Marine dinocysts, acritarchs and less well-known NPP: tintinnids, ostracod and foraminiferal linings, copepod and worm remains

2020 ◽  
pp. SP511-2020-55
Author(s):  
P. J. Mudie ◽  
F. Marret ◽  
P. R. Gurdebeke ◽  
J. D. Hartman ◽  
P. C. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Global Scale ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Trophic Relationships ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Egg Capsules ◽  
Resting Cysts ◽  
Ocean Carbon ◽  
Copepod Eggs ◽  
Annual Scale

AbstractNine non-pollen palynomorph (NPP) groups occur in Quaternary marine and brackish water sediments; these groups represent various planktonic or micro- to macrobenthic organisms. Some extant NPP were previously classified as fossil Acritarcha, Chitinozoa or scolecodonts. We refer to reviews of these fossils and their applications for Paleozoic-Mesozoic biostratigraphy and palaeoecology but focus on extant marine NPP that can be studied by laboratory culture, genetics or micro-geochemical methods. Marine NPP include resting cysts of planktonic dinoflagellates and prasinophytes, tintinnids and other cilates, copepod eggs and skeletal remains, and various microzoobenthos: microforaminiferal organic linings, ostracod mandibles and carapace linings, various worm egg capsules and mouthparts. New micro-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy spectra suggest the probable affinities of the tintinnid cyst type P and Beringiella. Our applications in marine biodiversity and provincialism studies emphasize under-studied polar regions and neglected ice-algae nano-plankton, and compare climate-based NPP distributions to Ocean Biogeographic Information System realms. Trophic relationships are outlined using sediment-trap studies. Seasonal to annual-scale investigations of palaeoproduction provide new perspectives on ocean carbon budgets during times of rapid climate change and atmospheric carbon increase. More taxonomic and source-linkage studies of non-dinocyst marine NPP are needed but we outline potentials for studies of hemispheric or global-scale shifts in marine food webs as driven by ocean warming.

scholarly journals Enhanced ocean carbon storage from anaerobic alkalinity generation in coastal sediments

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Thomas ◽  
L.-S. Schiettecatte ◽  
K. Suykens ◽  
Y. J. M. Koné ◽  
E. H. Shadwick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Coastal Sediments ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Marginal Seas ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Ocean Carbon

Abstract. The coastal ocean is a crucial link between land, the open ocean and the atmosphere. The shallowness of the water column permits close interactions between the sedimentary, aquatic and atmospheric compartments, which otherwise are decoupled at long time scales (≅ 1000 yr) in the open oceans. Despite the prominent role of the coastal oceans in absorbing atmospheric CO2 and transferring it into the deep oceans via the continental shelf pump, the underlying mechanisms remain only partly understood. Evaluating observations from the North Sea, a NW European shelf sea, we provide evidence that anaerobic degradation of organic matter, fuelled from land and ocean, generates total alkalinity (AT) and increases the CO2 buffer capacity of seawater. At both the basin wide and annual scales anaerobic AT generation in the North Sea's tidal mud flat area irreversibly facilitates 7–10%, or taking into consideration benthic denitrification in the North Sea, 20–25% of the North Sea's overall CO2 uptake. At the global scale, anaerobic AT generation could be accountable for as much as 60% of the uptake of CO2 in shelf and marginal seas, making this process, the anaerobic pump, a key player in the biological carbon pump. Under future high CO2 conditions oceanic CO2 storage via the anaerobic pump may even gain further relevance because of stimulated ocean productivity.

scholarly journals Discrepancies of surface temperature trends in the CMIP5 simulations and observations on the global and regional scales

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 6161-6178 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Zhao ◽  
J. Xu ◽  
A. M. Powell Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Cmip5 Model ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
North Polar

Abstract. Using the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) model simulations and two observational datasets, the surface temperature trends and their discrepancies have been examined. The temporal-spatial characteristics for the surface temperature trends are discussed. Different from a constant estimated linear trend for the entire simulation period of 1850–2012, a dynamical trend using running linear least squares fitting with the moving 10 yr time windows are calculated. The results show that the CMIP5 model simulations are generally in good agreement with the observational measurements for the global scale warming, but the temperature trends depend on the temporal change and the regional differences. Generally, contrary to the small discrepancies on the global scale, the large discrepancies are observed in the south- and north-polar regions and other sub-regions.

scholarly journals Multi-model ensemble projections of climate change effects on global marine biodiversity

