Corni Fructus as a Natural Resource Can Treat Type 2 Diabetes by Regulating Gut Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (06) ◽  
pp. 1385-1407
Author(s):  
Dou Niu ◽  
Shujing An ◽  
Xue Chen ◽  
Huailong Bi ◽  
Qiusheng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Alcohol Extract

Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development of metabolic diseases, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The nutrient-rich resource Cornus Fructus (CF) showed curative effects on diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanism underlying its hyperglycemic activity remains obscure. Herein, the antidiabetic potential of four extracts from CF, including saponin (CTS), iridoid glycoside (CIG), tannin (CT), and alcohol extract (CCA) was evaluated in vivo. The results showed that all four extracts could increase the body weight, decrease the blood glucose levels, and elevate the glucose tolerance. Moreover, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile were significantly improved in fed mice. In the [Formula: see text]-diversity index of samples, compared to the DM group, the diversity and richness of gut microbiota in mice to a certain extent were reduced in both CF extracts and Metformin (PC). Among them, there was statistical significance in PC (ACE, [Formula: see text]) and CCA (ACE, [Formula: see text]; chao1: [Formula: see text]). Beta diversity showed the same trend as the UPGMA clustering trees, which revealed that CF extracts could improve intestinal homeostasis in T2DM mice. Also, CF extracts could elevate the production of short-chain fatty acids, as well as regulate the composition of gut microbiota. The key bacteria related to T2DM including Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium were modulated by metformin and CF. Altogether, CF is a potential nutrient-rich candidate that can be used in functional foods for the treatment of T2DM, and the change of gut microbiota might be a novel mechanism underlying its hyperglycemic activity.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota as a factor in epigenetic programming of the phenotypes of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
К. О. Shyshkan-Shyshova ◽  
O. V. Zinych
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype

Recent advances in molecular and genetic research have illuminated the mechanisms of interaction between genes and the environment, which are partially mediated by so-called epigenetic modifications. These changes do not affect the primary structure of genes’ DNA, but cause persistent changes in their expression, which can be inherited by subsequent generations and determine the formation of the corresponding metabolic phenotype. Obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus develop on the basis of insulin resistance in the presence of a genetic predisposition under the influence of external factors, including environmental influences and lifestyle characteristics, in particular dietary habits. Today it has been proven that changes in the profile of intestinal microbiota is an important modifiable factor in the development of dysmetabolic states. Gut microbiota plays a key role in the regulation of many metabolic processes, inflammation, the activity of the immune system and the general state of the body. Diets enriched with fats and carbohydrates have been found to result in the decreased diversity and changes in gut microbiota composition, such as decreased levels of Bacteroidetes and increased Firmicutes. The accumulated data of clinical and experimental studies indicate a link between disorders in the composition and function of the intestinal microbiome (dysbiosis) and obesity, impaired glycemic control, and, consequently, the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. These induced epigenetic modifications are regulated by metabolites produced by the gut microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate), cysteine, mercaptans, which can influence epigenetic processes through their effects on DNA methylation, acetylation and histone modification. Moreover, the direct effects of the microbial environment on the secretion of incretins by intestinal enteroendocrine cells play an important role. The review discusses some of the mechanisms of epigenetic modifications through which the microbiota influences the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Metabolic disorders and gut microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-183
Author(s):  
Anna Kotrova ◽  
◽  
Alexandr Shishkin ◽  
Maria Lukashenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
New Approaches

Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome are metabolic widespread disorders that arise both under the influence of external factors (physical inactivity, high-calorie diet) and under the influence of internal factors. The latter includes the intestinal microbiota which deserves more and more attention in developing new strategies for the correction of metabolic diseases. The discovery of new approaches for the gut microbiota study (metagenomic, metabolomic) gives a new insight into the diversity and involvement of intestinal bacteria in the metabolic processes of the whole organism. This article are reviewed the mechanisms of the gut bacteria impact on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, the relationship of bacteria species and their metabolites with tissue insulin sensitivity, body mass index. Special attention in the regulation of tissue insulin sensitivity is paid to the role of short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids, which are metabolites of gut bacteria. Understanding the influence of human microbiota and its metabolites on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism provides the basis for the development of new approaches to the prevention and treatment of socially significant metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Recognizing the Benefits of Pre-/Probiotics in Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Considering the Influence of Akkermansia muciniphila as a Key Gut Bacterium

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 618
Author(s):  
Raluca Anca Corb Aron ◽  
Areha Abid ◽  
Cosmin Mihai Vesa ◽  
Aurelia Cristina Nechifor ◽  
Tapan Behl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Akkermansia Muciniphila ◽  
Depth Analysis

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are diseases that can be influenced by the structure of gut microbiota, whose improvement is often neglected in metabolic pathology. This review highlights the following main aspects: the relationship between probiotics/gut microbes with the pathogenesis of MetS, the particular positive roles of Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation in the onset of MetS, and the interaction between dietary polyphenols (prebiotics) with gut microbiota. Therefore, an extensive and in-depth analysis of the often-neglected correlation between gut microbiota and chronic metabolic diseases was conducted, considering that this topic continues to fascinate and stimulate researchers through the discovery of novel strains and their beneficial properties.

scholarly journals Peran Leptin Terhadap Tes Toleransi Glukosa Oral pada Penderita DM Tipe 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 753-760
Author(s):  
Catur Ambar Wati
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Tingling Sensation

