On essential elements in a lattice and Goldie analogue theorem

2021 ◽  
pp. 2250091
Author(s):  
Tapatee Sahoo ◽  
Babushri Srinivas Kedukodi ◽  
Kar Ping Shum ◽  
Harikrishnan Panackal ◽  
Syam Prasad Kuncham
Keyword(s):  
Arbitrary Element ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Independent Sets ◽  
Essential Elements

We introduce the concept of essentiality in a lattice [Formula: see text] with respect to an element [Formula: see text]. We define notions such as [Formula: see text]-essential, [Formula: see text]-uniform elements and obtain some of their properties. Examples of lattices are given wherein essentiality can be retained with respect to an arbitrary element (specifically, there are elements in [Formula: see text] which are [Formula: see text]-essential but not essential). We prove Goldie analogue results in terms of [Formula: see text]-uniform elements and [Formula: see text]-∨-independent sets. Furthermore, we define a graph with respect to [Formula: see text]-essential element in a lattice and study its properties.

scholarly journals Determination of essential and non-essential element contents of drinking water and baby water for infant’s nutrition

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-202
Author(s):  
Funda Demir ◽  
Meral Yildirim Ozen ◽  
Emek Moroydor Derun
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Element Contents

Abstract In this study, essential (Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Zn), and non-essential (Al, Ni, Pb) element contents of the drinking and baby water samples which are sold in the local market and tap water samples in Istanbul were examined. It was determined that elements of Cr, Cu, Fe, P, Zn, Al, and Ni were below detection limits in all water samples. Among the non-essential elements analyzed in water samples, Pb was the only detected element. At the same time, the percentages that meet the daily element requirements of infants were also calculated. As a result of the evaluations made, there is no significant difference in infant nutrition between baby waters and other drinking waters in terms of the element content.

Solving the Creativity Crisis

2019 ◽  
pp. 100-121
Author(s):  
Denise M. Bressler
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Elementary Students ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Early Learning ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Approach To Learning ◽  
Early Learners ◽  
Learning Through Play

Society's serious problems require creative thinkers. Developing an effective workforce relies on cultivating our children's creativity. Unfortunately, we are suffering a creativity crisis, particularly with young children. Since 1990, early elementary students have suffered the largest decrease in creative thinking capacity. Rather than learning through play, young children are taught by rote and tested extensively. Play is indispensable for early learners; without play, students are missing an essential element of early learning that stimulates creative thinking. To promote play, elementary teachers should be trained in maker-centered teaching, a playful approach to learning that embodies the essential elements of STEM education. To truly integrate maker-centered learning, there is a critical need for effective maker-centered professional development. Maker-centered teaching provides playful learning where young children can experience STEM and learn to think more creatively. With maker-centered teaching, we can make the next generation of innovators.

Contractual Reconstructions

2020 ◽  
pp. 365-386
Author(s):  
Albert Weale
Keyword(s):  
Utility Theory ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Contract Theory ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Veil Of Ignorance ◽  
Practical Syllogism ◽  
Mutual Advantage

In the twilight of utilitarianism contract theorist sought to respond to the problems that utilitarianism had thrown up. How successful were they? Our review of contract theory has shown that it is not possible to base a contract theory on a utility theory of rationality, even though some have claimed that such a theory states the essential elements of rational behaviour. The axioms of utility theory are controversial in themselves, and do not give an account of prudence. To have an account of prudence, we need to turn to the deliberative account of rationality, and the idea of intelligibility. The practical syllogism will only take us so far, however, and will not deal with cases where interests conflict. There is no need to make a sharp distinction between contract theories in which there is a plurality of agents, without a veil of ignorance, and a single agent behind a veil of ignorance. The singular veil of ignorance construction can be regarded as a more abstract thought experiment in situation of moral perplexity. Similarly, the distinction between mutual advantage theories, which involve essential reference to a baseline of non-cooperation, and baseline independent theories is not clear, since much depends on the character of the baseline. The problem of obligation remains unresolved, but its lack of resolution underlines a conclusion of Hart to the effect that coercion is an essential element of a large-scale society.

