coefficient of mass residual = 0.12, index of agreement = 0.94, model efficiency = 0.74). The model was then used to evaluate the impact of three alternative designs: tile drains only, a common practice in similar soils (system 2); a design similar to system 1 but with the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of the mole-drained layer decreased to mimic a reduction in mole drain integrity and effectiveness (system 3); and a design similar to system 1 but with Ks of the mole-drained layer increased to mimic improved soil disturbance and fissuring during installation (system 4). These systems were analyzed using the calibration (event A) and validation (event B) rainfall events as well as two notional rainfall scenarios: a “fixed rainfall” scenario (event C) with a rainfall rate of 2 mm h-1 applied to all systems for 50 h and a “historical rainfall” scenario (event D) with annual (30 year) average daily values for the area (taken as the average monthly totals divided by the number of days per month) applied over a year. Results showed that the modeled designs exhibited similar relative behavior in all simulated rainfall scenarios. Systems 1 and 4 consistently outperformed systems 2 and 3 in terms of average and peak discharge and water table control capacity. Across rainfall events, system 2 (without mole drains) was the least effective and was seen to decrease drain discharge by an average of 63% and reduce mean water table depth by an average of 72% relative to systems 1 and 4. Results showed the importance of mole channels in supplementing tile drainage on fine soils, as well as the importance of mole integrity for optimal performance. Such a tool could provide decision support in the drainage system design process and assess the implications of design variations on cost, expected performance, and likely returns to the landowner by estimating seasonal variations in drainage discharge and water table position. Identifying and characterizing the major soil types on a farm through soil profile pedological descriptions and collation of real soil physical and meteorological data is essential to prescribe appropriate drainage designs and prioritize areas for drainage installation in light of technical feasibility and cost estimates. With high-resolution data, the software can be calibrated for other drainage system and climate change scenarios. Keywords: Mole drainage, Rainfall, SEEP/W, Simulation, Soil physical properties, Subsurface drainage.

scholarly journals HYDROGEOLOGICAL ACTION OF DRAINAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS OF POLISSІA ZONE IN CHANGING CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-84
Author(s):  
A. Rokochinskiy ◽  
O. Shevchenko ◽  
P. Volk ◽  
V. Turchenyuk ◽  
R. Koptjuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Excess Moisture ◽  
Mineral Soils

We have analyzed various methods and models for determining and calculating drainage module. The drainage module is an important indicator of the hydrogeological effect of drainage and soil drainage. For the calculation of the drainage calculation module, an empirical, analytical, water-balance method is used, or it is accepted on the recommendations without sufficient economic and environmental justification. This does not meet the modern requirements for the creation and operation of such objects. Traditionally, the designs and parameters of agricultural drainage are determined by the drainage module. It provides the necessary conditions for the removal of excess moisture of the active soil layer in the spring (as the main calculation) and corresponds to a certain level of the calculated security of the formation of the runoff hydrograph. According to the generalized results of the research, in the calculation of drainage parameters, the values of drainage modules were taken within: for mineral soils – 0.4… 0.6 l/sꞏha, for peat soils 0.2… 0.6 l/sꞏha. These recommended values are not correct because then the defined drainage parameters take into account only the technological conditions of its operation. But this does not take into account the conditions of formation of economic and environmental effect within the system, and they are not economically and environmentally optimal for the calculation of the drainage system and its elements. We have performed research and evaluation of the hydrogeological effect of the drainage and drainage systems. The results of these researches showed the variability of values of drainage modules in time and space. We have also identified many influencing factors and confirmed their difference with the calculated value. A new evaluation of the effectiveness of drainage systems and the calculation of drainage modules are proposed. This evaluation includes the yield criterion for variable natural (climatic) and agricultural conditions. New optimal values of drainage modules are proposed. These values are also presented for critical conditions (maximum daily rainfall of different levels of probability).

Penentuan Metode Intensitas Hujan Berdasarkan Karakteristik Hujan dari Stasiun Pengamat Hujan Disekitar Kecamatan Karawang Timur

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melisa Permatasari ◽  
M. Candra Nugraha ◽  
Etih Hartati
Keyword(s):  
Drainage System ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Intensity Analysis ◽  
Rain Intensity ◽  
Rainy Period ◽  
Discharge Plan ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Value Determination ◽  
Maximum Daily Rainfall ◽  
Method Approach

