STUDIES ON THE IN VITRO AXENIC DEVELOPMENT OF TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS: II. PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECTS OF FARNESOL, CHOLESTEROL, AND AN INSECT EXTRACT

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Meerovitch
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Soluble Extract ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations

Farnesol inhibited the development of Trichinella spiralis larvae in vitro; the degree of inhibition was proportional to the concentration of farnesol in the medium. Cholesterol increased the rate of survival of the larvae, but had no effect on their development. Acetone-soluble extract of late larvae and pupae of Galleria mellonella, believed to contain some ecdysone, in a high concentration inhibited the development of the larvae, but in low concentrations promoted complete exsheathment in some cases. The only other factor which had thus far been observed to promote complete exsheathment was CO2 at high tensions.

Effect of two bio-polysaccharides on organogenesis of protocorm-like bodies in Phalaenopsis cultured in vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 2137-2142
Author(s):  
A. M. Meskatul ◽  
K. Shimasaki ◽  
S. U. Habiba
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
White Led ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Modified Ms Medium ◽  
Led Lights

Different types of bio-polysaccharide play a vital role in the growth of PLBs cultured in vitro. In this study, to we investigated the potential impacts of two bio-polymers,: hyaluronic acid (HA9) and sodium alginate (ALG) on the organogenesis of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) in Phalaenopsis under white LED lights. PLBs of Phalaenopsis ‘Fmk02010’ were explanted on modified MS medium with different concentrations of HA and (ALG). The highest average number of PLBs per explant (24.6) was recorded for ALG alone at a concentration of 0.01mg/L, and the fresh weight was also highest at the same concentration. The combination of 0.01mg/L ALG and 0.01mg/L HA also resulted in a large number of PLBs (23.8) and high fresh weight. As opposed to, the highest number of shoots /explant (3.6) was observed at the treatment of the combination of 1mg/L ALG and 10mg/L HA. This study shows that the application of ALG and HA alone, and in combination, at low concentrations, increased the average number of PLBs and the amount of fresh weight, but shoot formation was higher at a high concentration compared with control.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF ACTINOMYCIN D ON RNA SYNTHESIS AND ANTIBODY FORMATION IN THE ANAMNESTIC RESPONSE IN VITRO

1964 ◽  
Vol 119 (6) ◽  
pp. 881-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Donald Smiley ◽  
John G. Heard ◽  
Morris Ziff
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Antibody Synthesis ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Low Concentrations

Antibody synthesis in anamnestic lymphoid cells, measured by incorporation of leucine-C14 into specific antibody, was inhibited at moderate concentrations of actinomycin D. This was accompanied by marked inhibition of synthesis of RNA as measured by incorporation of H3-cytidine monophosphate. However, at low concentrations of actinomycin D, antibody synthesis was unaffected or even increased while RNA synthesis continued to be inhibited. The results obtained suggest that messenger RNA for antibody synthesis, either because it is relatively stable or present in excess, does not become a limiting factor until its synthesis is maximally inhibited. Puromycin, an inhibitor of amino acid coupling, abolished antibody synthesis in low concentration. 6-Mercaptopurine had no effect on the synthesis of antibody or RNA even at high concentration. The data obtained support the view that antibody synthesis follows pathways similar to those utilized for the formation of other types of proteins.

scholarly journals Biphasic Effect of Pirfenidone on Angiogenesis

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghao Gan ◽  
Wenxiang Cheng ◽  
Liqing Ke ◽  
Antonia RuJia Sun ◽  
Qingyun Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Tube Formation ◽  
Endothelial Cell Migration ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Biphasic Effect ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact

