Investigating Alignment Effect on Inspection Accuracy of AM Part Using 3D Scanner

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 157-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vimal Kumar Pathak ◽  
Amit Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Distance Distribution ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Data Capturing ◽  
3D Scanners ◽  
Point Data ◽  
Am Processes ◽  
Actual Part

Presently, parts having intricate custom-made profiles are mostly fabricated using additive manufacturing (AM) processes. It becomes an essential task to verify the accuracy of AM parts so that they meet customer’s need and requirement. In product quality control, quick error comparison of manufactured part and an original CAD model is usually laborious but still a critical issue. Noncontact inspections using 3D scanners were preferred over conventional coordinate measurements, due to the significant amount of point data capturing in very short span of time. One of the important step of the noncontact inspection procedure using the 3D scanner is the correct localization of the datum reference frame. This step would help in the effective alignment of the digitized point data. This paper takes into consideration various 3-2-1 alignment approaches and investigates their influence on the inspection results. The result provides an evidence that an incorrect description of the product reference frame can lead to erroneous estimation of actual part deviations. The results show higher distance distribution for most of the point data of third alignment as the distance distribution is influenced by the worst description of the part reference frame. On the contrary, second alignment shows least distance distribution among point data due to correct reference frame definition.

scholarly journals Structured-light 3D scanning of exhibited historical clothing—a first-ever methodical trial and its results

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Montusiewicz ◽  
Marek Miłosz ◽  
Jacek Kęsik ◽  
Kamil Żyła
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Structured Light ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Three Dimensional Representation ◽  
3D Scanners

AbstractHistorical costumes are part of cultural heritage. Unlike architectural monuments, they are very fragile, which exacerbates the problems of their protection and popularisation. A big help in this can be the digitisation of their appearance, preferably using modern techniques of three-dimensional representation (3D). The article presents the results of the search for examples and methodologies of implementing 3D scanning of exhibited historical clothes as well as the attendant problems. From a review of scientific literature it turns out that so far practically no one in the world has made any methodical attempts at scanning historical clothes using structured-light 3D scanners (SLS) and developing an appropriate methodology. The vast majority of methods for creating 3D models of clothes used photogrammetry and 3D modelling software. Therefore, an innovative approach was proposed to the problem of creating 3D models of exhibited historical clothes through their digitalisation by means of a 3D scanner using structural light technology. A proposal for the methodology of this process and concrete examples of its implementation and results are presented. The problems related to the scanning of 3D historical clothes are also described, as well as a proposal how to solve them or minimise their impact. The implementation of the methodology is presented on the example of scanning elements of the Emir of Bukhara's costume (Uzbekistan) from the end of the nineteenth century, consisting of the gown, turban and shoes. Moreover, the way of using 3D models and information technologies to popularise cultural heritage in the space of digital resources is also discussed.

scholarly journals Metadata schema and ontology for capturing and processing of 3D cultural heritage objects

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Homburg ◽  
Anja Cramer ◽  
Laura Raddatz ◽  
Hubert Mara
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Image Generation ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Fine Detail ◽  
3D Scanners ◽  
3D Acquisition ◽  
3D Processing ◽  
Cultural Heritage Objects ◽  
Processing Steps

AbstractMotivated by the increased use of 3D acquisition of objects by cultural heritage institutions, we were investigating ontologies and metadata schemes for the acquisition process to provide details about the 3D capturing, which can be combined with preexisting ontologies describing an object. Therefore we divided the 3D capturing workflow into common steps starting with the object being placed in front of a 3D scanner to preparation and publication of the 3D datasets and/or derived images. While the proposed ontology is well defined on a coarse level of detail for very different techniques, e.g. Stucture from Motion and LiDAR we elaborated the metadata scheme in very fine detail for 3D scanners available at our institutions. This includes practical experiments with measurement data from past and current projects including datasets published at Zenodo as guiding examples and the source code for their computation. Additionally, the free and Open Source GigaMesh Software Framework’s analysis and processing methods have been extended to provide metadata about the 3D processing steps like mesh cleaning as well as 2D image generation. Finally, we discuss the current limitations and give an outlook about future extensions.

scholarly journals Application of High-Resolution 3D Scanning in Medical Volumetry

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Chromy
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Volumetric Method ◽  
New Method ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
3D Scanners

Abstract This paper deals with application of 3D scanning technology in medicine. Important properties of 3D scanners are discussed with emphasize on medical applications. Construction of medical 3D scanner according to these specifications is described and practical application of its use in medical volumetry is presented. Besides volumetry, such 3D scanner is usable for many other purposes, like monitoring of recovery process, ergonomic splint manufacturing or inflammation detection. 3D scanning introduces novel volumetric method, which is compared with standard methods. The new method is more accurate compared to present ones. Principles of this method are discussed in paper and its accuracy is evaluated and experimentally verified.