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 741-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda C. Jones ◽  
William W. L. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Distribution Shifts ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Species distribution models (SDMs) are important tools to explore the effects of future global changes in biodiversity. Previous studies show that variability is introduced into projected distributions through alternative datasets and modelling procedures. However, a multi-model approach to assess biogeographic shifts at the global scale is still rarely applied, particularly in the marine environment. Here, we apply three commonly used SDMs (AquaMaps, Maxent, and the Dynamic Bioclimate Envelope Model) to assess the global patterns of change in species richness, invasion, and extinction intensity in the world oceans. We make species-specific projections of distribution shift using each SDM, subsequently aggregating them to calculate indices of change across a set of 802 species of exploited marine fish and invertebrates. Results indicate an average poleward latitudinal shift across species and SDMs at a rate of 15.5 and 25.6 km decade−1 for a low and high emissions climate change scenario, respectively. Predicted distribution shifts resulted in hotspots of local invasion intensity in high latitude regions, while local extinctions were concentrated near the equator. Specifically, between 10°N and 10°S, we predicted that, on average, 6.5 species would become locally extinct per 0.5° latitude under the climate change emissions scenario Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5. Average invasions were predicted to be 2.0 species per 0.5° latitude in the Arctic Ocean and 1.5 species per 0.5° latitude in the Southern Ocean. These averaged global hotspots of invasion and local extinction intensity are robust to the different SDM used and coincide with high levels of agreement.

scholarly journals Global gradients in intertidal species richness and functional groups

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Thyrring ◽  
Lloyd S Peck
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Local Scale ◽  
Rocky Intertidal ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Diversity Patterns ◽  
The North ◽  
Discernible Effect ◽  
Diversity Gradients ◽  
Α Diversity

Whether global latitudinal diversity gradients exist in rocky intertidal a-diversity and across functional groups remains unknown. Using literature data from 433 intertidal sites, we investigated α-diversity patterns across 155° of latitude, and whether local-scale or global-scale structuring processes control α-diversity. We, furthermore, investigated how the relative composition of functional groups changes with latitude. α-diversity differed among hemispheres with a mid-latitudinal peak in the north, and a non-significant unimodal pattern in the south, but there was no support for a tropical-to-polar decrease in α-diversity. Although global-scale drivers had no discernible effect, the local-scale drivers significantly affected α-diversity, and our results reveal that latitudinal diversity gradients are outweighed by local-processes. In contrast to α-diversity patterns, three functional groups: predators, grazers and suspension-feeders diversity declined with latitude, coinciding with an inverse gradient in algae. Polar and tropical intertidal data were sparse, and more sampling is required to improve knowledge of marine biodiversity.

scholarly journals The Phenomenon Of Emiliania Huxleyi In Aspects Of Global Climate And The Ecology Of The World Ocean

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-62
Author(s):  
Dmitry V. Pozdnyakov ◽  
Natalia V. Gnatiuk ◽  
Richard Davy ◽  
Leonid P. Bobylev
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Carbon Cycles ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
Ocean Carbon

Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) evolved from the genus Gephyrocapsa Kamptner (Prymneosiophyceae) of the coccolithophore family Naёlaerhadaceae. Over the past 100 thousand years E. huxleyi has acquired the status of the most ecologically predominant coccolithophore due to its remarkable adaptability to a variety of environmental conditions and interspecific competitiveness. E. huxleyi plays an important role in both the marine carbon system and carbon cycling between the atmosphere and ocean due to its ability to produce organic and inorganic carbon as well as to form massive blooms throughout the world ocean. This study examines both older information and recent findings to shed light on the current tendencies in the two-way interactions between E. huxleyi blooms and the immediate and global environment under conditions of climate change. The assembled knowledge has emerged from laboratory and mesocosm instrumental investigations, retrievals of satellite remote sensing data, machine learning/statistical analyses, and numerical simulations. Special attention is given to both the quantitative data reported over the last two decades on such interactions, and the only very recently appearing mid-term projections of E. huxleyi bloom dynamics across the world ocean. These blooms strongly affect the atmosphere and ocean carbon cycles. They reduce CO2 fluxes from by ~50% to ~150% as is documented for the North Atlantic, and on the global scale release particulate inorganic carbon as calcium calcite in the amounts assessed at 0.4 to 4.8 PgC/yr. At the same time, they are also sensitive to the atmospheric and oceanic state. This results in E. huxleyi blooms having an increased impact on the environment in response to ongoing global warming.

scholarly journals Enhanced ocean carbon storage from anaerobic alkalinity generation in coastal sediments

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 3575-3591 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Thomas ◽  
L.-S. Schiettecatte ◽  
K. Suykens ◽  
Y. J. M. Koné ◽  
E. H. Shadwick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Coastal Sediments ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Marginal Seas ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Ocean Carbon ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract. The coastal ocean constitutes the crucial link between land, the open ocean and the atmosphere. Furthermore, its shallow water column permits close interactions between the sedimentary and atmospheric compartments, which otherwise are decoupled at short time scales (<1000 yr) in the open oceans. Despite the prominent role of the coastal oceans in absorbing atmospheric CO2 and transferring it into the deep oceans via the continental shelf pump, the underlying mechanisms remain only partly understood. Evaluating observations from the North Sea, a NW European shelf sea, we provide evidence that anaerobic degradation of organic matter, fuelled from land and ocean, generates alkalinity (AT) and increases the CO2 buffer capacity of seawater. At both the basin wide and annual scales anaerobic AT generation in the North Sea's tidal mud flat area irreversibly facilitates 7–10%, or taking into consideration benthic denitrification in the North Sea, 20–25% of the North Sea's overall CO2 uptake. At the global scale, anaerobic AT generation could be accountable for as much as 60% of the uptake of CO2 in shelf and marginal seas, making this process, the anaerobic pump, a key player in the biological carbon pump. Under future high CO2 conditions oceanic CO2 storage via the anaerobic pump may even gain further relevance because of stimulated ocean productivity.

