Social status of male Iberian rock lizards (Lacerta monticola) influences their activity patterns during the mating season

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 1105-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Martín ◽  
Pilar López
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Mating Season ◽  
The Social ◽  
Body Mass Changes

Not all individual lizards in a population are simultaneously active even when thermal conditions are suitable for activity. We examined inter-individual variability in activity levels of male Iberian rock lizards (Lacerta monticola) in a seminatural enclosure during the mating season, and analyzed whether social status affects their activity levels, time budgets, and body-mass changes. Activity levels of lizards varied significantly with time of day. However, activity levels of individual males were significantly correlated with their rank in the social hierarchy. When the males were active, their status did not influence the time spent basking, resting, or moving, but males with a higher status spent more time in social activities. Higher activity levels were costly, causing males to lose more body mass, although this could have been mainly due to the costs of maintaining a higher social status. We conclude that because attaining a higher status may require a male to be more active and more involved in agonistic encounters, subordinate individuals decrease their activity in order to decrease the costs of social behavior.

Activity patterns in relation to body mass and ambient temperature among overwintering cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 668-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A Eifler ◽  
Norman A Slade
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Sigmodon Hispidus ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Class Time ◽  
Time Class ◽  
Cotton Rats ◽  
Probability Of Capture

We examined mass-specific activity patterns among overwintering cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) in northeastern Kansas. We livetrapped animals for a 24-h period, checking traps every 2 h. Trapping occurred every 2 weeks for 5 months. We estimated probability of capture for each mass class, time class, and date, then tested for differences in probability of capture (i.e., activity levels) using a General Linear Model with temperature as a covariate. Large cotton rats were significantly less active than small and intermediate-sized cotton rats. Activity of small cotton rats increased with decreasing temperature, whereas larger cotton rats were less responsive to temperature. Finally, activity levels of large and small cotton rats did not vary significantly with time of day, but intermediate-sized cotton rats were significantly less likely to be captured during the night than at dusk.

An Examination of the Activity Patterns of Elementary School Children

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan D. Vincent ◽  
Robert P. Pangrazi
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Factorial Anova ◽  
Step Counts ◽  
Meaningful Activity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Steps Per Day

Research has suggested a trend of decreasing activity with age necessitating a renewed emphasis on promoting physical activity for children. The purpose of this study was to assess current physical activity levels of children and to establish initial standards for comparison in determining appropriate activity levels of children based on pedometer counts. Children, 6–12 years old (N = 711), wore sealed pedometers for 4 consecutive days. Mean step counts ranged from 10,479–11,274 and 12300–13989 for girls and boys respectively. Factorial ANOVA found a significant difference between sex (F = 90.16, p < .01) but not among age (F = 0.78, p = .587). Great individual variability existed among children of the same sex. Further analysis found significant differences among children of the same sex above the 80th percentile and below the 20th percentile. A reasonable activity standard might be approximately 11,000 and 13,000 steps per day for girls and boys respectively, although further discussion of this is warranted. The descriptive nature of this study provides insights into the activity patterns of children and the mean step counts for boys and girls at each age can serve as a preliminary guide for determining meaningful activity levels for children based on pedometer counts.

Individual variability in activity patterns of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Catamaran Brook, New Brunswick

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Breau ◽  
Laura K Weir ◽  
James WA Grant
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Yoy Fish

The activity of juvenile salmonids in streams varies between seasons, age classes, and times of day, but few studies have quantified the magnitude of individual variation in the behaviour of wild individuals. We monitored the activity patterns of 35 young-of-the-year (YOY) (fork length: 25.6–34.6 mm) and eight 1+ (fork length: 68.2–78.7 mm) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) over an 8-week summer field season. Age 1+ salmon were more active at night than during the day, whereas YOY fish were almost exclusively active during the day. However, daytime activity did not peak at 16–20 °C, the optimal water temperature range for growth determined in laboratory studies. Rather, the activity of 1+ fish peaked at 21 °C, whereas the activity of YOY fish continued to increase until 23 °C and then leveled off between 23 and 27 °C. There was also considerable individual variability within an age class in how fish responded to environmental variables that was often obscured by the average patterns. In a multiple logistic regression analysis for the activity of the 35 YOY, 18 responded significantly to time of day, 17 to water temperature, and 16 to day of the year. The causes of this individual variability and the consequences for growth and mortality deserve further study.

Mother-Infant Activity Synchrony as a Correlate of the Emergence of Circadian Rhythm

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao-Yu Tsai ◽  
Kathryn E. Barnard ◽  
Martha J. Lentz ◽  
Karen A. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fit Index

Objective: Entrainment to the day—night cycle is critical for infant sleep and social development. Synchronization of infant circadian systems with the social 24-hr day may require maternal activity signals as an entraining cue. This descriptive and exploratory research examines the activity level and circadian pattern in mothers and infants. Method: Twenty-two healthy mothers and their infants (postnatal age 49.8 ± 17.1 days) wore actigraph monitors for seven days. Daytime (06:00—21:59) and nighttime (22:00—05:59) activity levels and circadian parameters of rest—activity patterns (i.e., mesor, amplitude, acrophase, and 24-hr cosinor fit) were calculated. Results: Mothers and infants were significantly more active during the day than at night. The goodness-of-fit index for the model (R2) indicates that circadian rhythm accounted for a mean of 29 ± 10% and 12 ± 8% of the variability in maternal and infant activity, respectively. Acrophase of activity occurred at 15:46 ± 1:07 for the mothers and 15:20 ± 1:21 for the infants. The mean within-dyad correlation of activity counts was r = .46 ± .11, and the within-dyad correlation was associated with the amplitude (r = .66, p < .01) and 24-hr cosinor fit of infant activity (r = .67, p < .01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest maternal rhythms as a possible exogenous influence on shaping an infant’s emerging rhythms and synchronizing them with the external light—dark cycle. Strong pattern synchrony between maternal and infant activity may support infant circadian entrainment and enhance a regular 24-hr sleep—wake schedule during the early postnatal weeks.

