China's Low Carbon Transformation

2013 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 1350001
Author(s):  
Jiahua PAN ◽  
Ying ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Made In China ◽  
Made In ◽  
Emission Of Greenhouse Gases

Along with industrialization and urbanization processes, China's emission of greenhouse gases has been increasing rapidly and substantially over the past 40 years, as measured in aggregate and in per capita terms. While there are reasons to drive up the emissions, the Chinese government has made efforts to lower the rate of increase in emissions, as emission reduction is consistent with China's pursuit for energy security and sustainable development. Ambitious targets and aggressive actions have been made in China to accelerate the process of low carbon transformation. However, challenges remain and additional policies will be required to accomplish the process of low carbon transformation.

scholarly journals Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypotheses in Chinese Provinces: A Nexus between Regional Government Expenditures and Environmental Quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9667
Author(s):  
Ayoub Zeraibi ◽  
Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente ◽  
Khurram Shehzad
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Government Expenditures ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Per Capita

With rapid economic growth, the Chinese government expenditures at various levels have increased adequately. At the same time, the environmental quality in China has deteriorated significantly. In this study, provincial-level data for 31 Chinese provinces during 2007–2017 are used to investigate the impacts of government expenditure on the emissions of three specific measures of environmental degradation. The main objective of this study is to examine the influence of government expenditures, economic growth per capita, environment protection expenditure, and added second-sector value on environmental quality by measuring sulfur dioxide (SO2), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonia nitrogen emissions (AN). Moreover, the study applied the generalized method of moments (GMM) and the fully modified least square (FMOLS) to estimate the co-integration relationship among the underlying factors. The results demonstrate a significant direct effect of government expenditure on improving environmental quality overall in the Chinese provinces, which increases with the level of economic growth. However, the results also confirmed the inverted N-shaped relationship between the pollution factor and economic growth per capita. Our key findings lead toward the manifestation and emphasis of the importance of appropriate policies for restoring government expenditure and, at the same time, strengthening the relationship between the industrial sector and environmental policy standards. Significantly, governments in developing countries should allocate larger budgets for environmental projects in their fiscal reforms for the sake of moving to greener and more inclusive economies with low-carbon activities.

Plant-Based Proteins: The Good, Bad, and Ugly

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Aimutis
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
The Past ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Consumption Enjoyment ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Made In

Our global population is growing at a pace to exceed 10 billion people by the year 2050. This growth will place pressure on the agricultural production of food to feed the hungry masses. One category that will be strained is protein. Per capita protein consumption is rising in virtually every country for both nutritional reasons and consumption enjoyment. The United Nations estimates protein demand will double by 2050, and this will result in a critical overall protein shortage if drastic changes are not made in the years preceding these changes. Therefore, the world is in the midst of identifying technological breakthroughs to make protein more readily available and sustainable for future generations. One protein sourcing category that has grown in the past decade is plant-based proteins, which seem to fit criteria established by discerning consumers, including healthy, sustainable, ethical, and relatively inexpensive. Although demand for plant-based protein continues to increase, these proteins are challenging to utilize in novel food formulations. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

China’s energy policies and strategies for climate change and energy security

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifeng Deng ◽  
Paolo Davide Farah
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Energy Economy ◽  
International Data ◽  
National Energy Security ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract National energy security, parallel with the ultimate goal of emissions reductions, is of utmost priority for the Chinese government. In order to comply with the requirements set by the Kyoto Protocol, the Chinese government announced, on 25 November 2009, that 2020’s CO2 emissions would be reduced by 40–45 per cent in accordance with the data collected from 2005. Said goal was met three years ahead of schedule. Even in light of such an accomplishment, however, commentators suggest that the overall nationally determined contributions (NDCs) made by the Parties belonging to the Paris agreement are not enough to reduce global warming by even 2°C. This article focuses on the concept of energy security in assessing whether, and how, the priorities related to climate change are gradually changing. After analysing climate change’s impact on China, conducted via an analysis of the study’s available literature and through the support of international data, this article mainly focuses on the concept of energy security, itself. Under the second section, based on the examination of China’s efforts to transition towards a low-carbon economy, the authors provide a holistic definition of energy security through the lens of three dimensions: energy supply security, energy economy and energy ecological security. The third section, in turn, addresses the relationship between energy security and climate change. The results presented in the conclusion insist that, in order to strengthen environmental protection in China, it is crucial to reform the highly inefficient and strictly regulated national energy market. In doing so, China’s transition to a low-carbon society and economy could prove less painful, as China’s available resources offer the potential for a strengthened ecological dimension and sustained socio-economic development.