Danger! Glyphosate may Expose Weaknesses in Institutional Systems: EU Legislation and Comitology in the Face of a Controversial Reauthorisation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-449
Author(s):  
Ton VAN DEN BRINK
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Current System ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Face ◽  
Legislative Choice

The 2017 glyphosate reauthorisation process has exposed key weaknesses of the EU’s institutional system. First, the role of Germany as Member State rapporteur and the subsequent decision to appoint a group of Member States to form the Assessment Group on Glyphosate (AGG) suggest that the nature of scientific assessments become blurred. These assessments are apparently not just purely objective, science-based and procedural elements of the authorization procedure, but require support from a significant number of Member States as well. Second, the arduous comitology trajectory in the glyphosate reauthorisation process has caused the Commission to initiate questionable changes to comitology. These changes would corrupt the coherence of the EU’s legislative system in general and the constitutional distinction between delegated and implementing acts in particular. Moreover, they would overlook the more obvious solution of relying more on discretion on the part of the Commission. Lastly, the glyphosate reauthorisation has questioned the dichotomy between legislation and executive rule-making, an equally central element of the EU’s constitutional order. This dichotomy is based on a distinction between essential elements that belong to the legislative domain and non-essential element which are more technical in nature. It has been claimed that weighing the economic benefits of pesticides against the health and environmental costs associated with their use is in essence a legislative choice. This claim highlights not so much the practical problem of how to draw the line between political and technical decision-making, but rather denies the very meaning of the dichotomy altogether. Yet, the current system on the placing on the market of plant protection products – based on the legislation providing the general framework and the executive applying this in concrete cases – is certainly not devoid of coherence and logic.

scholarly journals Russian Strategic Culture: Why the Past Matters

2021 ◽  
pp. 147-163
Author(s):  
Mykola Doroshko ◽  
Iuliia Tsyrfa
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Strategic Culture ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Contemporary Development

Today, strategic culture becomes an essential element of the national security policy of the Russian Federation. While absorbing some modern aspects, its strategic culture reflects historical lessons learnt by the Russian Empire and the USSR. Russia still cannot refuse from the idea to restore its superpower status and to fight for new territories. Thus, we can define a number of essential elements of the Russian strategic culture formed in relation to the historical and contemporary development of this state. Throughout the history, the Russians have legitimized the decisions and activities of the ruling elites. As the Russian leadership has long built up powerful associations which had taken root in the minds of people while remembering patriotism and love for their Motherland, the Russians believe in the importance of maintaining and enhancing patriotic feelings. While cultivating its civilizational and cultural detachment, Russia continues developing its own messianic idea which envisages the views of the special historical kismet of Russia. In order to fulfill its global tasks, Russia uses the policy of military interventions and violates state sovereignty of other countries, since the ‘militant’ political culture of its leaders has always militarized the strategic culture of the RF. So, the strategic culture of Russia emanates from the unique position and history of this state which manages to adapt it to the new realities. However, Russia’s aspirations to reclaim its status as a global superpower at any cost do not allow its strategic culture to be changed or even to be altered.

scholarly journals Creating Shared Value Through Implementing Vocational Rehabilitation In The Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy: A Literature Review

2018 ◽  
pp. 1444-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Miethlich ◽  
Ľudomír Šlahor
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Return To Work ◽  
Vocational Rehabilitation ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Shared Value ◽  
Csr Strategy ◽  
Corporate Social

After an accident or illness, it may be difficult or even impossible to return to work. Although occupational safety and health (OHS) are essential elements of corporate social responsibility (CSR), support for employees returning to work or vocational rehabilitation are rarely part of the CSR strategy. The aim of this paper is to assess and synthesize the current state of research of vocational rehabilitation in the context of CSR. A literature analysis was conducted to examine the need to address vocational rehabilitation as part of the CSR strategy as well as the existing approaches for implementation. Vocational rehabilitation is an important part of a company's social responsibility towards its employees as well as towards society. The promotion of vocational rehabilitation should be an essential element of the CSR strategy and can create shared value. However, a commitment to vocational rehabilitation alone is not enough; the commitment must be explicitly described and go beyond the legal minimum. That can be done, for example, through return-to-work (RTW) policies, proactive initiation and coordination of the rehabilitation process, the adaptation of the workplace and work activities, the institutionalization of sheltered workplaces, and a specialist unit for vocational rehabilitation within the company. Particularly access for external persons to the company's sheltered workplaces, internships or entry-level positions is a critical aspect for substantially promoting vocational rehabilitation and achieving additional shared value. Vocational rehabilitation as part of the CSR strategy must continue to be examined empirically, in particular "best practice" approaches from business practice.