scholarly journals Differing marine animal biomass shifts under 21st century climate change between Canada’s three oceans

FACETS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-122
Author(s):  
Andrea Bryndum-Buchholz ◽  
Faelan Prentice ◽  
Derek P. Tittensor ◽  
Julia L. Blanchard ◽  
William W.L. Cheung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Trophic Relationships ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Marine Animal ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Adaptive Planning ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Marine Biomass ◽  
Emissions Scenarios

Under climate change, species composition and abundances in high-latitude waters are expected to substantially reconfigure with consequences for trophic relationships and ecosystem services. Outcomes are challenging to project at national scales, despite their importance for management decisions. Using an ensemble of six global marine ecosystem models we analyzed marine ecosystem responses to climate change from 1971 to 2099 in Canada’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) under four standardized emissions scenarios. By 2099, under business-as-usual emissions (RCP8.5) projected marine animal biomass declined by an average of −7.7% (±29.5%) within the Canadian EEZ, dominated by declines in the Pacific (−24% ± 24.5%) and Atlantic (−25.5% ± 9.5%) areas; these were partially compensated by increases in the Canadian Arctic (+26.2% ± 38.4%). Lower emissions scenarios projected successively smaller biomass changes, highlighting the benefits of stronger mitigation targets. Individual model projections were most consistent in the Atlantic and Pacific, but highly variable in the Arctic due to model uncertainties in polar regions. Different trajectories of future marine biomass changes will require regional-specific responses in conservation and management strategies, such as adaptive planning of marine protected areas and species-specific management plans, to enhance resilience and rebuilding of Canada’s marine ecosystems and commercial fish stocks.

scholarly journals The little shrimp that could: phylogeography of the circumtropical Stenopus hispidus (Crustacea: Decapoda), reveals divergent Atlantic and Pacific lineages

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4409 ◽  
Author(s):  
‘Ale‘alani Dudoit ◽  
Matthew Iacchei ◽  
Richard R. Coleman ◽  
Michelle R. Gaither ◽  
William E. Browne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Posterior Density ◽  
Recent Population Expansion ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Highest Posterior Density

The banded coral shrimp, Stenopus hispidus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Stenopodidea) is a popular marine ornamental species with a circumtropical distribution. The planktonic larval stage lasts ∼120–253 days, indicating considerable dispersal potential, but few studies have investigated genetic connectivity on a global scale in marine invertebrates. To resolve patterns of divergence and phylogeography of S. hispidus, we surveyed 525 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) from 198 individuals sampled at 10 locations across ∼27,000 km of the species range. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that S. hispidus has a Western Atlantic lineage and a widely distributed Indo-Pacific lineage, separated by sequence divergence of 2.1%. Genetic diversity is much higher in the Western Atlantic (h = 0.929; π = 0.004) relative to the Indo-Pacific (h = 0.105; π < 0.001), and coalescent analyses indicate that the Indo-Pacific population expanded more recently (95% HPD (highest posterior density) = 60,000–400,000 yr) than the Western Atlantic population (95% HPD = 300,000–760,000 yr). Divergence of the Western Atlantic and Pacific lineages is estimated at 710,000–1.8 million years ago, which does not readily align with commonly implicated colonization events between the ocean basins. The estimated age of populations contradicts the prevailing dispersal route for tropical marine biodiversity (Indo-Pacific to Atlantic) with the oldest and most diverse population in the Atlantic, and a recent population expansion with a single common haplotype shared throughout the vast Indian and Pacific oceans. In contrast to the circumtropical fishes, this diminutive reef shrimp challenges our understanding of conventional dispersal capabilities of marine species.

scholarly journals Novel applications of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>: what can atmospheric measurements teach us about processes in the biosphere?

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 3093-3106 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Ballantyne ◽  
J. B. Miller ◽  
I. T. Baker ◽  
P. P. Tans ◽  
J. W. C. White
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Carbon Isotopes ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Ocean Carbon ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Abstract. Conventionally, measurements of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO2 (δ13CO2) have been used to partition fluxes between terrestrial and ocean carbon pools. However, novel analytical approaches combined with an increase in the spatial extent and frequency of δ13CO2 measurements allow us to conduct a global analysis of δ13CO2 variability to infer the isotopic composition of source CO2 to the atmosphere (δs). This global analysis yields coherent seasonal patterns of isotopic enrichment. Our results indicate that seasonal values of δs are more highly correlated with vapor pressure deficit (r = 0.404) than relative humidity (r = 0.149). We then evaluate two widely used stomatal conductance models and determine that the Leuning Model, which is primarily driven by vapor pressure deficit is more effective globally at predicting δs (RMSE = 1.6‰) than the Ball-Woodrow-Berry model, which is driven by relative humidity (RMSE = 2.7‰). Thus stomatal conductance on a global scale may be more sensitive to changes in vapor pressure deficit than relative humidity. This approach highlights a new application of using δ13CO2 measurements to validate global models.

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