scholarly journals EMERGENT SOCIAL RATIONALITY IN A PEER-TO-PEER SYSTEM

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. 581-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREA MARCOZZI ◽  
DAVID HALES
Keyword(s):  
Utility Maximization ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Social Rationality ◽  
Collective Benefit ◽  
The Individual ◽  
P2p Applications ◽  
The Cost

Many peer-to-peer (P2P) applications require that nodes behave altruistically in order to perform tasks collectively. Here we examine a class of simple protocols that aim to self-organize P2P networks into clusters of altruistic nodes that help each other to complete jobs requiring diverse skills. We introduce a variant (called ResourceWorld) of an existing model (called SkillWorld) and compare results obtained in extensive (ten billion interactions) simulation experiments. It was found that for both model variants altruistic behavior was selected when certain cost/benefit constraints were met. Specifically, ResourceWorld selects for altruism only when the collective benefit of an action is at least as high as the individual cost. This gives a minimal method for realizing so-called "social rationality," where nodes select behaviors for the good of the collective even though actions are based on individual greedy utility maximization. Interestingly, the SkillWorld model evidences a kind of superaltruism in which nodes are prepared to cooperate even when the cost is higher than the benefit.

scholarly journals International Technical Standards: An Overview

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hebner
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid System ◽  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

The growing globalization of industry is stimulating a growing emphasis on international standards. Standards are important because they provide significant economic benefit. They are also costly and much of the benefit is broad-based, i.e. it does not accrue preferentially to those who incur the cost. Finally, there is a highly disaggregated international standards system and at least two very different basic philosophies as to how standard systems should operate. The effect of the individual cost-benefit analysis by organizations may produce a hybrid system that produces both global standards in which each country participates in the development as well as less costly technical and consortium standards.

Toward a Quality-of-Service Framework for Peer-to-Peer Applications

2012 ◽  
pp. 74-97
Author(s):  
Ankur Gupta ◽  
Lalit K. Awasthi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Distributed Applications ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Content Sharing ◽  
Early Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
P2p Applications ◽  
Quality Of Service Parameters

P2P networks have caught the imagination of the research community and application developers with their sheer scalability and fault-tolerance characteristics. However, only content-sharing applications based on the P2P concept have reached the desired level of maturity. The potential of the P2P concept for designing the next-generation of real-world distributed applications can be realized only if a comprehensive framework quantifying the performance related aspects of all classes of P2P applications is available. Researchers have proposed some QoS (Quality-of-Service) parameters for content-sharing P2P applications based on response time and delay, but these do not cover the gamut of application domains that the P2P concept is applicable to. Hence, this research paper proposes an early QoS framework covering various classes of P2P applications; content distribution, distributed computing and communication and collaboration. Early results from the prototype implementation of the Peer Enterprises framework (a cross-organizational P2P collaborative application) are used as a basis for formulation of the QoS parameters. The individual performance measures which comprise the QoS framework are also discussed in detail along with some thoughts on how these can be complied with. The proposed framework would hopefully lead to quantifiable Service-Level Agreements for a variety of peer-to-peer services and applications.

Toward a Quality-of-Service Framework for Peer-to-Peer Applications

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankur Gupta ◽  
Lalit K. Awasthi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Distributed Applications ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Content Sharing ◽  
Early Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
P2p Applications

P2P networks have caught the imagination of the research community and application developers with their sheer scalability and fault-tolerance characteristics. However, only content-sharing applications based on the P2P concept have reached the desired level of maturity. The potential of the P2P concept for designing the next-generation of real-world distributed applications can be realized only if a comprehensive framework quantifying the performance related aspects of all classes of P2P applications is available. Researchers have proposed some QoS (Quality-of-Service) parameters for content-sharing P2P applications based on response time and delay, but these do not cover the gamut of application domains that the P2P concept is applicable to. Hence, this research paper proposes an early QoS framework covering various classes of P2P applications; content distribution, distributed computing and communication and collaboration. Early results from the prototype implementation of the Peer Enterprises framework (a cross-organizational P2P collaborative application) are used as a basis for formulation of the QoS parameters. The individual performance measures which comprise the QoS framework are also discussed in detail along with some thoughts on how these can be complied with. The proposed framework would hopefully lead to quantifiable Service-Level Agreements for a variety of peer-to-peer services and applications.

scholarly journals A fungus infected environment does not alter the behaviour of foraging ants

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Pereira ◽  
Romain Willeput ◽  
Claire Detrain
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Ant Colonies ◽  
Eusocial Insects ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pathogen Avoidance ◽  
Prey Patches