LEAD AND ZINC IN FINGER NAILS AND SCALP HAIR OF ADULT MALES IN KENYA

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-108
Author(s):  
James Ndiritu ◽  
Ruth Wanjau ◽  
Jane Murungi
Keyword(s):  
Scalp Hair ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Finger Nail ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Lead and zinc concentrations were determined in scalp hair and finger nails of exposed and unexposed males by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The mean levels of Pb in the finger nails ranged from 50-480 μg/g, and 50-240 μg/g for exposed and unexposed males respectively. The mean levels of Pb in the scalp hair ranged from 30-410 μg/g, and 30-200 μg/g for exposed and unexposed males respectively. The mean levels of Zn in the finger nails ranged from 40-400 μg/g and 80-450 μg/g for exposed and unexposed males respectively, while in the scalp hair the mean levels of Zn ranged from 30-490 μg/g and 50-440 μg/g for exposed and unexposed males respectively. The study established that there was a negative correlation between Pb and essential element Zn in both scalp hair and finger nail samples of unexposed male respondents. However, Pb was found to have a positive correlation with Zn in the finger nails and scalp hair samples for the exposed males. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) indicated when Pb and Zn mean levels were compared in the combined samples of finger nails and scalp hair. Comparing the mean lead concentration in scalp hair with finger nails a significant difference was indicated in the two tissues (P<0.05). Human hair and finger nails are therefore recording filaments that can reflect metabolic changes over long period of time and hence furnish a print out of post nutritional event of dietary levels of some of the essential elements.

scholarly journals Silicification of Root Tissues

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Lux ◽  
Zuzana Lukačová ◽  
Marek Vaculík ◽  
Renáta Švubová ◽  
Jana Kohanová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Endodermal Cell ◽  
High Accumulation ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
Root Tissues

Silicon (Si) is not considered an essential element, however, its tissue concentration can exceed that of many essential elements in several evolutionary distant plant species. Roots take up Si using Si transporters and then translocate it to aboveground organs. In some plant species, root tissues are also places where a high accumulation of Si can be found. Three basic modes of Si deposition in roots have been identified so far: (1) impregnation of endodermal cell walls (e.g., in cereals, such as Triticum (wheat)); (2) formation of Si-aggregates associated with endodermal cell walls (in the Andropogoneae family, which includes Sorghum and Saccharum (sugarcane)); (3) formation of Si aggregates in “stegmata” cells, which form a sheath around sclerenchyma fibers e.g., in some palm species (Phoenix (date palm)). In addition to these three major and most studied modes of Si deposition in roots, there are also less-known locations, such as deposits in xylem cells and intercellular deposits. In our research, the ontogenesis of individual root cells that accumulate Si is discussed. The documented and expected roles of Si deposition in the root is outlined mostly as a reaction of plants to abiotic and biotic stresses.

scholarly journals Element Levels and Predictors of Exposure in the Hair of Ethiopian Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Astolfi ◽  
Georgios Pietris ◽  
Corrado Mazzei ◽  
Elisabetta Marconi ◽  
Silvia Canepari
Keyword(s):  
Hair Analysis ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal Exposure ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metal ◽  
Benishangul Gumuz Region

Children’s development and health may be affected by toxic heavy metal exposure or suboptimal essential element intake. This study aimed to provide updated information regarding the concentrations of 41 elements in children’s hair (aged under 18) living in a rural area of the Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia. The highest average levels (as a geometric mean) for toxic heavy metals were obtained for Al (1 mg kg−1), Pb (3.1 mg kg−1), and Ni (1.2 mg kg−1), while the lowest concentrations among the essential elements were found for Co (0.32 mg kg−1), Mo (0.07 mg kg−1), Se (0.19 mg kg−1), and V (0.8 mg kg−1). Hair analysis was combined with a survey to evaluate relationships and variations among subgroups and potential metal exposure predictors. Females showed significantly higher concentrations for most hair elements, excluding Zn, than males, and the 6–11 years age group reported the highest levels for Be, Ce, Co, Fe, La, Li, Mo, and Na. The main predictors of exposure to toxic elements were fish consumption for Hg and drinking water for Ba, Be, Cs, Li, Ni, Tl, and U. The data from this study can be used to develop prevention strategies for children’s health and protection in developing countries.

scholarly journals Smoking effect on the cadmium and zinc concentration in smokers and nonsmokers

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Cadmium In Urine ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cadmium Zinc

Studies have shown that cigarette smoking affects the accumulation of some heavy metals in certain tissues and metabolism of essential elements. The aim of the study was to determine the differences in the concentrations of cadmium in the blood and urine and zinc in the urine of smokers and ex-smokers in relation to non-smokers, and to determine the possible influence of cadmium concentration on zinc excretion as an essential element. The study included 106 subjects. Subjects were regular smokers (n=51), ex-smokers (n=38) and non-smokers (n=17). Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) with an electrothermal atomizer was used to determine cadmium. Zinc was determined by AAS with a flame atomizer. There was a significant difference in the values of cadmium in the blood between the groups: smokers and non-smokers (p<0.001), smokers and ex-smokers (p <0.001), and between ex-smokers and non-smokers (p = 0.045). There is a significant positive and strong correlation in the level of zinc and cadmium in urine per gram of creatinine, and as the level of cadmium increases, the level of zinc also increases (rho=0.781; p=0.001). The data indicate that cigarette smoking has been shown to be a factor that can increase cadmium levels to an extent that will significantly increase zinc excretion, or its increased loss.

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