Quantitative volumetrische Analyse der unteren Extremität: Validierung gegenüber etablierter Maßbandmessung und Wasserverdrängung

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (06) ◽  
pp. 393-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Christoph Koban ◽  
Virginia Titze ◽  
Lucas Etzel ◽  
Konstantin Frank ◽  
Thilo Schenck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Scanner ◽  
3D Scanners ◽  
3D Scans

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Zur Diagnostik und Therapieevaluation des Lip- und Lymphödems werden im klinischen Alltag weiterhin Maßbandmessungen eingesetzt. Hierbei werden ausgehend von standardisierten Umfangsmessungen im Bereich der betroffenen Extremitäten deren Volumina errechnet. Andere Verfahren wie Wasserverdrängung werden nicht regelhaft eingesetzt.Ziel dieser Studie war die Erprobung eines 3D Scanners als alternatives und reproduzierbares Tool zur objektiven Erfassung der Volumina der unteren Extremität. Patienten, Material und Methoden Wir führten an 20 Probanden 3D Scans der unteren Extremitäten mit einem handelsüblichen 3D Scanner, dem Artec Eva® durch, und errechneten das Volumen mit der dazugehörigen Software. Das Volumen der Extremitäten wurde zudem gemäß standardisierter Verfahren durch die Umfangsmethode (Konusmethode und Scheibenmethode) sowie per Wasserverdrängungstechnik bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse sowie Durchführungsdauer der drei Messmethoden wurde dokumentiert und statistisch ausgewertet. Ergebnisse Mittels 3D Volumetrie zeigten sich keine signifikanten Abweichungen zur Wasserverdrängung (p > 0,05). Die Konusmethode überschätzte signifikant das in der Wasserverdrängung und 3D Volumetrie gemessene Volumen deutlich. Die Scheibenmethode zeigte keine statistisch signifikanten Abweichungen, jedoch klinisch relevant hohe Abweichungen mit einer ausgeprägten Varianz im 95 % Konfidenzintervall. Alle Verfahren zeigten hohe positive Korrelationen zueinander. Die Wasserverdrängung zeigte sich mit dem größten zeitlichen Aufwand verbunden. Schlussfolgerung Unserer Ergebnisse nach Untersuchung von 40 unteren Extremitäten zeigen, dass durch 3D Scans und Software-basierte volumetrische Berechnung in kurzer Zeit objektive und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse erzielt werden können. Die Abweichung gegenüber dem Goldstandard

Different Flexibilities of 3D Scanners and Their Impact on Distinctive Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Javaid ◽  
Abid Haleem ◽  
Shahbaz Khan ◽  
Sunil Luthra
Keyword(s):  
Lead Time ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Analytical Hierarchical Process ◽  
Surgical Guides ◽  
Time Scanning ◽  
Different Types ◽  
3D Scanners ◽  
Support Software ◽  
Performance Ranking ◽  
Selection Of

3D scanners are supporting technology which offers a higher level of flexibility to create designs for ergonomic tooling, biocompatible surgical guides, and realistic prototypes and parts. Flexibility helps to reduce lead time, weight, cost, and product development time. Scanning technologies are in tandem with support software that helps a designer to (re)design products at a cheaper and faster rate. There is a need to understand different types of flexibilities and associated application of 3D scanner. In this article, we have conducted an extensive review of the available literature for identifying various flexibilities of 3D scanners and its applications. This research categorises 3D scanner flexibility and applications into five major types. From design to final quality inspection, these flexibilities play a significant role in industries and sectors to achieve optimum performance. Ranking of these flexibilities and their impact on different applications are accomplished using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) with the help of expert opinion. The ranking of five significant flexibilities by using 3D scanners, undertaken through the AHP technique shows that scanning provides object flexibility at a higher level. The impacts of different flexibilities on applications are also weighted, and it shows that all flexibilities are enough to achieve application individually. This digital technology is helpful to create the customised product which is also helpful to achieve goals of Industry 4.0. It facilitates the customisation and has a significant impact on the design applications. This study provides an understanding of the 3D scanner in the context of flexibilities by identifying the different flexibilities it offers when used for different applications. Findings may assist developing a decision support system for the selection of 3D scanners for the different applications.

Body Measurements Extraction from 3D Scanner Data

2013 ◽  
Vol 339 ◽  
pp. 372-377
Author(s):  
Pirjo Elbrecht ◽  
Jaak Henno ◽  
Knut Joosep Palm
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
3D Graphics ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Scanner Data ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Image Capture ◽  
Automatic Production ◽  
Data Points ◽  
3D Scanners

The growing power of computing, development of methods of 3D graphics for human body modeling and simulation together with development of 3D image capture technologies using 3D scanners has caused rapid development of digital tailoring - a complex of methods where made-to-measure clothing is produced starting with 3D scanning of a customer, extraction of essential measurements from obtained data cloud and then automatic production of a garment corresponding to exact measures of the customer. Extraction of exact measures from the ca 200000 data points produced by 3D scanner is a complex problem and not yet well investigated.

