The relative importance of body size, phylogeny, locomotion, and diet in the evolution of forelimb dexterity in fissiped carnivores (Carnivora)

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 1110-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew N Iwaniuk ◽  
Sergio M Pellis ◽  
Ian Q Whishaw
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Differential Evolution ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Phylogenetic Information ◽  
Phylogenetic Relatedness ◽  
The Relationship

Using a new rating scale of forelimb dexterity that separates the contribution of proximal components (shoulder, upper forelimb, and lower forelimb) from distal components (forepaw), we examined the relationship between functional demands and phylogeny and forelimb dexterity in 45 species of fissiped carnivores (Carnivora). Specifically, we examined the effects of body size, phylogenetic relatedness, diet (vertebrate predation), and locomotion (arboreality) on the differential evolution of forelimb dexterity. Regression analyses indicate that, although body size does appear to be positively correlated with the dexterity of the proximal components, the inclusion of phylogenetic information results in a nonsignificant relationship. Phylogenetic relatedness was found to account for a significant amount of interspecific variation in proximal, distal, and total (proximal + distal) dexterity. When phylogenetic effects were incorporated, arboreality was not significantly correlated with any of the dexterity scores, but vertebrate predation was, albeit a negative correlation. The amount of variation in the dexterity of proximal and distal components did, however, differ in magnitude within each significant result. Thus, each component can be differentially affected by specific functional demands. By examining the significant associations with diet and phylogeny and mapping the dexterity scores onto the phylogeny, we also demonstrate that the ancestral degree of forelimb dexterity of both the caniform and feliform lineages was approximately equal to that of the average extant carnivore. Thus, forelimb dexterity has decreased or increased within particular lineages, with reductions or elaborations in some species resulting from the invasion of specific niches not occupied by congeners.

Institutional Favoritism, Income, and Political Trust: Evidence from Jordan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammar Shamaileh ◽  
Yousra Chaábane
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Well Being ◽  
National Origin ◽  
The Political ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Well Being

What is the relationship between institutional favoritism, economic well-being, and political trust? Due to the role that East Bank tribes played in supporting the monarchy during the state’s formative years, Jordan has institutionalized a type of political discrimination that privileges East Bank Jordanians over Palestinian Jordanians. An empirical examination of the political institutions of the state reveals that such discrimination remains pervasive. It was subsequently theorized that institutional favoritism’s impact on political trust is conditional on income due to the greater salience of group identity among individuals with lower incomes. Regression analyses of survey data reveal a consistent negative correlation between political trust and income among East Bank Jordanians. There is little evidence of a substantively meaningful unconditional relationship between national origin and political trust.

Sport News on Facebook: The Relationship Between Interactivity and Readers’ Browsing Behavior

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Boehmer ◽  
Stephen Lacy
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Web Site ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Sport Communication ◽  
Work Routines ◽  
Sports News ◽  
Browsing Behavior ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
The Relationship

This study analyzes how interactivity on Facebook relates to users’ browsing behaviors such as clicking a link, visiting a Web site, clicking articles on a Web site, and spending time on a sports news Web site. Regression analyses of 502 Facebook posts and the corresponding news articles show that the number of individuals who clicked on a link is not related to higher levels of interactivity, but an increase in interactivity did affect the number of overall visits generated. In addition, higher levels of interactivity had a slight negative correlation with the number of pages visited and the time spent on an organization’s Web site. Implications for the training and work routines of sport communication professionals in organizations, journalism, and public relations are discussed.

Relationship Quality and Distress in Caregivers of Persons With Dementia: A Cross-Sectional Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Bjørge ◽  
Kari Kvaal ◽  
Milada Cvancarova Småstuen ◽  
Ingun Ulstein
Keyword(s):  
Leisure Time ◽  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between caregivers and care receivers, defined as home-dwelling family members with dementia. We used a self-rating questionnaire, the Felt Expressed Emotion Rating Scale (FEERS; 6 simple questions), to measure caregiver perceptions of the care receiver’s criticisms (CCs) and emotional overinvolvement (EOI) toward the caregiver. We performed factor analyses to rank single items on the FEERS pertaining to CC and EOI. We included 208 caregiver/care receiver pairs. Logistic regression analyses tested associations between FEERS items and caregiver and care receiver variables. The main contributors to caregiver perceptions of CC were the caregiver’s own distress and the amount of time spent with the care receiver. Socially distressed caregivers perceived the care receiver as emotionally overinvolved. When offering a psychosocial intervention, a tailored program should target the caregiver’s perceived relationship with the family member and the caregiver’s distress. The program should also endeavor to give the caretaker more opportunities for leisure time.

