Myocardial effects and pharmacokinetics of digoxin and ouabain in protein-deficient guinea pigs

Myocardial effects and pharmacokinetics of digoxin and ouabain were studied in male albino guinea pigs fed ad libitum either a 21% (control) or a 5% (low) protein diet for 4 weeks. Dietary protein deficiency was associated with a decrease in body weight gain, ventricular weight, total plasma proteins and plasma albumin, hepatic total and microsomal proteins, cytochrome P-450, and protein:DNA ratios; serum potassium was slightly but insignificantly decreased. No significant differences were found in the following experiments with digoxin and ouabain in control and protein-deficient animals: inotropic effects of ouabain on isolated papillary muscles and left atria; uptake of [3H]ouabain by isolated papillary muscles; ventricular fibriliatory doses of digoxin and ouabain in anesthetized animals and the concentrations of digoxin in plasma and papillary muscles at the onset of ventricular fibrillation in these animals; plasma half-life of digoxin in unanesthetized guinea pigs. It is concluded that although dietary protein deficiency influences several physiological and biochemical parameters it does not alter the myocardial effects and pharmacokinetics of digoxin and ouabain in guinea pigs.

Download Full-text

Severe protein deficiency induces hepatic expression and systemic level of FGF21 but inhibits its hypothalamic expression in growing rats

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-91274-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joanna Moro ◽

Catherine Chaumontet ◽

Patrick C. Even ◽

Anne Blais ◽

Julien Piedcoq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Food Intake ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Deficiency ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Growing Rats ◽

Low Protein ◽

Protein Diets

AbstractTo study, in young growing rats, the consequences of different levels of dietary protein deficiency on food intake, body weight, body composition, and energy balance and to assess the role of FGF21 in the adaptation to a low protein diet. Thirty-six weanling rats were fed diets containing 3%, 5%, 8%, 12%, 15% and 20% protein for three weeks. Body weight, food intake, energy expenditure and metabolic parameters were followed throughout this period. The very low-protein diets (3% and 5%) induced a large decrease in body weight gain and an increase in energy intake relative to body mass. No gain in fat mass was observed because energy expenditure increased in proportion to energy intake. As expected, Fgf21 expression in the liver and plasma FGF21 increased with low-protein diets, but Fgf21 expression in the hypothalamus decreased. Under low protein diets (3% and 5%), the increase in liver Fgf21 and the decrease of Fgf21 in the hypothalamus induced an increase in energy expenditure and the decrease in the satiety signal responsible for hyperphagia. Our results highlight that when dietary protein decreases below 8%, the liver detects the low protein diet and responds by activating synthesis and secretion of FGF21 in order to activate an endocrine signal that induces metabolic adaptation. The hypothalamus, in comparison, responds to protein deficiency when dietary protein decreases below 5%.

Download Full-text

Influence of dietary protein on the disposition and metabolism of phenylbutazone in rats

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y80-040 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 231-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Daya R. Varma

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Urinary Excretion ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Hepatic Metabolism ◽

Protein Deficiency ◽

Male Rats ◽

Low Protein ◽

Ad Libitum

Influence of dietary protein on the disposition and metabolism of phenylbutazone was investigated in male rats fed ad libitum a 21% (control) or a 5% (low) protein diet for 3 weeks. Phenylbutazone and its metabolites were assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Dietary protein deficiency was associated with a decrease in the conversion of phenylbutazone into oxyphenbutazone by 9000 × g liver supernatant of protein-deficient rats. Also, dietary protein deficiency was associated with a decrease in the urinary excretion of various metabolites of phenylbutazone, namely, oxyphenbutazone γ-hydroxyphenylbutazone, β-hydroxyphenylbutazone, p,γ-dihydroxyphenylbutazone, and an unknown metabolite (not identified). Pretreatment with phenobarbitone or phenylbutazone led to an increase in the hepatic metabolism of phenylbutazone and the urinary excretion of various metabolites in both groups of animals. Within 5 min after an injection of phenylbutazone, plasma contained oxyphenbutazone; the area under the curve of oxyphenbutazone was significantly greater in protein-deficient rats than in controls possibly due to a greater accumulation. It is concluded that dietary protein deficiency is associated with a decrease in the disposition and metabolism of phenylbutazone in rats.

