CRIME AND FISCAL POLICY IN EUROPE: THE EFFECT OF SHADOW ECONOMY

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 2050017
Author(s):  
ELEFTHERIOS GOULAS ◽  
SOCRATES KARIDIS
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Mitigating Factor ◽  
Positive Effect

We empirically investigate the role of fiscal policies on criminal activity using a sample of 25 EU countries over the period 2000–2013. Our analysis indicates that tight fiscal policies appear to have a positive effect on crime. This effect becomes stronger when property (non-violent) crime rates are considered. Further, the presence of high levels of shadow economy in a country provides a very strong mitigating factor on the adverse effect of public policies on crime. The initially strong link between tight fiscal policy and non-violent crime weakens significantly in the presence of undocumented economic activities which compensate for the lack of formal economic opportunities.

Evaluation of Fiscal Policy Effect of China’s Photovoltaic Industry

2018 ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang AN ◽  
Hang WANG
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Operating Performance ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Micro Data ◽  
Policy Effect ◽  
Policy Suggestions ◽  
Asset Size ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

To explore the role of fiscal policies in promoting the development of photovoltaic industry, the effects of financial subsidies on the development of China’s photovoltaic industry were analyzed by using the micro data of listed companies. The empirical analysis results in this study indicate that the fiscal policies represented by financial subsidies play a remarkable positive impetus function and financial subsidies are positively correlated with the operating performance of Photovoltaic enterprises. With larger the asset size and higher the Research and Development (R&D) investments, the operating performance of Photovoltaic enterprises is the better. Based on the above results, this study puts forward some policy suggestions on optimizing fiscal policy tools and further promoting the development of photovoltaic industry.

scholarly journals The Spatial and Social Patterning of Property and Violent Crime in Toronto Neighbourhoods: A Spatial-Quantitative Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Wang ◽  
Gabby Lee ◽  
Ian Williams
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The City

Criminal activities are often unevenly distributed over space. The literature shows that the occurrence of crime is frequently concentrated in particular neighbourhoods and is related to a variety of socioeconomic and crime opportunity factors. This study explores the broad patterning of property and violent crime among different socio-economic stratums and across space by examining the neighbourhood socioeconomic conditions and individual characteristics of offenders associated with crime in the city of Toronto, which consists of 140 neighbourhoods. Despite being the largest urban centre in Canada, with a fast-growing population, Toronto is under-studied in crime analysis from a spatial perspective. In this study, both property and violent crime data sets from the years 2014 to 2016 and census-based Ontario-Marginalisation index are analysed using spatial and quantitative methods. Spatial techniques such as Local Moran’s I are applied to analyse the spatial distribution of criminal activity while accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Distance-to-crime is measured to explore the spatial behaviour of criminal activity. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) linear regression is conducted to explore the ways in which individual and neighbourhood demographic characteristics relate to crime rates at the neighbourhood level. Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is used to further our understanding of the spatially varying relationships between crime and the independent variables included in the OLS model. Property and violent crime across the three years of the study show a similar distribution of significant crime hot spots in the core, northwest, and east end of the city. The OLS model indicates offender-related demographics (i.e., age, marital status) to be a significant predictor of both types of crime, but in different ways. Neighbourhood contextual variables are measured by the four dimensions of the Ontario-Marginalisation Index. They are significantly associated with violent and property crime in different ways. The GWR is a more suitable model to explain the variations in observed property crime rates across different neighbourhoods. It also identifies spatial non-stationarity in relationships. The study provides implications for crime prevention and security through an enhanced understanding of crime patterns and factors. It points to the need for safe neighbourhoods, to be built not only by the law enforcement sector but by a wide range of social and economic sectors and services.

scholarly journals The Non-Work Of The Unimportant: The shadow economy of Nubian women in displacement villages

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (Summer) ◽  
pp. 104-117
Author(s):  
Menna Agha
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Meaning Of Work ◽  
Indigenous Culture ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Social And Cultural Capital ◽  
Formal Economy ◽  
Cultural Violence ◽  
Informal Economies

In my search for spatial resistance in Nubian resettlement villages, I found a trend of spatial hacks located inside and around the household, and purposed to facilitate a shadow economy dominated by women and their small businesses. Despite the recognized importance of informal economies in Africa (Kinyanjui 2014), Nubian women and their society do not qualify their profitable labor as work, partly because of their domestic location and partly because of their roots in an indigenous culture that recognizes the emotional – an undervalued aspect in the formal economy. In this paper, I first present empirical evidence of the significant role these women, and occasionally men, play in the economic health of Nubians after going through the hardships of displacement, by sustaining households as well as preserving Nubian indigenous culture. Second, I highlight the role of these economic activities in expanding the use of dwelling units designed by the state and reforming the built environment. Third, I challenge the ontologies of “work” that have been forced on Nubians as part of their displacement, and discounted their indigenous ontologies of labour. I do so by examining the meaning of “work” as a drive for social and cultural capital. The materiality of displacement and dispossession in the case of Nubians women has occurred semantically: the claim of modernization came accompanied with cultural violence and the discounting of women’s labour in the gendered configuration of meaning. This article argues for a feminist onto-epistemology of work – one that recognizes emotion and its position as a capital that is generated and circulated via resources of care, trust, and sense of community.

scholarly journals Financial Crisis and Fiscal Policy: An Assessment of the EU-Member Balkan States

