Effects of Nanoparticles on Viral Infection — A Review

NANO ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (09) ◽  
pp. 2030003
Author(s):  
Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury ◽  
Nayem Hossain ◽  
Mohammod Abul Kashem ◽  
Md. Abdus Shahid ◽  
Ashraful Alam
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
Critical Moment ◽  
Different Types

Viruses like COVID-19 are very small. They are nanometer in diameter. To detect and prevent them, nanotechnology is a crucial tool. This review paper reviews the recent progress of nanomedicine in fighting COVID-19. At the beginning, how nanoparticle works in our body is described here. Recent observations of these medicines’ performance are illustrated with some practical case studies. Different types of vaccines based on nanoparticles and their potentiality of fighting COVID-19 are also described. What can be the potential challenges for this technology along with prospects are also discussed. At the end, some nanomedicines have been suggested that can be effective to fight the virus. This paper can be used as a state-of-the-art at this critical moment to the globe for promising nanotechnology-based therapy related to the survival of people from coronavirus.

scholarly journals Prospects of Nanobiomaterials for Biosensing

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravindra P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Organic Hybrid ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Different Types ◽  
On Line ◽  
Analytical Tools

Progress and development in biosensor development will inevitably focus upon the technology of the nanomaterials that offer promise to solve the biocompatibility and biofouling problems. The biosensors using smart nanomaterials have applications for rapid, specific, sensitive, inexpensive, in-field, on-line and/or real-time detection of pesticides, antibiotics, pathogens, toxins, proteins, microbes, plants, animals, foods, soil, air, and water. Thus, biosensors are excellent analytical tools for pollution monitoring, by which implementation of legislative provisions to safeguard our biosphere could be made effectively plausible. The current trends and challenges with nanomaterials for various applications will have focus biosensor development and miniaturization. All these growing areas will have a remarkable influence on the development of new ultrasensitive biosensing devices to resolve the severe pollution problems in the future that not only challenges the human health but also affects adversely other various comforts to living entities. This review paper summarizes recent progress in the development of biosensors by integrating functional biomolecules with different types of nanomaterials, including metallic nanoparticles, semiconductor nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, inorganic/organic hybrid, dendrimers, and carbon nanotubes/graphene.

scholarly journals Cellular RNA Hubs: Friends and Foes of Plant Viruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Xu ◽  
Magdalena J. Mazur ◽  
Xiaorong Tao ◽  
Richard Kormelink
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Rna Granules ◽  
Viral Movement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nuclear Rna ◽  
The Status

RNA granules are dynamic cellular foci that are widely spread in eukaryotic cells and play essential roles in cell growth and development, and immune and stress responses. Different types of granules can be distinguished, each with a specific function and playing a role in, for example, RNA transcription, modification, processing, decay, translation, and arrest. By means of communication and exchange of (shared) components, they form a large regulatory network in cells. Viruses have been reported to interact with one or more of these either cytoplasmic or nuclear granules, and act either proviral, to enable and support viral infection and facilitate viral movement, or antiviral, protecting or clearing hosts from viral infection. This review describes an overview and recent progress on cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA granules and their interplay with virus infection, first in animal systems and as a prelude to the status and current developments on plant viruses, which have been less well studied on this thus far.

scholarly journals Carbon-Based Materials for Thermoelectrics

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranay Chakraborty ◽  
Tengfei Ma ◽  
Amir Hassan Zahiri ◽  
Lei Cao ◽  
Yan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Thermoelectric Performance ◽  
Computational Studies ◽  
Carbon Quantum Dot ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Graphene Nanomesh ◽  
Transfer Mechanisms ◽  
Carbon Based

This article reviews the recent progress towards achieving carbon-based thermoelectric materials. A wide range of experimental and computational studies on carbon allotropes and composites is covered in this review paper. Specifically, we discuss the strategies for engineering graphene, graphene nanoribbon, graphene nanomesh, graphene nanowiggle, carbon nanotube (CNT), fullerene, graphyne, and carbon quantum dot for better thermoelectric performance. Moreover, we discuss the most recent advances in CNT/graphene-polymer composites and the related challenges and solutions. We also highlight the important charge and heat transfer mechanisms in carbon-based materials and state-of-the-art strategies for enhancing thermoelectric performance. Finally, we provide an outlook towards the future of carbon-based thermoelectrics.

