Flood Inundation Prediction

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Bates
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Mechanics ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Numerical Algorithms ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Flood Inundation ◽  
Damage Mapping ◽  
Performance Computing

Every year flood events lead to thousands of casualties and significant economic damage. Mapping the areas at risk of flooding is critical to reducing these losses, yet until the last few years such information was available for only a handful of well-studied locations. This review surveys recent progress to address this fundamental issue through a novel combination of appropriate physics, efficient numerical algorithms, high-performance computing, new sources of big data, and model automation frameworks. The review describes the fluid mechanics of inundation and the models used to predict it, before going on to consider the developments that have led in the last five years to the creation of the first true fluid mechanics models of flooding over the entire terrestrial land surface. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 54 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Thermoelectrics by Computational Design: Progress and Opportunities

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Kozinsky ◽  
David J. Singh
Keyword(s):  
First Principles ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Phonon Scattering ◽  
Transport Coefficients ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Boltzmann Transport

The performance of thermoelectric materials is determined by their electrical and thermal transport properties that are very sensitive to small modifications of composition and microstructure. Discovery and design of next-generation materials are starting to be accelerated by computational guidance. We review progress and challenges in the development of accurate and efficient first-principles methods for computing transport coefficients and illustrate approaches for both rapid materials screening and focused optimization. Particularly important and challenging are computations of electron and phonon scattering rates that enter the Boltzmann transport equations, and this is where there are many opportunities for improving computational methods. We highlight the first successful examples of computation-driven discoveries of high-performance materials and discuss avenues for tightening the interaction between theoretical and experimental materials discovery and optimization. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Science, Volume 51 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Particle-Laden Turbulence: Progress and Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Brandt ◽  
Filippo Coletti
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Fluid Mechanics ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Granular Media ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Zero Gravity ◽  
Inertial Particles

This review is motivated by the fast progress in our understanding of the physics of particle-laden turbulence in the last decade, partly due to the tremendous advances of measurement and simulation capabilities. The focus is on spherical particles in homogeneous and canonical wall-bounded flows. The analysis of recent data indicates that conclusions drawn in zero gravity should not be extrapolated outside of this condition, and that the particle response time alone cannot completely define the dynamics of finite-size particles. Several breakthroughs have been reported, mostly separately, on the dynamics and turbulence modifications of small inertial particles in dilute conditions and of large weakly buoyant spheres. Measurements at higher concentrations, simulations fully resolving smaller particles, and theoretical tools accounting for both phases are needed to bridge this gap and allow for the exploration of the fluid dynamics of suspensions, from laminar rheology and granular media to particulate turbulence. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 54 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Materials Strategies for Organic Neuromorphic Devices

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aristide Gumyusenge ◽  
Armantas Melianas ◽  
Scott T. Keene ◽  
Alberto Salleo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Neuromorphic Computing

Neuromorphic computing is becoming increasingly prominent as artificial intelligence (AI) facilitates progressively seamless interaction between humans and machines. The conventional von Neumann architecture and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor transistor scaling are unable to meet the highly demanding computational density and energy efficiency requirements of AI. Neuromorphic computing aims to address these challenges by using brain-like computing architectures and novel synaptic memories that coallocate information storage and computation, thereby enabling low latency at high energy efficiency and high memory density. Though various emerging memory devices have been extensively studied to emulate the functionality of biological synapses, there is currently no material/device system that encompasses both the needed metrics for high-performance neuromorphic computing and the required biocompatibility for potential body-computer integration. In this review, we aim to equip the reader with general design principles and materials requirements for realizing high-performance organic neuromorphic devices. We use instructive examples from recent literature to discuss each requirement, illustrating the challenges as well as future research opportunities. Though organic devices still face many challenges to become major players in neuromorphic computing, mostly due to their lack of compliance with back-end-of-the-line processes required for integration with digital logic, we propose that their biocompatibility and mechanical conformability give them an advantage for creating adaptive biointerfaces, brain-machine interfaces, and biology-inspired prosthetics. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Science, Volume 51 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Fluid Dynamics of Axial Turbomachinery: Blade- and Stage-Level Simulations and Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Sandberg ◽  
Vittorio Michelassi
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Fluid Mechanics ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Flow Phenomena ◽  
The Rich

The current generation of axial turbomachines are the culmination of decades of experience, and detailed understanding of the underlying flow physics has been a key factor for achieving high efficiency and reliability. Driven by advances in numerical methods and relentless growth in computing power, computational fluid dynamics has increasingly provided insights into the rich fluid dynamics involved and how it relates to loss generation. This article presents some of the complex flow phenomena occurring in bladed components of gas turbines and illustrates how simulations have contributed to their understanding and the challenges they pose for modeling. The interaction of key aerodynamic features with deterministic unsteadiness, caused by multiple blade rows, and stochastic unsteadiness, i.e., turbulence, is discussed. High-fidelity simulations of increasingly realistic configurations and models improved with help of machine learning promise to further grow turbomachinery performance and reliability and, thus, help fluid mechanics research have a greater industrial impact. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 54 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Exascale applications: skin in the game