scholarly journals Activity, Social Relationships, and Maternal Care in a Bottlenose Dolphin Group under Professional Care

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-286
Author(s):  
Lisa K. Lauderdale ◽  
Lance J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
High Association ◽  
Maternal Behaviors ◽  
Professional Care ◽  
Simple Ratio ◽  
Group Compositions

Defining the activity patterns and social relationships of animals can provide valuable information related to animal welfare. Bottlenose dolphins under professional care engage in a variety of social and solitary activities, which may be influenced by conspecifics, time of day, and maternal behaviors. This study examined the social, solitary, and maternal behaviors of eight dolphins at one zoological facility. Data about social and solitary behaviors, nursing occurrences, and mother–calf pair swimming were collected five days per week over a ten-month period. The simple ratio index was used to calculate association rates for all dyads. Affiliative behaviors were the dominant behavior class and all behavior categories and swim states showed temporal oscillations throughout the day. The high association values within the mother–calf dyads suggested these ties remain strong through the second and third years of life. Preferred associates remained the same for some individuals in both social group compositions, while they differed for others. However, no large reductions in associations were recorded, suggesting strong relationships in the subgroups continued when other individuals were present. Examining sociality and activity levels may be a useful tool in continuing to improve welfare as they may be related to social groupings and environmental factors.

scholarly journals Molecular and Circuit Architecture of Social Hierarchy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam C. Nelson ◽  
Vikrant Kapoor ◽  
Eric Vaughn ◽  
Jeshurun A. Gnanasegaram ◽  
Nimrod D. Rubinstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Excitatory Transmission ◽  
The Social ◽  
Behavioral Paradigm ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Single Nucleus

SUMMARYSocial hierarchy is a common organizational structure of animal groups, in which an individual’s social status generates an adaptive behavioral state that facilitates interactions with other group members. Although generally stable, the social status of an animal can change, underscoring the plasticity of the underlying neural circuits. Here, we uncover the molecular and biophysical properties of a cortico-thalamic circuit that supports the emergence of hierarchy in mice. We established a robust behavioral paradigm to explore the establishment of hierarchy among groups of unfamiliar males, and identified the mediodorsal thalamus (MDT) and the caudal part of anterior cingulate area (cACC) as brain areas that are differentially activated between dominants and subordinates. Glutamatergic MDT neurons project to inhibitory parvalbumin interneurons of the cACC, and activity levels of both cell types control competitive performance. Synaptic inputs and excitability of MDT neurons undergo dramatic changes according to the animal social status, and single nucleus sequencing identified increased transcription of the voltage gated ion channel Trpm3 in dominant mice, leading to enhanced excitatory transmission in the MDT-cACC circuit. Our data suggest a model in which cellular, molecular and biophysical plasticity in a thalamocortical circuit controls the expression of social status.

Cross-space Consumption among Undocumented Chinese Immigrants in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Zhou ◽  
Xiangyi Li
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Chinese Immigrants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Currency Exchange ◽  
The Social ◽  
International Migrants

We consider cross-space consumption as a form of transnational practice among international migrants. In this paper, we develop the idea of the social value of consumption and use it to explain this particular form of transnationalism. We consider the act of consumption to have not only functional value that satisfies material needs but also a set of nonfunctional values, social value included, that confer symbolic meanings and social status. We argue that cross-space consumption enables international migrants to take advantage of differences in economic development, currency exchange rates, and social structures between countries of destination and origin to maximize their expression of social status and to perform or regain social status. Drawing on a multisited ethnographic study of consumption patterns in migrant hometowns in Fuzhou, China, and in-depth interviews with undocumented Chinese immigrants in New York and their left-behind family members, we find that, despite the vulnerabilities and precarious circumstances associated with the lack of citizenship rights in the host society, undocumented immigrants manage to realize the social value of consumption across national borders and do so through conspicuous consumption, reciprocal consumption, and vicarious consumption in their hometowns even without being physically present there. We conclude that, while cross-space consumption benefits individual migrants, left-behind families, and their hometowns, it serves to revive tradition in ways that fuel extravagant rituals, drive up costs of living, reinforce existing social inequality, and create pressure for continual emigration.

Doing Bodhisattva’s Work

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-32
Author(s):  
Le Hoang Anh Thu
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The State ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Class Identity ◽  
The Social

This paper explores the charitable work of Buddhist women who work as petty traders in Hồ Chí Minh City. By focusing on the social interaction between givers and recipients, it examines the traders’ class identity, their perception of social stratification, and their relationship with the state. Charitable work reveals the petty traders’ negotiations with the state and with other social groups to define their moral and social status in Vietnam’s society. These negotiations contribute to their self-identification as a moral social class and to their perception of trade as ethical labor.

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