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Servet Akyol
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Public Deficit ◽  
Debt Burden ◽  
Balkan States ◽  
The Eu

The objective of this paper is to study the economic and social results of the post-crisis fiscal policies concerning the Balkan States that are members of the EU. The global crisis, which broke out in the US in 2008, had a deep effect on both developed and developing countries. Until today different policies have been put on the agenda in order to eliminate or alleviate the impacts of the crisis. In this context, bailout and stimulus packages were firstly implemented. Stimulus packages were replaced by austerity policies because of the increasing public debt and budget deficit after 2010. Fiscal policy focused on reducing the debts instead of supporting the economic activities. This study is based on historical and descriptive method. It examines the development of post-crisis fiscal policies in the Balkan States that are members of the EU. In this study, public expenditure, public debt, public deficit and unemployment rate are used as the main indicators. The effects of fiscal policy will be compared between countries. This study also suggests that although the crisis resulted from financial sector, burden of crisis was transferred to public sector. Moreover, in many countries, because of its increasing deficit and debt burden, public sector became depended on financial sector that was rescued before. After the crisis, fiscal policies has led to significant economic and social costs in the Balkan States that are members of the EU.

Progress That Is Real

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-61
Author(s):  
Samuel Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
The Road ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Police Forces

This chapter reflects on the reduction of violent crime. It looks at historical data on homicides to show how rates of violent crime have dropped dramatically over the course of the last eight hundred years. Why were crime rates so high? Crime rates were high because brigands ruled the road and pirates ruled the sea, and because of violent disputes. What improved? Both the food supply and the economy improved; governments developed courts of law, police forces, prisons, and schools; fertility decreased; and travel increased. Removing poverty removes a lot of the motivation to engage in crime. But it is important to notice the central role of government in producing a lot of the reforms that controlled crime. Ultimately, protecting personal security and controlling crime are fundamental components of social well-being and progress.

Fiscal Consolidation in German and Greek Municipalities: The Interplay of Leadership and Legitimacy

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-916
Author(s):  
Philipp Stolzenberg ◽  
Panagiotis Getimis
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Fiscal Consolidation ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Output Legitimacy

This article assesses the interplay between different leadership styles and three dimensions of legitimacy (input-, throughput- and output-legitimacy). In four German and six Greek cities, we investigate the role of mayors and treasurers in fiscal consolidation policy. We can explain different outcomes of fiscal policy with different institutional structures between the two countries, but we found also remarkable differences within the countries, especially in Greek municipalities, which are related to different leadership styles. However, we also show that different leadership styles can result in sufficient output-legitimacy of fiscal policies.

The Role of Police Officer Race/Ethnicity on Crime Rates in Immigrant Communities

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joselyne L. Chenane ◽  
Emily M. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Police Officer ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Ethnic Representation ◽  
Immigrant Concentration ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Relationship

Few studies have examined the role of city police officer racial/ethnic representation on violent crime in immigrant neighborhoods. Yet police officer race/ethnicity might play a significant role in bolstering or weakening the relationship between immigration and violent crime rates. Researchers have posited that increasing the representation of minority officer would be an important avenue for making police departments more accountable to the communities they serve. The current study contributes to existing research by using national (i.e., 89 cities and 8,980 neighborhoods) data on violent crime from large U.S. cities. We examine the relationship between immigration, violent crime rates, and minority police officer representation using multilevel modeling techniques. Results indicate that neighborhood immigrant concentration is associated with lower robbery and homicide rates. Moreover, the negative relationship between immigrant concentration and violent crime rates is strengthened by city African American and Hispanic officer representation. Policy implications for law enforcement are discussed.

scholarly journals Proffesionalism in the Post Soeharto Indonesian Military

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Muradi Muradi
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Personal Interest ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Military Involvement ◽  
Financial Income ◽  
The Military ◽  
Changing Role

This paper will discuss the changing role of the military in criminal activity during the Reform Era which was affected by strict regulations, the supervision of institutions and the government's commitment to meet the welfare of the soldiers, with criminal activities referring to activities such as illegal economic activities, extortion, as well as drug and human trafficking. This paper will also analyze the ongoing criminal activity in the military, which mostly originates from personal interest rather than in the interest of the institution. This paper also describes the competition between military and police increasing criminal activities in order to seize illegal financial income potential. This paper will also analyze the methods of Post-Suharto military involvement in criminal activities.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Great Recession on Monetary and Fiscal Policy in Developed Market Economies

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damir Šehović
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Market Economies ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Monetary And Fiscal Policy ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: With the occurrence of the crisis in 2007, which caused the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression in the thirties, it has become evident that the previous understanding of strategies, effects and roles of monetary and fiscal policy should be redefined. Objectives: The aim of this paper is to illustrate a possible expected change in monetary and fiscal policy in developed market economies that could occur as a consequence of the Great Recession. Methods/Approach: The paper provides a comparative analysis of various primary economic variables related to the developed OECD countries, as well as the empirical testing of the selected theoretical assumptions. Results: The changes in monetary policy refer to the question of raising target inflation, considering a possible use of aggregate price level targeting and paying attention to the role of central banks in suppressing the formation of an asset bubble. The success of fiscal policy in attaining stabilization depends on the size of possible fiscal measures and creation of automatic stabilizers. Conclusions: For the most part, monetary and fiscal policies will still stay unchanged, although some segments of these policies need to be improved.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document