Pirfenidone (PFD), a synthetic arsenic compound, has been found to inhibit angiogenesis at high concentrations. However, the biphasic effects of different PFD concentrations on angiogenesis have not yet been elucidated, and the present study used an in vitro model to explore the mechanisms underlying this biphasic response. The effect of PFD on the initial angiogenesis of vascular endothelial cells was investigated through a Matrigel tube formation assay, and the impact of PFD on endothelial cell migration was evaluated through scratch and transwell migration experiments. Moreover, the expression of key migration cytokines, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, was examined. Finally, the biphasic mechanism of PFD on angiogenesis was explored through cell signaling and apoptosis analyses. The results showed that 10–100 μM PFD has a significant and dose-dependent inhibitory effect on tube formation and migration, while 10 nM–1 μM PFD significantly promoted tube formation and migration, with 100 nM PFD having the strongest effect. Additionally, we found that a high concentration of PFD could significantly inhibit MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, while low concentrations of PFD significantly promoted their expression. Finally, we found that high concentrations of PFD inhibited EA.hy926 cell tube formation by promoting apoptosis, while low concentrations of PFD promoted tube formation by increasing MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression predominantly via the EGFR/p-p38 pathway. Overall, PFD elicits a biphasic effect on angiogenesis through different mechanisms, could be used as a new potential drug for the treatment of vascular diseases.

scholarly journals Nematicidal Activity of Monoterpenoids Against the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Echeverrigaray ◽  
Jucimar Zacaria ◽  
Ricardo Beltrão
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Nematicidal Activity ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Dose Dependent Effect

Nematicidal activity of 22 monoterpenoids were evaluated in vitro and in pot experiments. Twenty of the twenty-two monoterpenoids significantly reduced hatching, and 11 reduced J2 mobility of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita at a concentration of 250 mg/liter. In general, compounds with hydroxyl and carbonyl groups exhibited higher nematicidal activity than other terpenoids. Borneol, carveol, citral, geraniol, and α-terpineol showed the highest nematicidal activity among the in vitro tested monoterpenoids. These compounds exhibited a dose dependent effect, and drastically reduced eggs hatching and J2 viability at low concentrations. These monoterpenoids, at 100 and 250 mg/kg concentration, diminished root galling of tomato plants in pot experiments. The results suggest that the selected monoterpenoids, and essential oils with high concentration of these compounds, are potential nematicides against Meloidogyne.

scholarly journals New Coumarinic Azo-Derivatives of Metoclopramide and Diphenhydramine: Synthesis and In Vitro Testing for Cholinesterase Inhibitory Effect and Protection Ability Against Chlorpyrifos

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood AAJ ◽  
Mustafa YS ◽  
Abdulstaar M
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Azo Compounds ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Maximum Protection ◽  
Coumarin Compounds ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Derivatives Of

Introduction: This study aims to synthesize new coumarin azo compounds of metoclopramide and diphenhydramine and to evaluate their in vitro cholinesterase inhibitory effects and protection abilities against chlorpyrifos. Methods: Two series of azo coumarin compounds were synthesized. Series I compound resulted from the diazotization of metoclopramide and then coupling with coumarin and 4-methyl coumarin to give compounds 1 and 2 respectively. Series II compound resulted from the diazotization of 7-aminocoumarin and 7-amino 4-methyl coumarin and then coupling with diphenhydramine to give compounds 3 and 4 respectively. The new compounds were tested for their in vitro cholinesterase inhibitory effect and protection ability against chlorpyrifos using the modified Elman electrometric method. Results: Metoclopramide derivatives with coumarin show selectivity protection for ChE against chlorpyriphos inhibitory effect as protect BChE and increase the inhibition of the AChE, or the opposite. Conclusion: Diphenhydramine derivatives with coumarin show more protective ability for both BChE and AChE as one of them shows the maximum protection for all concentration. However, the other derivative shows different manner as the low concentrations act as metoclopramide derivatives while the high concentration act as first diphenhydramine derivative (protect both AChE and BChE).