On the Maximization of Joint Velocities and Generalized Reactions in the Workspace and Singularity Analysis of Parallel Mechanisms

Robotica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Laryushkin ◽  
Victor Glazunov ◽  
Ksenia Erastova
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
External Load ◽  
Parallel Mechanism ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Screw Theory ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Singularity Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Parallel Mechanisms ◽  
Different Types

SummaryAn approach for calculating the maximum possible absolute values of joint velocities or generalized reactions in a leg of a parallel mechanism has been considered in this paper. The Jacobian analysis and the Screw theory-based methods have been used to acquire the result. These values are calculated for the “worst” directions of the external load or end-effector’s velocity for each leg. The feasibility of using these parameters as the measures of closeness to different types of parallel mechanism singularity is discussed. Further, how this approach is related to the state-of-the-art methods has been illustrated. The key aspect of the discussed approach is that the normalization of vectors or screws is carried out separately for angular and linear components. One possible advantage of such an approach is that it deals only with the kinematic and statics of the mechanism while still providing physically meaningful and practically applicable measures. Case studies of a 3-Degrees Of Freedom translational parallel mechanism and a planar parallel mechanism are presented for illustration and comparison.

Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshan Ali ◽  
Zhenbin Wang ◽  
Rai Muhammad Amir ◽  
Shoaib Younas ◽  
Asif Wali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

Atmospheric deposition: Effects on sculptures

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Public Concern

Public concern over the deleterious effects of atmospheric deposition (AD) has grown rapidly due to its adverse effects (teratogenicity, toxicity, and carcinogenicity) to human, animals, and materials. The aim of this review is to describe the effect of the AD on sculptures, measures for its reduction, and case studies on maintenances of sculptures against the AD. To this end, a step-by-step review is outlined to discuss the harmful effect of AD contamination on many important sculptures. The review paper is also extended to describe preventive steps to reduce AD on sculptures to help reduce the risks associated with AD.

SEM-Based Nanoprobing on 40, 32 and 28 nm CMOS Devices Challenges for Semiconductor Failure Analysis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Paul ◽  
Holger Herzog ◽  
Sören Jansen ◽  
Christian Hobert ◽  
Eckhard Langer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Technology Nodes ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract This paper presents an effective device-level failure analysis (FA) method which uses a high-resolution low-kV Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in combination with an integrated state-of-the-art nanomanipulator to locate and characterize single defects in failing CMOS devices. The presented case studies utilize several FA-techniques in combination with SEM-based nanoprobing for nanometer node technologies and demonstrate how these methods are used to investigate the root cause of IC device failures. The methodology represents a highly-efficient physical failure analysis flow for 28nm and larger technology nodes.

التفسير الموضوعي للقرآن الكريم: مجالاته ومنهجية البحث فيه (Thematic Interpretation of the Qur’Én: Its Scopes & Methodology), (TafsÊr MauÌË‘Ê: Aspek-aspek dan Metodologi Kajian)

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
فتحي بن جمعة أحمد
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Thematic Unity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Significant Area