scholarly journals Effect of Time and Concentration on Mortality of the Cigarette Beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.), Fumigated With Phosphine

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoto Fukazawa ◽  
Ryota Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Lasioderma Serricorne ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Cigarette Beetle ◽  
Gas Concentration ◽  
Stored Product Pests ◽  
Phosphine Resistance ◽  
The Relationship

Summary The efficacy of a fumigant is determined by the gas concentration and exposure time. Typically, the gas concentration and exposure time are equally important in fumigation efficacy and their relationship is expressed as Ct = k, where C is the concentration, t is the time and k is a constant (Haber’s rule). However, deviation from Haber’s rule, i.e., the relative importance of time over concentration, has been reported for several stored-product pests, and a modified form (Cn t = k) is used to express the relationship between C and t. This study aimed to determine if this modified form could be applied to phosphine fumigation of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.). Adult beetles from six cultures with different phosphine-resistance levels were exposed to phosphine (1–2000 ppm) at 25 °C for either 24, 72, 120, or 168 h, and the phosphine concentration necessary to achieve 50% lethality (LC50) was calculated. The phosphine concentration (C) and the exposure time (t) relationship at the LC50 for all six cultures were determined by regression analyses. The equation Cn t = k was a good fit for all the cultures tested, irrespective of phosphine resistance. The results showed the exponent n was less than 1 (0.51 ≤ n ≤ 0.71, coefficient of determination 0.90–0.99), suggesting that time is more important than concentration in toxicity expression of phosphine against L. serricorne. Therefore, extending the exposure time rather than increasing the concentration should be emphasized to manage the future threat of resistance problems with phosphine.

Phylogeny and relations among abundance, geographical range and body size of British breeding birds

1995 ◽  
Vol 349 (1330) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Breeding Birds ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Phylogenetic Relatedness ◽  
Bird Assemblages ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Weak Influence

Links between bird phylogeny and abundance, geographical range and body size relations were examined with use of a newly published data set on the numbers and distribution of British breeding birds. There was a negative correlation between abundance (and geographical range) and body size across species, but no significant correlations within non-passerine and passerine taxa considered separately. Abundance correlated positively with geographical range across species and within non-passerines and passerines. Three measures of phylogenetic relatedness of bird tribes were considered, termed ‘rootedness’, ‘date of origin’ and ‘radiation d ate’. The date at which a tribe originated (measured as rootedness or date of origin) had a consistent but weak influence on the form of the relation between abundance and body size. Phylogeny was not implicated in the relation between geographical range and body size. Phylogenetically isolated tribes were more likely to show a positive correlation between abundance and body size than more recently evolved tribes. Results are discussed in the context of previous studies of both regional and local bird assemblages and the hypotheses suggested to explain associations with phylogeny.

scholarly journals A study of correlation between body size and social status of children and adoles-cents within a peer group (with the main focus on Russian schoolchildren)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 74-99
Author(s):  
Valentina Nikolaevna Burkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. Studies of correlation between body size and social status indicate that morphological parameters (height, weight, body mass index) have an impact on the popularity and unpopularity of children and adolescents among peers. However, the available research investigations are controversial and have a range of limitations. The drawbacks of previous studies include mixed samples and little attention to the ethnic factor in the analysis, while morphological and behavioral indicators in different ethnic groups can differ greatly. The purpose of this work is to study the correlation between body size (height, weight, body mass index) and social status of schoolchildren in a peer group (with the main focus on Russian schoolchildren). Materials and Methods. The research was conducted in Moscow (the Russian Federation). The sample consisted of 1077 schoolchildren (507 male and 570 female) aged between 10 and 18 years. At the first stage of the research, all students completed a demographic questionnaire (gender, age, and ethnicity). The sample included only schoolchildren who consider themselves Russian. For assessing social status, a rating scale method was used: each participant completed a rating-scale sociometric to index popularity within the class. Next, anthropometric measurements of each respondent were made - body length, body weight, followed by the calculation of the body mass index (BMI). Results. The data analysis revealed the relationship between morphological parameters (body size) and the social status of schoolchildren within the group. The data were obtained on a homogeneous sample of Russian schoolchildren. However, this relationship was significant only for adolescence and was determined by gender. In addition, the authors revealed that low social status is determined by both overweight and underweight. Conclusions. The results show that morphological indicators (height, weight, body mass index) affect the popularity and unpopularity of children and adolescents among peers. The findings enhance our understanding of the relationship between body size and social status and related problems of victimization and aggressive behavior in adolescent groups. Keywords Russian schoolchildren; Social status; Popularity; Victimization; Body size; Height; Weight; Body Mass Index.

