Spatial and temporal enlargement of trunk cankers of Phytophthoracinnamomi in red oak

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Robin ◽  
Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau ◽  
Claude Delatour
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Temporal Development ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Ink Disease

Phytophthoracinnamomi Rands is the agent of ink disease on northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.). Cortical cankers on the trunk are the visible symptoms. The fungus causes necrosis of the cambium and phloem, and the tree reacts by forming xylem callus curls. These features can be dated aposteriori on cross sections. The aim of this study was to describe the spatial and temporal development of cankers on cross-sectioned infected oaks. For each lesion, dates of cambium necrosis and formation of callus were recorded at different heights. The following parameters were measured for each lesion: age, height, rate of development, and length and duration of necrosis and canker. Two hundred sixty-three lesions, on 14 trees, were studied. Trees did not exhibit cankers before 9 years of age. All visible trunk cankers could be related to a collar lesion. Phytophthoracinnamomi spreads upwards and can persist for several years, being active seasonally. In this study cambium necrosis occurred preferentially during the first flush. Twenty-nine percent of the lesions were healed over at the collar after 1 year. The collar was less susceptible than the trunk. The other lesions spread rapidly in the cambium of the trunk, which was very vulnerable. They then progressively healed. Therefore, the canker progress curve was bell shaped.

scholarly journals Optimal Cross-Sectional Sampling Strategy for Red Oak Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Scars within Northern Red Oaks

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel J. Haavik ◽  
Frederick M. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Population Patterns

Abstract We used dendrochronological techniques to develop an optimal sampling strategy for the purpose of investigating the history of red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus [Haldeman]) population patterns within northern red oaks (Quercus rubra L.). We cut the entire length of three northern red oak tree boles into cross-sections, sanded top and bottom surfaces of each cross-section, and dated all scars within each bole. Our goal was to devise a strategy to reduce the amount of bole sampled without compromising the data necessary to accurately estimate historical population patterns of red oak borer. When we tested four possible sampling strategies and compared them with the entire-tree data sets from which they originated, we found no statistical differences in the distribution of scar counts by year. We also assessed processing time and found that compared with sampling an entire host bole, sampling strategies that include the lower 20% or 30% of boles would reduce labor efforts by 55–63%. We suggest that development of similar sampling methods for other bark or wood-boring species may be possible if the relationship between insect life history and annual tree-ring formation, as well as the general spatial and temporal distribution of insect evidence within trees, is known.

scholarly journals Cambial Peroxidase Enzymes Related to Graft Incompatibility in Red Oak

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-93
Author(s):  
Frank S. Santamour
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Developing Seed ◽  
Vascular Connections ◽  
Peroxidase Enzymes

Variation in cambial isoperoxidase banding patterns was greater in northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) than in any of the other oak species studied, with all combinations of the 3 major anodal bands (A,B,C) being present (A,B,C,AB,AC,BC,ABC). Barkring grafts between seedlings of similar enzyme constitution were successful and xylem vascular continuity was restored across the graft union. When the isoperoxidase pattern in the bark-ring donor differed from that of the stock, no common cambium was formed and normal vascular connections did not occur. The graft “failures” (not incompatibility) that have been common in the propagation of ‘Crownright’ and ‘Sovereign’ pin oaks are probably caused by the hypersensitivity of these scion cultivars to a virus transmitted by soil-borne nematodes. The disruption at the graft union was more severe when stock and scion had different isoperoxidase constitutions. Propagation problems engendered by isozyme incompatibility and virus hypersensitivity can be solved by developing “seed orchards” for the production of desirable seedling rootstocks.

scholarly journals Properties of the northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) wood determined by fractometric measurements - preliminary results

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-136
Author(s):  
Ivana Zivanovic ◽  
Filip Jovanovic ◽  
Nenad Surjanac ◽  
Nebojsa Todorovic ◽  
Goran Milic
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Oak Wood ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Relationship