ملخص البحث تعدّ هذه المحاولة في دراسة مجالات التفسير الموضوعي ومنهجية البحث فيه  مفتاحا لبعض القضايا المتعلقة بالموضوع، ومدخلا لدراسة التفسير الموضوعي يسهل على طلاب العلم والباحثين فهم كلام الله، وتدبر معانيه، والاهتداء به، والقيام ببحوث تطبيقية في مجالات التفسير الموضوعي. فقد بينت أن مجالات البحث في التفسير الموضوعي أربعة وهي البحث في المصطلح، والموضوع، والمحاور، والوحدة الموضوعيّة في السورة القرآنيّة. وقد أكدت أن البحث في محاور القرآن الكريم من مجالات البحث في التفسير الموضوعي التي لم تحظَ باهتمام الباحثين، ثم توسعت في سوق الأدلة والبراهين الدالة على أن الوحدة الموضوعية للسورة القرآنيّة مجال أساس من مجالات البحث في التفسير الموضوعي الذي لا ينبغي إغفاله، وإهمال شأنه. ثم بحثت في موضوع منهجيّة البحث في التفسير الموضوعي، ونظراً للخلط أوالاضطراب الذي بدا لدى بعض الباحثين في هذا الصدد، وضحت المقدمات المنهجيّة العامة الضرورية للبحث في التفسير الموضوعي ثم حاولت رسم الإطار التصوري والمنهجي العام والضوابط الأساسية التي يجب أن يتبعها الباحث إذا أراد الكتابة في التفسير الموضوعي. ثم بيّنت الخطوات الأساسيّة للبحث في التفسير الموضوعي ومنها حرية الباحث في اختيار موضوع بحثه والاطلاع على أكبر عدد ممكن من التفاسير بمختلف أنواعها مع الاستفادة من التراث البشري في حقول المعرفة المتنوعة على أن تكون الهيمنة للقرآن أولا وأخيرا على الكتب الأخرى والنظريات البشرية. الكلمات الرئيسة: القرآن، تفسير، موضوعي، مجالات، منهج. Abstract This article is an attempt to address the issue of the scopes and research methodology in the thematic commentary of the Holy Qur’Én. It could be considered as an introductory work for students and researchers who are interested in this field of research which will help them develop a good understanding of the meanings and teachings of the Qur’Én and its application to the real life. It may also help them undertake case studies and research in the field of thematic commentary of the Qur’Én. It has been explained in the article that the scope of the thematic commentary of the Qur’Én includes four areas; i.e. the concept, the topic, the central themes and the thematic unity of the SËrah/Chapter. The article gives a special emphasis on the study of the Qur’Énic central themes as it was overlooked by some researchers. It also provides a systematic investigation on the thematic unity of the SËrah/Chapter and considers it a significant area of research in the thematic commentary of the Qur’Én. The article also addresses the issue of the research methodology in the field of the thematic commentary of the Qur’Én. In this regard, the author highlights the principles, conditions and framework for undertaking research projects in this field of study and explains the major steps that should be followed in the execution of the research. These steps include freedom of choosing the research topic, freedom of benefitting from different types of tafsÊr (interpretation of the Qur’Én) works and schools and benefitting from the human heritage in different fields of knowledge, provided that the Qur’Én should have controlling power on other books and human theories.   Key Words: The Qur’Én, TafsÊr, Thematic, Scopes, Methodology. Abstrak Artikel ini ialah satu percubaan menangani isu  skop dan metodologi penyelidikan dalam tafsiran Al-Qur’Én Holy mengikut tema. Ia boleh dianggap sebagai satu kajian permulaan untuk pelajar-pelajar dan sarjana-sarjana yang meminati bidang ini penyelidikan yang akan membantu mereka merangka satu pemahaman yang baik tentang makna-makna dan ajaran-ajaran Qur’Én dan perlaksanaannya dalam kehidupan sebenar. Ia mungkin juga  dapat membantu mereka menjalankan kajian kes dalam bidang penyelidikan tafsiran Al-Qur’Én mengikut tema. Artikel ini akan menjelaskan  skop tafsiran Al-Qur’Én mengikut  tema ini merangkumi empat bidang:  konsep tafsiran mengikut tema, topiknya, tema-tema kecil dan tema umum Surah Al-Qur’Én. Artikel ini memberi satu penekanan khas pada kajian tafsiran Al-Qur’Én mengikut  tema kerana ia agak kurang mendapat perhatian beberapa penyelidik. Ia juga menampilkan satu kajian sistematik pada pemahaman tema Surah dalam Al-Qur’Én dan menganggapnya satu bidang penyelidikan penting dalam kajian tafsiran Al-Qur’Én mengikut tema. Artikel juga memberikan perhatian kepada bidang metodologi penyelidikan terhadap usaha tafsiran Al-Qur’Én secara bertema. Dalam hal ini, pengkaji akan menonjolkan prinsip-prinsip, syarat-syarat dan rangka kerja untuk projek-projek projek penyelidikan dalam lapangan ini dan menerangkan langkah-langkah utama yang harus diikuti dalam pelaksanaan penyelidikan yang berkenaan. Lang-langkah ini termasuk kebebasan memilih tajuk penyelidikan, kebebasan dalam mengambil  manfaat daripada jenis-jenis tafsiran Qur’Én yang berbeza serta sekolah-sekolah pemikiran yang berbeza dalam aliran tafsir serta rangka bagaimana memanfaatkan warisan tamadun manusia berlandaskan ajaran Al-Qur’Én. Kata Kunci: Al-Qur’Én, TafsÊr, Tema, Bidang-bidang, Metodologi.

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