<p>The rain intensity is the high rainfall in unit of time. The length of rain will be reversed by the amount rain intensity. The shorter time the rain lasts, the greater of the intensity and re-period of its rain. The value of rain intensity is required to calculate the flood discharge plan on the drainage system planning area in East Karawang district. Determining the value rain intensity is required the maximum daily rainfall data obtained from the main observer stations in the Plawad station planning area. The method of determination rain intensity analysis can be done with three methods: Van Breen, Bell Tanimoto and Hasper der Weduwen. Selected method is based on the smallest deviation value. Determination deviation value is determined by comparing rain intensity value of Van Breen method, Bell Tanimoto, Hasper der Weduwen. By comparing rain intensity value of the Van Breen method, Bell Tanimoto, Hasper der Weduwen with the results of calculating three methods through the method approach Talbot, Sherman and Ishiguro. Calculation results show that the method of rain has smallest deviation standard is method Van Breen with Talbot approach for rainy period (PUH) 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years.</p>

The Influence of Geographical Factors on Extreme Rainfalls in Lampung Province

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
M Welly
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Design Flood ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Ungauged Basin ◽  
Flood Discharge ◽  
Design Rainfall ◽  
Geographical Factors

Many people in Indonesia calculate design rainfall before calculating the design flooddischarge. The design rainfall with a certain return period will eventually be convertedinto a design flood discharge by combining it with the characteristics of the watershed.However, the lack of a network of rainfall recording stations makes many areas that arenot hydrologically measured (ungauged basin), so it is quite difficult to know thecharacteristics of rain in the area concerned. This study aims to analyze thecharacteristics of design rainfall in Lampung Province. The focus of the analysis is toinvestigate whether geographical factors influence the design rainfall that occurs in theparticular area. The data used in this study is daily rainfall data from 15 rainfallrecording stations spread in Lampung Province. The method of frequency analysis usedin this study is the Gumbel method. The research shows that the geographical location ofan area does not have significant effect on extreme rainfall events. The effect of risingearth temperatures due to natural exploitation by humans tends to be stronger as a causeof extreme events such as extreme rainfall.Keywords: Influence, geographical, factors, extreme, rainfall.

scholarly journals Inclusion of Hydraulic Controls in Rehabilitation Models of Drainage Networks to Control Floods

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 514
Author(s):  
Leonardo Bayas-Jiménez ◽  
F. Javier Martínez-Solano ◽  
Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey ◽  
Daniel Mora-Melia ◽  
Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Hydraulic Control ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Drainage Networks ◽  
Extreme Rain ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
The Cost

A problem for drainage systems managers is the increase in extreme rain events that are increasing in various parts of the world. Their occurrence produces hydraulic overload in the drainage system and consequently floods. Adapting the existing infrastructure to be able to receive extreme rains without generating consequences for cities’ inhabitants has become a necessity. This research shows a new way to improve drainage systems with minimal investment costs, using for this purpose a novel methodology that considers the inclusion of hydraulic control elements in the network, the installation of storm tanks and the replacement of pipes. The presented methodology uses the Storm Water Management Model for the hydraulic analysis of the network and a modified Genetic Algorithm to optimize the network. In this algorithm, called the Pseudo-Genetic Algorithm, the coding of the chromosomes is integral and has been used in previous studies of hydraulic optimization. This work evaluates the cost of the required infrastructure and the damage caused by floods to find the optimal solution. The main conclusion of this study is that the inclusion of hydraulic controls can reduce the cost of network rehabilitation and decrease flood levels.

scholarly journals The Relevance of Grated Inlets within Surface Drainage Systems in the Field of Urban Flood Resilience. A Review of Several Experimental and Numerical Simulation Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7189
Author(s):  
Beniamino Russo ◽  
Manuel Gómez Valentín ◽  
Jackson Tellez-Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Hydraulic Efficiency ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Surface Drainage ◽  
Intense Storm

Urban drainage networks should be designed and operated preferably under open channel flow conditions without flux return, backwater, or overflows. In the case of extreme storm events, urban pluvial flooding is generated by the excess of surface runoff that could not be conveyed by pressurized sewer pipes, due to its limited capacity or, many times, due to the poor efficiency of surface drainage systems to collect uncontrolled overland flow. Generally, the hydraulic design of sewer systems is addressed more for underground networks, neglecting the surface drainage system, although inadequate inlet spacings and locations can cause dangerous flooding with relevant socio-economic impacts and the interruption of critical services and urban activities. Several experimental and numerical studies carried out at the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) and other research institutions demonstrated that the hydraulic efficiency of inlets can be very low under critical conditions (e.g., high circulating overland flow on steep areas). In these cases, the hydraulic efficiency of conventional grated inlets and continuous transverse elements can be around 10–20%. Their hydraulic capacity, expressed in terms of discharge coefficients, shows the same criticism with values quite far from those that are usually used in several project practice phases. The grate clogging phenomenon and more intense storm events produced by climate change could further reduce the inlets’ performance. In this context, in order to improve the flood urban resilience of our cities, the relevance of the hydraulic behavior of surface drainage systems is clear.

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