AbstractEusocial insects are exposed to a wide range of pathogens while foraging outside their nest. We know that opportunistic scavenging ants are able to assess the sanitary state of food and to discriminate a prey which died from infection by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum. Here, we investigate whether a contamination of the environment can also influence the behaviour of foragers, both at the individual and collective level. In a Y-maze, Myrmica rubra ants had the choice to forage on two prey patches, one of which containing sporulating items. Unexpectedly, the nearby presence of sporulating bodies did not deter foragers nor prevent them from retrieving palatable prey. Ant colonies exploited both prey patches equally, without further mortality resulting from foraging on the contaminated area. Thus, a contamination of the environment did not prompt an active avoidance by foragers of which the activity depended primarily on the food characteristics. Generalist entomopathogenic fungi such as M. brunneum in the area around the nest appear more to be of a nuisance to ant foragers than a major selective force driving them to adopt avoidance strategies. We discuss the cost–benefit balance derived from the fine-tuning of strategies of pathogen avoidance in ants.

Drugs and Travel

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dom Colbert
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Travel Medicine ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Healthy People ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Counterfeit Drugs ◽  
Travel Health ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time

Travel medicine is unique in that drugs and vaccines are given to perfectly healthy people either to prevent an illness that they have only a remote chance of acquiring, e.g. Japanese encephalitis, or to treat an illness that they do not already have, e.g. travellers’ diarrhoea. It is therefore incumbent on travel health advisors to be fully familiar with the nature of the drugs/vaccines they use, the indications and contraindications and the individual cost/benefit ratios. It is useful to give travellers a printout about any drugs prescribed so that they can refer to it when overseas, where medical help may not be always available. It is also useful to know the cost of medicines because this may play a part in choosing a generic versus a proprietary brand. In the opinion of many, buying drugs on the internet is not to be encouraged because of doubts about quality and effectiveness. Purchasing drugs abroad may be easy but beware of the profusion of illicit and counterfeit drugs which are for sale at deceptively cheap prices. There are electronic methods being developed so that any drug purchased anywhere has an identifiable secure ID. However, such methods are not available in the places where they are most needed. Some drugs deteriorate over time, especially in warm climates, so that if the patient is given a large supply before travel, e.g doxycycline, there may be difficulty in storing it correctly. Finally, carriage of drugs across borders is fraught with danger, even if the drugs are accompanied by a doctor’s letter. All medications, including codeine, should be declared at Customs if problems are to be avoided.

scholarly journals Comparative study on the cost benefit between indigenous and cross bred cows reared in rural area of Dinajpur District

1970 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Islam ◽  
AH Topader ◽  
A Rob
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

A comparative study on cost benefit analysis of crossbred and indigenous cows reared under the small holder dairy was conducted in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh. A total of 70 dairy cows (20 crossbred and 50 indigenous) from rural level small and marginal dairy farmers (1-3 cows) were selected. Relevant information from the individual milk producers have been collected through personal interrogation method with the help of a structured data collection questionnaire prepared for the study. The cost involvement for feed, treatment and medication of crossbred cows were significantly higher (P<0.01) than the indigenous dairy cows. The per day milk production was found 1.86 ± 0.57 liter in indigenous cow whereas 5.94 ± 3.49 liter was in crossbred cows and income level from milk yields of crossbred cows were 3.19 times higher than the indigenous cows. The cost benefit ratio of rising crossbred and indigenous dairy cows were 1.19 and 1.26, respectively. The current rearing cost of crossbred cows is 2.71 times higher than indigenous cows. Considering the other traits it may be concluded that the raising of crossbred cows was more economic than the raising of indigenous cows. Since crossbred cows were more economical and gave higher yield than the indigenous cows inclusion of a few crossbred cows can increase the income of a dairy entrepreneur which improve the livelihood and provide round the year employment of its family labour. Key words: Cross bred cows; Indigenous cows; Income; expenditure; Cost benefit ratio DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v39i1-2.9696 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2010, 39(1&2): 191-196

Hostile Takeovers and Anti-takeover Defenses in the Russian Corporate Market

2007 ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Demidova
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Hostile Takeovers ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Takeover Defenses ◽  
The Cost ◽  
European Markets

This article analyzes definitions and the role of hostile takeovers at the Russian and European markets for corporate control. It develops the methodology of assessing the efficiency of anti-takeover defenses adapted to the conditions of the Russian market. The paper uses the cost-benefit analysis, where the costs and benefits of the pre-bid and post-bid defenses are compared.