Mechanisms of H+ injury in rabbit esophageal epithelium

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (6) ◽  
pp. G718-G724 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Orlando ◽  
J. C. Bryson ◽  
D. W. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Cell Volume Regulation ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Na Transport ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Stratified Squamous Epithelium

We previously postulated that active Na transport by the esophageal stratified squamous epithelium is important for maintenance of its barrier function. To investigate this further we studied the effects of HCl on the in vivo esophageal potential difference (PD), on in vitro Na transport, and on esophageal Na-K-ATPase activity. In vivo esophageal perfusion with low concentrations of HCl (20 or 40 mM) increased the PD and a high concentration (120 mM) decreased it. An intermediate concentration (80 mM) caused a biphasic response with an initial increase in PD followed by a progressive decrease in PD. In vitro transport studies were performed to explain the increased in vivo PD. In the presence of luminal H+ the increased PD resulted from H+ diffusion from lumen to blood, whereas after H+ exposure the increased PD was due largely to increased net Na transport from lumen to blood through an amiloride-sensitive mechanism. In tissues with prolonged exposure to 80 mM HCl (PD decreased 80-100%), Na-K-ATPase activity was significantly inhibited (1.94 +/- 0.32 vs. 5.12 +/- 0.73 mumol P X mg prot-1 X h-1). Thus, HCl initially increases the in vivo esophageal PD by H+ transport from lumen to blood, a process replaced by stimulated net Na transport when H+ is replaced by Na. Prolonged acid exposure ultimately decreases Na exit from cells by inhibiting Na-K-ATPase activity. This sequence suggests that alterations in Na transport could result in cell edema and necrosis via loss of cell volume regulation.

Screening chemical inhibitors for alpha-amylase from leaves extracts of Murraya koenigii (Linn.) and Aegle marmelos L.

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alagar Yadav Sangilimuthu ◽  
Thirunavukkarasu Sivaraman ◽  
Rajkuberan Chandrasekaran ◽  
Karpagavalli Meenatchi Sundaram ◽  
Gayathiri Ekambaram
Keyword(s):  
Docking Studies ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Murraya Koenigii ◽  
Aegle Marmelos ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Chemical Inhibitors

AbstractObjectivesAqueous leaves extracts of Murraya koenigii (M. koenigii) and Aegle marmelos (A. marmelos) were prepared and effect of the extracts on inhibiting alpha-amylase playing essential roles on converting starch into glucose have been examined using in vitro assays.MethodsAlpha amylase inhibitory assay was used to asses the in vitro antidiabetic activity of the extracts. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify the volatile molecules of the extracts. Identified molecule were converted as ligand and docked against human pancreatic α-amylase (0.95 Å; PDB ID: 5U3A) using Autodock tool.ResultsThe data analyzes suggested that the alpha-amylase inhibition potential of the extract obtained from M. koenigii was stronger than that of the A. marmelos at low concentrations (<1 mg/mL), whereas both the extracts depicted similar inhibition effects on the enzyme at high concentration (>1 mg/mL). The phytochemicals present in both the plant extracts were identified by using their respective GC-MS data and the data analyzes revealed that the extracts of M. koenigii and A. Marmelos seemed to consist of about 20 and 24 diverse chemical molecules, respectively. Through the molecular docking studies, azulene of M. koenigii and hydroxycyclodecadiene of A. marmelos showed higher binding affinity on alpha-amylase.ConclusionsConcentration-dependent alpha-amylase inhibition effects of the extracts were observed and M. koenigii contains more alpha-amylase inhibitory effects due to the presence of azulene. This is primary lead to find out the better anti diabetic natural based drug to the society after clinical trial.

scholarly journals Independent roles for IL-2 and GATA-3 in stimulating naive CD4+ T cells to generate a Th2-inducing cytokine environment

2005 ◽  
Vol 202 (6) ◽  
pp. 793-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidehiro Yamane ◽  
Jinfang Zhu ◽  
William E. Paul
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Tcr Signaling ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Th2 Differentiation