This study presents preliminary results of the basic properties of the northern red oak wood as well as the relationship between the properties of the core samples obtained on the live tree and the tested properties. The core samples 5 mm in diameter were extracted from the tree and used for determining the fractometer properties: compressive strength parallel to grain, radial bending strength and braking angle. Using descriptive statistics and multiple regression, the relationship between fractometric parameters and basic physical and mechanical properties of wood determined by destructive methods (wood density, compressive strength in parallel with fibers and bending properties (bending strength and modulus of elasticity). The obtained values of the examined properties of northern red oak are within the limits of the literature data. Statistical analysis has shown that radial bending strength cannot be used as a reliable fractometric parameter in assessing wood quality. On the other hand, the obtained results suggest that the relationship between the other two parameters (compressive strength parallel to grain and fracture angle) and the properties of the northern red oak wood can be successfully described using the multiple regression models (coefficient of determination ranged from 0.945 to 0.990).

Electron Irradiation Effects in Polyoxymethylene Crystals Grown Inside Trioxane Crystals

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 78-79
Author(s):  
J. P. Colson ◽  
D. H. Reneker
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Irradiation Effects ◽  
Threefold Axis ◽  
Typical Sample ◽  
Polymer Crystals ◽  
Chain Axis

Polyoxymethylene (POM) crystals grow inside trioxane crystals which have been irradiated and heated to a temperature slightly below their melting point. Figure 1 shows a low magnification electron micrograph of a group of such POM crystals. Detailed examination at higher magnification showed that three distinct types of POM crystals grew in a typical sample. The three types of POM crystals were distinguished by the direction that the polymer chain axis in each crystal made with respect to the threefold axis of the trioxane crystal. These polyoxymethylene crystals were described previously.At low magnifications the three types of polymer crystals appeared as slender rods. One type had a hexagonal cross section and the other two types had rectangular cross sections, that is, they were ribbonlike.

Does the invasion of Northern Red Oak Quercus rubra in parkland influence the diversity of birds?

Biologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Grzędzicka ◽  
Katarzyna Kowalik ◽  
Barbara Bacler-Żbikowska
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
Alien Plants ◽  
Forest Birds ◽  
Bird Diversity ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Alien Plant Species ◽  
Alien Plant

AbstractInvasive plants are non-native, but in most cases naturalised, species that have successfully spread outside of their native range. Aliens invaded all habitats, are competing with native plants, thus, after the direct destruction of habitats, invasions are recognised as the second largest danger for biodiversity. Northern Red Oak is one of the most common invasive tree species dispersed primarily by birds, but new studies have shown that it is also spread continuously in a forest stand. The main aim of our research was to check how strong is the invasion of Northern Red Oak in Silesia Park, where it was introduced together with other alien plant species, and how this invasion interacts with bird diversity. Silesia Park was created 65 years ago on the surface largely ravaged by coal industry. Because many studies indicate birds as vectors of alien plants invasion, we examined the bird fauna in a described area, looking for species that can contribute to spreading oaks. Research showed the diversity of 50 bird species. Surface with a presence of Northern Red Oak was characterised by greater participation of alien plant species than the patch of natural forest, which existed there long before the park creation. The greatest bird diversity was found in the most natural part of Silesia Park, and the lowest in the area of invasion, especially in the case of species classified as “forest birds”. The presence of alien plants increased number of “non-forest” birds, mostly synanthropic species. We also found that Northern Red Oak spreads by spontaneous seed dispersal.

Survival and growth of understory trees in oak forests of the Hudson Highlands, New York

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig G. Lorimer
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Understory Trees

Mortality and growth rates of trees in various crown classes and size classes were analyzed from 40-year permanent plot records of slope and ravine forest dominated by chestnut oak (Quercusprinus L.) and northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.). Average 5-year mortality rates for suppressed trees ≥2.5 cm dbh of chestnut oak and red oak in the slope forest were 26 and 45%, respectively. None of the suppressed red oaks survived the 40-year period, compared with 14% of the chestnut oaks and 33% of the red maples (Acerrubrum L.). Mortality of oak trees in the intermediate crown class was less than half that of suppressed trees, but still much higher than that of maples and birches on the tracts. Survival was reasonably high for oaks as long as the top of the crown was receiving direct sunlight, but the expected 40-year survival rate of red oaks in such a position is only 20%, with an average growth rate of 1.0 mm in diameter per year. Curves and equations expressing average mortality and growth rates at various levels of competition are presented for each species.