scholarly journals Can CO2 Emission Reduction and Economic Growth Be Compatible? Evidence From China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuang Zhang ◽  
You-Hua Chen ◽  
Chien-Ming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Co2 Emission Reduction ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Aggregate Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Low Carbon Energy

The influence of low-carbon energy on economic development is a vital issue. Using the provincial panel data in China from 2000 to 2017, this work investigated the aggregate effects of low-emission electricity. The results showed that 1) when the ratio of low-emission electricity to total electricity increases by 1%, the GDP per capita will increase by 0.16% and CO2 emissions will decrease by 0.848%. In other words, low-emission electricity can achieve the goal of low-carbon economic development; 2) the self-supply of low-emission electricity, rather than trade and efficiency, is the main reason for China’s boosted economic growth; and 3) low-emission electricity increases the regional economic gap in China. The effects of pollution inhibition and economic promotion on low-emission electricity in developed areas are significantly greater than those in less developed areas. Thus, the low-emission electricity policy in China should benefit the economy and avoid the excessive economic gap among regions. Policymakers should vigorously promote the low-emission electricity revolution and pay attention to the inclination of energy policy to the central and western regions.

The crisis of social reproduction and 'Made-in-China' feminism

Soundings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (79) ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Yige Dong
Keyword(s):  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Made In China ◽  
Made In

Crises of care and social reproduction have led to new debates and social movements around the world, but there has been little scholarly scrutiny in the global North on these issues as they are unfolding in China. Facing rapid population ageing and historically low birth rates, the Chinese government believes the country is suffering from a demographic crisis. Yet, the so-called population question is fundamentally a political one: who is bearing the brunt of biologically and socially reproducing the Chinese labour force who have fuelled the Chinese economy in the last four decades? As this essay unpacks, the country's long-existing urban-rural divide and the unchecked patriarchal-capitalist mode of accumulation have produced uneven consequences among different social groups, intersectionally defined by class, gender and urban/rural citizenship, and thus have exacerbated existing inequalities. Rural migrants and the urban poor, mostly women, have become domestic servants for urban middle-class families, at the cost of their own well-being and of their families and communities. Across social classes, Chinese women are making their voices heard and taking actions to protest against systemic appropriation and exploitation of their care and reproductive labour, in what is a hostile political environment. Ranging from organised protests to individuals' spontaneous complaints, 'made-in-China' feminism can shed new light on future feminist movements and solidarity building with feminists in the international community.

Port of Call

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Robert Gottlieb
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Long Beach ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Community ◽  
Made In China ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

The relationship between China and Los Angeles has been transformed over the past thirty years through the enormous expansion of global trade and imported products made in China. Products arrive in the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach and are then transported by truck and rail to huge warehouses to the east of Los Angeles, where they are reloaded for their final destinations across the country. But along every stop of that journey, there are communities and environments dealing with the consequences of trans-Pacific trade. This has resulted in new community-based movements, which have helped bring about major policy changes to address the impacts on environmental, health, labor, and community. Los Angeles, itself a city of immigrants, including from China, has been at the center of these changes, which are beginning to reach back to China too.

scholarly journals A Dynamic Benchmark System for Per Capita Carbon Emissions in Low-Carbon Counties of China

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Lijie Gao ◽  
Xiaoqi Shang ◽  
Fengmei Yang ◽  
Longyu Shi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Benchmark System ◽  
Per Capita

As the most basic unit of the national economy and administrative management, the low-carbon transformation of the vast counties is of great significance to China’s overall greenhouse gas emission reduction. Although the low-carbon evaluation (LCE) indicator system and benchmarks have been extensively studied, most benchmarks ignore the needs of the evaluated object at the development stage. When the local economy develops to a certain level, it may be restricted by static low-carbon target constraints. This study reviews the relevant research on LCE indicator system and benchmarks based on convergence. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), a dynamic benchmark system for per capita carbon emissions (PCCEs), is proposed for low-carbon counties. Taking Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China as an example, a dynamic benchmark for PCCEs was established by benchmarking the Carbon Kuznets Curve (CKC) of best practices. Based on the principles of best practice, comparability, data completeness, and the CKC hypothesis acceptance, the best practice database is screened, and Singapore is selected as a potential benchmark. By constructing an econometric model to conduct an empirical study on Singapore’s CKC hypothesis, the regression results of the least squares method support the CKC hypothesis and its rationality as a benchmark. The result of the PCCE benchmarks of Changxing County show that when the per capita income of Changxing County in 2025, 2030, and 2035 reaches USD 19,172.92, USD 24,483.01, and USD 29,366.11, respectively, the corresponding benchmarks should be 14.95 tons CO2/person, 14.70 tons CO2/person, and 13.55 tons CO2/person. For every 1% increase in the county’s per capita income, the PCCE allowable room for growth is 17.6453%. The turning point is when the per capita gross domestic product (PCGDP) is USD 20,843.23 and the PCCE is 15.03 tons of CO2/person, which will occur between 2025 and 2030. Prior to this, the PCCE benchmark increases with the increase of PCGDP. After that, the PCCE benchmark decreases with the increase of PCGDP. The system is economically sensitive, adaptable to different development stages, and enriches the methodology of low-carbon indicator evaluation and benchmark setting at the county scale. It can provide scientific basis for Chinese county decision makers to formulate reasonable targets under the management idea driven by evaluation indicators and emission reduction targets and help counties explore the coordinated paths of economic development and emission reduction in different development stages. It has certain reference significance for other developing regions facing similar challenges of economic development and low-carbon transformation to Changxing County to formulate scientific and reasonable low-carbon emission reduction targets.