The Evolutionary Psychology of Scientific Publishing: Cost-Benefit Optimization of Players in the Game

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milind Watve
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Current System ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Scientific Publishing ◽  
Collective Goal ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Collective Goals ◽  
Innate Tendency

Peer reviewed scientific publishing is critical for communicating important findings, interpretations and theories in any branch of science. While the value of peer review is rarely doubted, much concern is being raised about the possible biases in the process. I argue here that most of the biases originate in the evolved innate tendency of every player to optimize one’s own cost benefits. Different players in the scientific publishing game have different cost-benefit optima. There are multiple conflicts between individual optima and collective goals. An analysis of the cost-benefit optima of every player in the scientific publishing game shows how and why biases originate. In the current system of publishing, by optimization considerations, the probability of publishing a ‘bad’ manuscript is relatively small but the probability of rejecting a ‘good’ manuscript is very high. By continuing with the current publishing structure, the global distribution of the scientific community would be increasingly clustered. Publication biases by gender, ethnicity, reputation, conformation and conformity will be increasingly common and revolutionary concepts increasingly difficult to publish. Ultimately, I explore the possibility of designing a peer review publishing system in which the conflicts between individual optimization and collective goal can be minimized. In such a system, if everyone behaves with maximum selfishness, biases would be minimized and the progress towards the collective goal would be faster and smoother. Changing towards such a system might prove difficult unless a critical mass of authors take an active role to revolutionize scientific publishing.

THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF FORECASTING THE COST OF A SOFTWARE PRODUCT

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlo Rodionov ◽  
◽  
Anna Ploskonos ◽  
Lesya Gavrutenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Software Products ◽  
Software Product ◽  
Continue Research ◽  
Cocomo Model ◽  
Factors Of Influence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

The paper analyzes the factors that affect the amount of effort required to create a mobile application and its cost. It is established that the main factors of influence are the design of the application, its functionality, the type of mobile platform, the availability and level of testing and support, as well as the individual characteristics of the developer. Based on the analysis of information sources, the main methods and approaches to forecasting the cost of software products are identified, which include the COCOMO model, Price-to-win method, expert evaluation, algorithmic methods and the method of analogies. It is proposed to consider the method of analogies as a tool that allows you to make predictions about the cost of resources required for the successful implementation of IT projects based on the experience of similar projects. It is proved that the advantages of this method are the simplicity of its implementation and the clarity of the results obtained, which follows from the practical orientation of this tool. Among the limitations of the method of analogy is the mandatory need for reliable data relating to similar projects, as well as the difficulty of taking into account unspecified indicators. Taking into account the mentioned limitations of the method of analogies and on the basis of the analysis of scientific sources the possible directions of its optimization are determined. Thus, among the ways to improve the effectiveness of this method are those aimed at optimizing the project selection process, the data for which are used as a basis for forecasting. Attempts to improve the method of analogies by including parameters that were previously ignored by this technique seem promising. This in turn can lead to an expansion of the scope of the method of analogies and increase the accuracy of forecasts. As prospects for further research, the need to continue research in the field of optimization of the method of analogies with the subsequent practical verification of theoretical positions on the data of real projects.

FUNCTIONING OF THE MENTAL DEFENSES IN THE CONDUCT OF INTERROGATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL PROCESS

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 2161-2165
Author(s):  
Hristo Ivanov Popnikolov
Keyword(s):  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Criminal Process ◽  
External Influences ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Individual Protection ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Subjective Side

From the subject presented in the report it is evident that the pre-trial and the court bodies may, to some extent, be influenced both by the person of the accused and by his competence to participate in the criminal process. In this regard as an expert, the psychologist can offer invaluable assistance. Each expertise would assist all actors involved in the administration of justice on their objective assessment of the offenders, the understanding of their individual protection and the inherent self-justification during procedural actions. The involvement of psychologists in the criminal process is key to establishing the truth in the investigation, because every crime as an act has a subjective side, expressed in the psychic attitude of the perpetrator to the committed act. Establishing these psychological motives is a key point in the criminal process with a view to establishing the truth.Psychological protection stabilizes the personality in the critical conditions of counteraction, related to the elimination of the experiences of tension, anxiety, stress and frustration, leading to maximum mobilization of its resources and at the same time to their overpayment. Thus, the individual who is the subject of the process action is protected against the adverse external influences, but at the cost of a lot of effort and enormous loss of nervous-mental energy, which increases his own vulnerability instead of contributing to its reduction. The appearance and functioning of psychological protection can be significantly impeded by the interaction of the investigator with the accused. Even more complicated is the situation when it breaks the communication contact that may arise in the psychological alienation and self-isolation of the accused due to the desire to protect himself.Protective psychological dominance is a real psychic activity that investigators, investigators, investigators and judges need to take into account in order to effectively deal with their task and to overcome the resistance of the investigated persons and in a time to prove in a lawful and moral way their guilt and participation in the commitment of the crimes.

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