Obesity and its relation to employment income: Does the bias in self-reported BMI matter?

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Thomas Alexander Perks
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Size Effect ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Body Size Effect

This study explores what difference, if any, the bias in self-reported body mass index (BMI) has on our understanding of the relationship between body size and income attainment. To accomplish this, aggregated data from Cycle 1 and Cycle 2 of the Canada Health Measures Survey, in which information on both self-reported and measured BMI was collected, are used. Based on subsamples of female and male employees, OLS regression analyses contrasting the effect of self-reported and measured BMI on income show that for women, self-reported BMI leads to underestimates of a negative body size effect, whereas for men, self-reported BMI leads to overestimates of a positive body size effect. Additional analyses examining the appropriateness of correction factors to improve the accuracy of self-reported BMI effect estimates suggest correction factors do little to reduce these systematic errors.

The relationship between maternal body size and clutch size, development time and egg mortality in Euchaeta norvegica (Copepoda: Calanoida) from Loch Etive, Scotland

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. E. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Development Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Maternal Body ◽  
Egg Mortality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Personal Research

Analyses of the relationship between the size and the number of eggs per female in various decapods, isopods, cumaceans and mysids were made by Jensen (1958) based upon personal research and information from available literature. Regression analyses indicated that the number of eggs per female is related to the cube of the body length.

scholarly journals The effects of aquatic oxygen concentration, body size and respiratory behaviour on the stamina of obligate aquatic (Bufo americanus) and facultative air-breathing (Xenopus laevis and Rana berlandieri) anuran larvae

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-190
Author(s):  
R. J. Wassersug ◽  
M. E. Feder
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Bufo Americanus ◽  
Aquatic Respiration ◽  
Rana Berlandieri ◽  
Hypoxic Water ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
The Relationship

Larvae of the anurans Rana berlandieri and Xenopus laevis have lungs and can breathe air as well as irrigate buccal and pharyngeal surfaces for aquatic respiration. Larvae of Bufo americanus lack lungs until just before metamorphosis and are obligately aquatic. We examined the relationship between the locomotor stamina (time to fatigue), aquatic oxygen concentration, body size, and respiratory behaviour of swimming larvae of these species, with the following results: Stamina is size-dependent in all three species. Aquatic hypoxia reduces stamina in larvae of all three species, but most conspicuously in Bufo. Breathing air increases stamina in Rana larvae, especially in large animals and under aquatic hypoxia. In contrast to Rana larvae, Xenopus larvae swimming in normoxic water undergo a reduction in stamina when allowed to breathe air. In hypoxic water, aerial respiration moderates the reduction in stamina seen in Xenopus larvae. Branchial irrigation is associated with increased stamina in Xenopus, and is increased under hypoxia and at high swimming velocities. Respiratory demand, buoyancy and the drag associated with branchial irrigation all affect respiratory behaviour in Xenopus larvae. The great amount of interspecific variation in the relationship between respiratory behaviour and stamina reveals the importance of measuring performance directly when attempting to interpret the functional significance of respiratory structures and behaviour.

Exploring the Potential Impact of Sentence-Level Comprehension and Sentence-Level Fluency on Deaf Students' Passage Comprehension

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 2281-2292
Author(s):  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Xinchun Wu ◽  
Hongjun Chen ◽  
Peng Sun ◽  
Ruibo Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Independent Predictor ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Deaf Students ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Mediating Mechanisms ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose This exploratory study aimed to investigate the potential impact of sentence-level comprehension and sentence-level fluency on passage comprehension of deaf students in elementary school. Method A total of 159 deaf students, 65 students ( M age = 13.46 years) in Grades 3 and 4 and 94 students ( M age = 14.95 years) in Grades 5 and 6, were assessed for nonverbal intelligence, vocabulary knowledge, sentence-level comprehension, sentence-level fluency, and passage comprehension. Group differences were examined using t tests, whereas the predictive and mediating mechanisms were examined using regression modeling. Results The regression analyses showed that the effect of sentence-level comprehension on passage comprehension was not significant, whereas sentence-level fluency was an independent predictor in Grades 3–4. Sentence-level comprehension and fluency contributed significant variance to passage comprehension in Grades 5–6. Sentence-level fluency fully mediated the influence of sentence-level comprehension on passage comprehension in Grades 3–4, playing a partial mediating role in Grades 5–6. Conclusions The relative contributions of sentence-level comprehension and fluency to deaf students' passage comprehension varied, and sentence-level fluency mediated the relationship between sentence-level comprehension and passage comprehension.

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