scholarly journals A gazdasági és társadalmi fejlődés elősegíti-e az emberek elégedettségének és boldogságának növekedését Kínában?

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2017/1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anett Kozjek-Gulyás
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Perspective ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Made In

Whether a society is satisfied or not always provides important informationon the operation of a country, from an economic and political perspective,among others. To what extent can we speak of healthy development of thesociety? How many in this society are dissatisfied with their situation and seethe future prospects for themselves and their families hopeless? The answersto these questions can provide valuable feedback for the decision makers onthe consequences of the decisions they made in the past and are making atpresent. This study utilizes the findings of empirical research carried out inJanuary 2015 in Qinhuangdao 秦皇岛 as a starting point and aims to draw conclusions from the indicators of the level of satisfaction with the performance of the Chinese government – from the analysis of the indicators of happiness and satisfaction – to determine how much the subjective well-beingof everyday Chinese people contribute to the long-term stability of the system of government and the undisturbed operation of China’s political system.

scholarly journals Made In China 2025 and New Trends of Entrepreneurship Education of China: A Socio-Economic-Educational Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyun Wu ◽  
Spencer A. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Educational Perspective ◽  
Made In China ◽  
Future Economic Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

The importance of entrepreneurship for economic growth and job creation has gained wide acceptance around the world. The Chinese government is dedicated to innovation and entrepreneurship, realizing the critical importance in meeting this dual purpose lies in entrepreneurship education (EE) and its integration across the government, academic and business sectors. This paper outlines the emergence of entrepreneurship and the emerging trends in EE of China by looking at the past and present of China’s economy, education and government policies through a socio-economic-educational perspective. It focuses on Made In China 2025, an important 10-year national plan, that outlines China’s objectives in future economic development, and the future directions for China’s EE. By looking at past and emerging trends this study presents a historical and current picture of EE within China. The socio-economic-educational perspective of this study results in the following observations: the change from government programmed economy to a more open briskness driven economy, the close relationship between China’s reform in economy and education, the impact of government policies and mandates on China’s entrepreneurship education, EE in China, a new facet of China’s education reform, which has moved from education for the elite to the masses, and lastly, Made In China 2025’s call for innovation and reform in educational practices of EE in China. The application of a socio-economic-educational perspective provides for broader and deeper insights into the direction for the further development of EE in China.

Dynamic Analysis on Carbon Footprint of Energy Utlization in Guangdong Province

2013 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 1471-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhu Hua Su ◽  
Li Ma ◽  
Xia Ling Chu ◽  
Rui Quan Xiong ◽  
Zhong Wan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Ecological Pressure

The paper calculated the Carbon footprint, Carbon Footprint Density, Value of Carbon Footprint Carbon Footprint Intensity, Ecological Pressure Intensity of Carbon Footprint of Guangdong energy consumption in 1990-2011, using the relevant concepts and research methodsthe carbon footprint.The results shows that The Guangdong per capita energy consumption carbon footprint continueed to rise from 1990 to 2011; In the energy consumption carbon footprint gross composition, coal carbon footprint was the maximum, followed by crude oil, natural gas was the last. The Guangdong primary energy utilization structure did not improve and optimize; The Guangdong energy consumption carbon footprint density increased gradually and the pressure of carbon emission reduction increased gradually; The Guangdong economy progress was good in the past 20 years, the Guangdong economic value created by energy consumption carbon footprint became stable in the 3 years; The Guangdong ecological pressure intensity of carbon footprint was increased in 1990-2011, and became 1.8925 in 2011.

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