Detection of Northern Red Oak Wetwood by Fast Heating and Ion Mobility Spectrometric Analysis

Holzforschung ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 513-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger C. Pettersen ◽  
James C. Ward ◽  
André H. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Ion Mobility ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Fast Heating

Fifty years of partial harvesting in a mixed mesophytic forest: composition and productivity

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 985-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M Schuler
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Periodic Growth ◽  
Mesophytic Forest ◽  
Single Tree Selection

Long-term silvicultural trials contribute to sustainable forest management by providing a better scientific understanding of how forest ecosystems respond to periodic timber harvesting. In this study, species composition, diversity, and net periodic growth of tree species in a mixed mesophytic forest in the central Appalachians were evaluated after about a half century of management. Three partial cutting practices on 18 research compartments and on 3 unmanaged reference compartments were evaluated (1951–2001) on 280 ha. Single-tree selection, diameter-limit harvesting, and timber harvesting in 0.162-ha patches were assessed on three northern red oak site index50 (SI) classes: 24, 21, and 18. Shannon–Weiner's diversity index (H′) declined from the first (1951–1959) to last (1987–2001) measurements and was related to both SI (P = 0.004) and treatment (P = 0.009). Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were the two most abundant species in recent years (1987–2001); in contrast, in initial inventories (1951–1959), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) were most abundant. Net periodic annual increment (PAI) of merchantable trees (DBH ≥12.7 cm) was related to both SI (P = 0.004) and treatment (P = 0.003). Mean PAI ranged from 4.6 m3·ha–1·year–1 for single-tree selection to 2.5 m3·ha–1·year–1 for unmanaged reference areas across all SI classes. The decline of oak species suggests that only intensive and specific forest management focused on maintaining oak species can obtain historical levels of diversity.

scholarly journals Comment on "Radiative forcings for 28 potential Archean greenhouse gases" by Byrne and Goldblatt (2014)

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1097-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Kochanov ◽  
I. E. Gordon ◽  
L. S. Rothman ◽  
S. W. Sharpe ◽  
T. J. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Spectral Region ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Radiative Forcings ◽  
The Status ◽  
Moderate Resolution ◽  
Spectroscopic Database

Abstract. In the recent article by Byrne and Goldblatt, "Radiative forcing for 28 potential Archean greenhouse gases", Clim. Past. 10, 1779–1801 (2014), the authors employ the HITRAN2012 spectroscopic database to evaluate the radiative forcing of 28 Archean gases. As part of the evaluation of the status of the spectroscopy of these gases in the selected spectral region (50–1800 cm−1), the cross sections generated from the HITRAN line-by-line parameters were compared with those of the PNNL database of experimental cross sections recorded at moderate resolution. The authors claimed that for NO2, HNO3, H2CO, H2O2, HCOOH, C2H4, CH3OH and CH3Br there exist large or sometimes severe disagreements between the databases. In this work we show that for only three of these eight gases a modest discrepancy does exist between the two databases and we explain the origin of the differences. For the other five gases, the disagreements are not nearly at the scale suggested by the authors, while we explain some of the differences that do exist. In summary, the agreement between the HITRAN and PNNL databases is very good, although not perfect. Typically differences do not exceed 10 %, provided that HITRAN data exist for the bands/wavelengths of interest. It appears that a molecule-dependent combination of errors has affected the conclusions of the authors. In at least one case it appears that they did not take the correct file from PNNL (N2O4 (dimer)+ NO2 was used in place of the monomer). Finally, cross sections of HO2 from HITRAN (which do not have a PNNL counterpart) were not calculated correctly in BG, while in the case of HF misleading discussion was presented there based on the confusion by foreign or noise features in the experimental PNNL spectra.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document