A Low Cost 3D Foot Scanner for Custom-Made Sports Shoes

2013 ◽  
Vol 440 ◽  
pp. 369-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahari Taha ◽  
Mohd Azri Aris ◽  
Zulkifli Ahmad ◽  
Mohd Hasnun Arif Hassan ◽  
Nina Nadia Sahim
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Image Capture ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Measurement Duration ◽  
Foot Model ◽  
Sports Shoes

Conventional methods to obtain foot anthropometry for custom made sports shoes using anthropometer, callipers and measuring tapes are inaccurate due to the complex anatomy and curvature of the instep, foot arc and related joints. They lead to poor repeatability and large variances, particularly when measurements are taken of different people. Measurements from 3D model have been claimed as a perfect tool to obtain anthropometric data. However a commercial 3D foot scanner to create a 3D foot model can be very costly. In this paper we propose a low cost 3D foot scanner system by integrating available image capture technology such as the Kinect®, appropriate 3D scanning software and a foot scanner rig. An experiment was conducted to compare the anthropometry data taken using conventional method and from the 3D model. The differences recorded for all regions were found to be less than 5%, suggesting that the 3D model produced by this method is accurate. The use of 3D scanner has also decreased the measurement duration, thus increasing the repeatability whilst decreasing human errors that normally occur during the measurement process.

scholarly journals 3D Indoor Mapping System Using 2D LiDAR Sensor for Drones

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.11) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Shahrin ◽  
F. H. Hashim ◽  
W. M.D.W. Zaki ◽  
A. Hussain ◽  
T. T. Raj
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Autonomous Navigation ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Mapping System ◽  
3D Scanners ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
3D Scans

Most 3D scanners are heavy, bulky and costly. These are the major factors that make them irrelevant to be attached to a drone for autonomous navigation. With modern technologies, it is possible to design a simple 3D scanner for autonomous navigation. The objective of this study is to design a cost effective 3D indoor mapping system using a 2D light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor for a drone. This simple 3D scanner is realised using a LiDAR sensor together with two servo motors to create the azimuth and elevation axes. An Arduino Uno is used as the interface between the scanner and computer for the real-time communication via serial port. In addition, an open source Point-Cloud Tool software is used to test and view the 3D scanner data. To study the accuracy and efficiency of the system, the LiDAR sensor data from the scanner is obtained in real-time in point-cloud form. The experimental results proved that the proposed system can perform the 2D and 3D scans with tolerable performance.  

scholarly journals Digital possibilities of the reconstruction of machine parts

2019 ◽  
Vol 254 ◽  
pp. 01007
Author(s):  
Piotr Paszta
Keyword(s):  
Cell Phone ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
Continuous Development ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Equipment Manufacturing ◽  
A Cell ◽  
3D Scanners ◽  
Machine Parts ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Made In

A rapid and continuous development of the machinery and equipment manufacturing capabilities is currently going on. Using CAx programs, complex elements can be made in a straightforward and very fast manner. The creation and use of spatial scanners, photogrammetric methods and spatial modelling is intensively developing, too. A complete object can be produced without the help of tactile methods, using professional 3D scanners, scanners of one's own construction, a camera, or even a cell phone with an in-built camera. The article has described the capabilities of a 3D scanner, verified its accuracy, and has also discussed the capabilities of photogrammetric methods to reconstruct machine parts.

Reverse Engineering: Statistical Threshold for New Selective Sampling Morphological Descriptor

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Vezzetti
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Physical Object ◽  
Statistical Hypothesis ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Operative Strategy ◽  
Curvature Variation ◽  
Morphological Descriptor ◽  
3D Scanners ◽  
Acquisition Strategy ◽  
Shape Changes

During the digitization process of a physical object, the operator has to choose an acquisition pitch. Currently, 3D scanners employ constant pitches. For this reason the grid dimension choice normally represents a compromise between the scanner performances and specific applications, and the resolution and accuracy of the specific application. This is a critical problem because, normally, the object shape is assumed as a combination of different geometries with different morphological complexities. As a consequence of this, while some basic geometries (i.e., planes, cylinders, and cones) require only few points to describe their behavior, others need much more information. Normally, this problem is solved with a significant operator involvement. Starting from the object morphology and from the 3D scanner performances, the author finds the optimal acquisition strategy with an iterative and refining process made of many attempts. This approach does not guarantee an efficient acquisition of the object, because it depends strongly on the subjective ability of the operator involved in the acquisition. Many approaches propose points cloud management methodologies that introduce or erase punctual information, working with statistical hypothesis after the acquisition phase. This research work proposes an operative strategy, which starts from, first, a raw point acquisition, then it partitions the object surface, identifying different morphological zone boundaries (shape changes). As a consequence, some of the identified regions will be redigitized with deeper scansions in order to reach a more precise morphological information. The proposed partitioning methodology has been developed to directly interact with the 3D scanner. It integrates the use of a global morphological descriptor (Gaussian curvature), managed in order to be applicable in a discrete context (points cloud), with the concept of the 3D scanner measuring uncertainty. This integration has been proposed in order to provide an automatic procedure and a “curvature variation threshold,” able to identify real significant shape changes. The proposed methodology will neglect those regions where the shape changes are only correlated with the uncontrolled noise introduced by the specific 3D scanner performances.

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