T cell receptor (TCR) signaling plays an important role in early interleukin (IL)-4 production by naive CD4+ T cells. This “antigen-stimulated” early IL-4 is sufficient for in vitro Th2 differentiation. Here, we provide evidence that early IL-4 production by naive CD4+ T cells stimulated with cognate peptide requires TCR-induced early GATA-3 expression and IL-2 receptor signaling, both of which are controlled by the degree of activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Stimulation of naive CD4+ T cells from TCR transgenic mice with low concentrations of peptide-induced IL-2–dependent STAT5 phosphorylation, IL-4-independent early GATA-3 expression, and IL-4 production. Neutralization of IL-2 abolished early IL-4 production without affecting early GATA-3 expression. In addition, naive CD4+ T cells from GATA-3 conditional KO mice failed to produce early IL-4 in response to TCR/CD28 stimulation. Stimulation with high concentrations of peptide abrogated early GATA-3 expression and IL-2–dependent STAT5 phosphorylation, and resulted in the failure to produce early IL-4. This high concentration–mediated suppression of early IL-4 production was reversed by blockade of the ERK pathway. A MEK inhibition rescued early GATA-3 expression and responsiveness to IL-2; these cells were now capable of producing early IL-4 and undergoing subsequent Th2 differentiation.

Differential Effects of Trichostatin A on Mouse Embryogenesis and Development

Reproduction ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Peng ◽  
Zhuo Lv ◽  
Tang Hai ◽  
Xiang Peng Dai ◽  
Qi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Trichostatin A ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Mouse Embryo Development

Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, can significantly improve the reprogramming efficiency of somatic cells. However, whether TSA has detrimental effect on other kinds of embryos is largely unknown because of the lack of integrated analysis of TSA effect on natural fertilized embryos. To investigate the effect of TSA on mouse embryo development, we analyzed preimplantation and post-implantation development of in vivo, in vitro fertilized, and parthenogenetic embryos treated with TSA at different concentrations and durations. In vivo fertilized embryos appeared to be the most sensitive to TSA treatment among the three groups, and the blastocyst formation rate decreased sharply as TSA concentration and treatment time increased. TSA treatment also reduced the livebirth rate for in vivo fertilized embryos from 56.59% to 38.33%, but did not significantly affect postnatal biological functions such as the pups’ reproductive performance and their ability for spatial learning and memory. Further analysis indicated that the acetylation level of H3K9 and H4K5 was enhanced by TSA treatment at low concentrations, while DNA methylation appeared to be also disturbed by TSA treatment only at high concentration. Thus, our data indicates that TSA has different effects on preimplantation embryonic development depending on the nature of the embryo’s reproductive origin, the TSA concentration and treatment time, whereas the effect of TSA at indicated concentration on postnatal function was minor.

scholarly journals Response of Four Lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm) Cultivars Cultured in vitro to BAP, KIN and 2,4- D Combinations

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Abdul Mohsin Radah Obiad Al Sayed Abdul Mohsin Radah Obiad Al Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Micro Propagation ◽  
King Abdulaziz University ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

The present study was carried out in the lab. of plant tissue culture at King Abdulaziz University to test the response of four lemon cultivars to micro-propagation using BAP, Kin and 2,4- D combinations. The used explants in this study were intermodal segments and collected from the one year old lemon seedlings which obtained from the Citrus Research Center, Najran, Saudi Arabia. The experiments were laid out in a split plot design using 4 replicates. The results revealed that there were significant differences due to genotypic and growth regulators effects and their interaction for all measured parameters except no of days to buds sprouting. Explants of ‘Shehri’ registered maximum values of no. of days to buds sprouting with 0.5mg/l-1 Kin +0.5mg/l-1 2,4-D, % sprouted buds with 0.5mg/l-1 BAP, % dead shootlets with 2mg/l-1 BAP+0.5mg/l-1 2-,4- D and length of primary shoots (mm) 1mg/l-1 BAP+0.5mg/l-1 2-,4- D. Shoots of ‘AlnEurka’ formed the highest no. of leaves with 0.5mg/l-1 BAP+1mg/l-1 2-,4- D. Low responses were observed for explants from ‘Shaary’, ‘Banzahir’ and ‘Aln-Eurka’ on culture medium supplemented with high concentration of BAP alone or with combination of 2,4- D. There were observed no sprouted buds for explants of ‘Shehri’ on culture medium complemented with high concentrations of Kin in combinations with 2,4- D. Lemon explants were successfully in vitro propagated using intermodal segments and combinations of BAP, Kin and 2,4- D at low concentrations.

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