Background: DM is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia that occurs due to abnormal insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Symptoms that are complained of in diabetes mellitus sufferers are polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss, and tingling sensation. The oral glucose tolerance test is a test used to diagnose DM when the blood glucose level is less firm, during pregnancy, or to screen for DM or TGT. Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that regulate fat storage in the body and adjusts hunger to energy expenditure. Objective: to find out more about the role of leptin on TTGO in people with Type 2 diabetes. Methods: using literature studies from both national and international journals to increase knowledge and understanding of the topics discussed by summarizing the discussion topics and comparing the results presented in the article. Results: Leptin on TTGO examination in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance had a greater chance of becoming diabetes mellitus if there was no intervention in their lifestyle. Conclusion: Leptin plays a role in checking TTGO in people with Type 2 diabetes

Serum Ferritin Status of Patients with Type 2 DM Attending OPD of BIRDEM General Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Khadiza Begum ◽  
Fahmida Islam ◽  
Farjana Aktar ◽  
Murshida Aziz ◽  
Tohfa E Ayub Tahiya
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Acute Phase Reactant ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iron Stores ◽  
Normal Healthy Individual ◽  
Diabetes Patients

Background: In recent times much is talked about of serum ferritin, an acute phase reactant a marker of iron stores in the body and its association with diabetes mellitus. Studies implicate that increased body iron stores and subclinical hemochromatosis has been associated with the development of glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes and its micro as well as macrovascular complications. Material & Methods: This study was carried out to examine and to observe for any relationship between serum ferritin with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our study populations were included 163. Among them 81 type 2 diabetes patients as a case (M=49,F=32, mean 44.68 age in years)and 82 normal healthy individual as a control ( M=35, F=47 , mean 34.71 in years). Results: Majority were healthy outpatients who had come for regular checkup and were matched with controls. Serum ferritin and FBS were estimated and other investigations. Results showed that although Serum ferritin was in the normal range value it was increased in type 2 diabetes patients than in controls and was statistically significant, we did get a positive correlation with duration of diabetes. It can be concluded that there were positive associations between serum ferritin and FBG, age, sex among study groups. Conclusion: In conclusion our study shows that there is significant correlation between increased serum ferritin in diabetes compared to individuals with normal blood sugars in this part and hyper ferritinemia may be one of the causes for development of insulin resistance before overt diabetes. Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 11, No. 1: Jan 2020, P 7-10

Mutations of mtDNA in some vascular and metabolic diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita A. Sazonova ◽  
Anastasia I. Ryzhkova ◽  
Vasily V. Sinyov ◽  
Marina D. Sazonova ◽  
Tatiana V. Kirichenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Mtdna Mutations

Background: The present review article considers some chronic diseases of vascular and metabolic genesis, the causes of which may be mitochondrial dysfunction. Very often, in the long course of the disease, complications may occur, leading to myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke and as a result, death.In particular, a large percentage of human deaths nowadays belongs to cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD), arterial hypertension, cardiomyopathies and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective: The aim of the present review was the analysis of literature sources, devoted to an investigation of a link of mitochondrial DNA mutations with chronic diseases of vascular and metabolic genesis, Results: The analysis of literature indicates the association of the mitochondrial genome mutations with coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and various types of cardiomyopathies. Conclusion: The detected mutations can be used to analyze the predisposition to chronic diseases of vascular and metabolic genesis. They can also be used to create molecular-cell models necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of drugs developed for treatment of these pathologies. MtDNA mutations associated withthe absence of diseases of vascular and metabolic genesis could be potential candidates for gene therapy of diseases of vascular and metabolic genesis.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota influence in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

Gut Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Cunningham ◽  
J. W. Stephens ◽  
D. A. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Human Metabolism ◽  
Altered Glucose

AbstractA strong and expanding evidence base supports the influence of gut microbiota in human metabolism. Altered glucose homeostasis is associated with altered gut microbiota, and is clearly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated complications. Understanding the causal association between gut microbiota and metabolic risk has the potential role of identifying susceptible individuals to allow early targeted intervention.

An alcohol-free beer enriched with isomaltulose and a resistant dextrin modulates gut microbiome in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and overweight or obesity: a pilot study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío Mateo-Gallego ◽  
Isabel Moreno-Indias ◽  
Ana M. Bea ◽  
Lidia Sánchez-Alcoholado ◽  
Antonio J. Fumanal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Resistant Dextrin ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

An alcohol-free beer including the substitution of regular carbohydrates for low doses of isomaltulose and maltodextrin within meals significantly impacts gut microbiota in diabetic subjects with overweight or obesity.

Immunometabolism of obesity and diabetes: microbiota link compartmentalized immunity in the gut to metabolic tissue inflammation

2015 ◽  
Vol 129 (12) ◽  
pp. 1083-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. McPhee ◽  
Jonathan D. Schertzer
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Gut Barrier Function ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

The bacteria that inhabit us have emerged as factors linking immunity and metabolism. Changes in our microbiota can modify obesity and the immune underpinnings of metabolic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes. Obesity coincides with a low-level systemic inflammation, which also manifests within metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue and liver. This metabolic inflammation can promote insulin resistance and dysglycaemia. However, the obesity and metabolic disease-related immune responses that are compartmentalized in the intestinal environment do not necessarily parallel the inflammatory status of metabolic tissues that control blood glucose. In fact, a permissive immune environment in the gut can exacerbate metabolic tissue inflammation. Unravelling these discordant immune responses in different parts of the body and establishing a connection between nutrients, immunity and the microbiota in the gut is a complex challenge. Recent evidence positions the relationship between host gut barrier function, intestinal T cell responses and specific microbes at the crossroads of obesity and inflammation in metabolic disease. A key problem to be addressed is understanding how metabolite, immune or bacterial signals from the gut are relayed and transferred into systemic or metabolic tissue inflammation that can impair insulin action preceding Type 2 diabetes.

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