Download Full-text

Perinatal Exposure to low Protein Diets Perturbs some Ovarian Genes Critical to Reproductive Health from One Generation to Another

10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppav6fu.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abey Nosarieme

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Health ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

First Generation ◽

Growth Factor Receptor ◽

Reproductive Function ◽

Protein Deficiency ◽

Low Protein ◽

Enhancer Binding Protein ◽

Males And Females ◽

Protein Diets

The maintenance of fertility status critically depends on the proper functioning of the ovary, which is also a reflect of normal development of ovarian follicles. Malnourished males and females have been scientifically proven to form a major infertile population in developing countries. Proper nutrition therefore forms a baseline for functional reproductive makeup. This study seeks to assess the mRNA expression level of ovarian inhibin alpha (IHA), Estrogen receptor (ERα), Aromatase, CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1) in the F 0 and F 1 rat progeny subjected to perinatal dietary protein deficiency. Rats in four (4) groups were fed different grade of protein deficient diets (5%, 10%, 21% protein diets and rat chow). Total RNA was extracted from the snap frozen ovary excised from the different rat groups, checked for quality, converted the cDNA and RT-qPCR was used to quantify amount of each mRNA expressed in the tissue. Result shows severe alteration in the level of expression of some of the key genes assessed essential for sustenance of reproductive health from one generation to another. Inhibin alpha was downregulated while CEBPA was upregulated in 5%PD groups at F 1 and F 2, ERα was downregulated only at first generation but normalized in the second generation. Aromatase in the 10% group was upregulated at F 1 and F 2 generation, while in the 5%PD, it was downregulated only at F 2. These modulations mediate the effects of dietary protein deficiency on the ovarian and reproductive function from one generation to another.

Download Full-text

Dietary protein and zinc restrictions independently modify a Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda) infection in mice

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182098002431 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 116 (5) ◽

pp. 449-462 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

M. BOULAY ◽

M. E. SCOTT ◽

S. L. CONLY ◽

M. M. STEVENSON ◽

K. G. KOSKI

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Challenge Infection ◽

Host Susceptibility ◽

Albumin Concentration ◽

Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽

Low Protein ◽

Marginal Zinc Deficiency

The effects of dietary protein and zinc restrictions on Heligmosomoides polygyrus were compared following primary and challenge infection in female BALB/c mice fed either control (24%), marginal (7%) or low (3%) protein combined with either high or low zinc (60 or 3 mg Zn/kg diet). Dietary protein restriction (3%) resulted in significantly lower body weight gain. As well, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) significantly decreased with decreasing dietary protein level. However, neither plasma albumin concentration nor relative thymus or spleen weights were reduced. Marginal zinc deficiency was confirmed by significantly lower tibia and liver zinc concentration, but food intake, body weight gain, relative thymus and spleen weights, and alkaline phosphatase activity were not altered. On day 29 post-primary infection, worm burdens were significantly higher in mice fed either marginal or low protein and in mice fed a low zinc diet, while parasite egg output was significantly higher in mice fed both low protein and low zinc diets. Immune status was compromised in mice fed low protein (significantly lower serum IgG1 and lower eosinophilia), and in mice fed low zinc diet (significantly lower eosinophilia). Early in the infection, IgE titres were elevated in mice fed low protein or low zinc, but IgE titres declined to levels lower than the control diet groups after 14–21 days. On day 29 post-challenge infection, worm burdens and parasite egg output were significantly higher in mice fed low protein, whereas the other groups had expelled almost all parasites. Dietary restriction had no effect on serum IgE. Significantly reduced serum IgG1 titres and eosinophilia in mice fed 3% protein supported the view that low dietary protein but not low zinc increased host susceptibility to H. polygyrus by compromising host immune function following reinfection in immunized mice.

Download Full-text

Effects of dietary protein content and 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid ordl-methionine supplementation on performance and oxidative status of broiler chickens

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114511002558 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 106 (12) ◽

pp. 1845-1854 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Quirine Swennen ◽

Pierre-André Geraert ◽

Yves Mercier ◽

Nadia Everaert ◽

Anneleen Stinckens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Protein Content ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Antioxidant Status ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Oxidative Status ◽

High Protein ◽

Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase ◽

Low Protein

Besides its typical role as an amino acid in protein synthesis, methionine is an important intermediate in methylation reactions. In addition, it can also be converted to cysteine and hence plays a role in the defence against oxidative stress. The present study was conducted to investigate further the role ofdl-methionine (DLM) and its hydroxy analogue,dl-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid (DL-HMTBA), on zootechnical performance and oxidative status of broiler chickens. Male broiler chickens were reared on two diets differing in crude protein (CP) content (low-protein, 18·3 %v.high-protein, 23·2 % CP) and were supplemented either with 0·25 % DLM or 0·25 % DL-HMTBA. Reducing the dietary protein content resulted in an impaired body weight gain (P < 0·0001). However, supplementation of DL-HMTBA to the low-protein diet partially alleviated these negative effects (P = 0·0003). This latter phenomenon could be explained by the fact that chickens fed DL-HMTBA-supplemented diets displayed a better antioxidant status as reflected in lower lipid peroxidation probably as a consequence of their higher hepatic concentrations of total and reduced glutathione compared with their DLM counterparts. On the other hand, within the high protein levels, uric acid might be an important antioxidant to explain the lower lipid peroxidation of high-protein DL-HMTBA-supplemented chickens. Hepatic methionine sulfoxide reductase-A gene expression was not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. In conclusion, the present study indicates that there are interactions between dietary protein content and supplementation of methionine analogues with respect to broiler performance and antioxidant status, also suggesting a causal link between these traits.

Download Full-text

The level of dietary protein and carbohydrate has a different effect on intestinal uptake of hexoses and lipids in rabbits with an ileal resection than in those with an intact intestinal tract

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y87-039 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 219-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. B. R. Thomson

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Intestinal Transport ◽

Decanoic Acid ◽

Ileal Resection ◽

Low Protein ◽

Carbohydrate Levels

Either high protein, low carbohydrate (HP) or low protein, high carbohydrate (LP) diets were fed for 6 weeks to rabbits with or without resection of the distal half of the small intestine. Control and resected rabbits fed HP consumed more food and gained more weight than the animals fed LP. The level of dietary protein has a different effect on intestinal transport in animals with an ileal resection than in those with an intact small intestine. With 0.5 mM glucose, the in vitro uptake in control rabbits was greater for the LP than HP diet but was unchanged in resected rabbits; uptake of 0.5 mM galactose and 3-O-methyl glucose was unaffected by HP and LP, whereas in rabbit uptake was lower in LP than HP. The uptake of 40 mM glucose was greater with the LP than HP diet in control rabbits, but lower with LP than HP in resected rabbits. In control rabbits, the uptake of aluric acid was lower on the LP than HP diet; the uptake of octanoic acid, decanoic acid, and cholesterol was unchanged; and the uptake of each fatty acid and cholesterol was greater in resected rabbits fed LP than HP. Feeding a low protein diet to animals with an ileal resection is associated with lower jejunal uptake of high concentrations of glucose, but the higher uptake of glactose and enhanced permeability to fatty acids result in superior weight gain. Thus, recommendations for alterations in dietary protein and carbohydrate levels following ileal resection must be made with the knowledge that these changes may influence intestinal transport function as well as body weight gain.

Download Full-text

Effects of variations in dietary protein levels on hair growth and pelt quality in mink (Mustela vison)

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a99-063 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 80 (4) ◽

pp. 633-642 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Palle V. Rasmussen ◽

Christian F. Børsting

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Level ◽

Hair Growth ◽

Fibre Length ◽

Hair Follicles ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Low Protein ◽

Pregnancy And Lactation ◽

Hair Fibre

The effect of different and shifting dietary protein levels on hair growth and the resulting pelt quality in mink was studied. Two groups of pastel female mink were fed either 59% (high protein, HP) or 40% (low protein, LP) of metabolisable energy (ME) from protein during pregnancy and lactation. Shortly after weaning, kits from females fed the LP diet were put on a new LP diet (21% protein of ME). Kits from females fed HP were randomly distributed to four experimental groups fed a new HP diet (34% protein of ME) and three of these groups were shifted to diets with 21% protein at different times during June until September. Skin biopsies were taken at 4, 6, 23 and, 29 wk of age. Histological techniques and computer-assisted light microscopy were used to determine the ratio of activity (ROA) of underfur and guard hairs, respectively, defined as the number of growing hairs as a percentage of the total number of hairs. The hair fibre length and thickness were determined by morphometric methods and correlated with fur properties of dried pelts judged by sensory methods. It was documented that 40% of ME from protein during pregnancy and lactation was sufficient for mink kits to express their genetic capacity to produce hair follicles. In males, a reduced protein level from the age of 15 wk or 22 wk until pelting disturbed moulting, indicated by a low ROA of underfur hairs at 23 wk, and consequently reduced the growth and development of the winter coat. A constantly low protein level from conception until the age of 29 wk did not disturb moulting, but led to a reduction of primeness and especially of the underfur length and fibre thickness of the winter coat. A low protein level from the age of 9 wk only reduced the thickness of the underfur fibres. Hair growth, final fur volume, and general quality of the winter coat of males were influenced negatively and to the same degree in all groups fed the LP diet in part of the growth period. The number of underfur hairs per area (hair density) of the winter coat was not influenced by the dietary treatment meaning that the protein content of 21% of ME in the LP diet was high enough for the mink to express its genetic capacity to develop hair follicles. However, this low protein content led to a reduction of hair fibre length and hair fibre thickness of the underfur. Overall, this study demonstrated that hair growth and hair properties in pelts are very dependent on the dietary protein supply in the period from 22 wk of age until pelting, irrespective of the supply in the preceding periods. Key words: Fur properties, hair fibres, nutrition, pelage, protein requirement

Download Full-text