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2166) ◽  
pp. 20190056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Alexander ◽  
Ann Almgren ◽  
John Bell ◽  
Amitava Bhattacharjee ◽  
Jacqueline Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Numerical Algorithms ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Critical Problems ◽  
Performance Computing

As noted in Wikipedia, skin in the game refers to having ‘incurred risk by being involved in achieving a goal’, where ‘ skin is a synecdoche for the person involved, and game is the metaphor for actions on the field of play under discussion’. For exascale applications under development in the US Department of Energy Exascale Computing Project, nothing could be more apt, with the skin being exascale applications and the game being delivering comprehensive science-based computational applications that effectively exploit exascale high-performance computing technologies to provide breakthrough modelling and simulation and data science solutions. These solutions will yield high-confidence insights and answers to the most critical problems and challenges for the USA in scientific discovery, national security, energy assurance, economic competitiveness and advanced healthcare. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Numerical algorithms for high-performance computational science’.

Designing Complex Fluids

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy H. Ewoldt ◽  
Chaimongkol Saengow
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Mechanics ◽  
Newtonian Fluid ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Complex Fluids ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Small Step ◽  
Fluid Behavior ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Organizing Principles

Taking a small step away from Newtonian fluid behavior creates an explosion in the range of possibilities. Non-Newtonian fluid properties can achieve diverse flow objectives, but the complexity introduces challenges. We survey useful rheological complexity along with organizing principles and design methods as we consider the following questions: How can non-Newtonian properties be useful? What properties are needed? How can we get those properties? Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 54 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

An Atlas of Phanerozoic Paleogeographic Maps: The Seas Come In and the Seas Go Out

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Scotese
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Mountain Building ◽  
The Past ◽  
Evolution Of Life

Paleogeography is the study of the changing surface of Earth through time. Driven by plate tectonics, the configuration of the continents and ocean basins has been in constant flux. Plate tectonics pushes the land surface upward or pulls it apart, causing its collapse. All the while, the unrelenting forces of climate and weather slowly reduce mountains to sand and mud and redistribute these sediments to the sea. This article reviews the changing paleogeography of the past 600 million years. It describes the broad patterns of Phanerozoic paleogeography as well as many of the specific paleogeographic events that have shaped the modern continents and ocean basins. The focus is on the changing latitudinal distribution of the continents, fluctuations in sea level, the opening and closing of oceanic seaways, mountain building, and how these paleogeographic changes have affected global climate, ocean circulation, and the evolution of life. This review presents an atlas of 114 paleogeographic maps that illustrate how Earth's surface has evolved during the past 600 million years. During that time interval, Earth has witnessed the formation and breakup of two supercontinents: Pannotia and Pangea. The continents have been transformed from low-lying flooded platforms to high-standing land areas crisscrossed by the scars of past continental collisions. Oceans have opened and closed, and then opened again in a seemingly never-ending cycle. ▪ The changing configuration of the continents and ocean basins during the past 750 million years is illustrated in 114 paleogeographic maps. ▪ These maps describe how the surface of Earth has been continually modified by mountain building and erosion. ▪ The changing paleogeography has affected global climate, ocean circulation, and the evolution of life. ▪ The data and methods used to produce the maps are described in detail. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 49 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Characterizing land surface anisotropy from AVHRR data at a global scale using high performance computing

2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 2171-2191 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. V. Kalluri ◽  
Z. Zhang ◽  
J. Jájá ◽  
S. Liang ◽  
J. R. G. Townshend
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Computing ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Surface Anisotropy ◽  
Avhrr Data ◽  
Performance Computing

scholarly journals Observer Design for Nonlinear Systems with Equivariance

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Mahony ◽  
Pieter van Goor ◽  
Tarek Hamel
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
Kalman Filtering ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Observer Design ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Extended Kalman Filtering ◽  
Wide Range

Equivariance is a common and natural property of many nonlinear control systems, especially those associated with models of mechatronic and navigation systems. Such systems admit a symmetry, associated with the equivariance, that provides structure enabling the design of robust and high-performance observers. A key insight is to pose the observer state to lie in the symmetry group rather than on the system state space. This allows one to define a global intrinsic equivariant error but poses a challenge in defining internal dynamics for the observer. By choosing an equivariant lift of the system dynamics for the observer internal model, we show that the error dynamics have a particularly nice form. Applying the methodology of extended Kalman filtering to the equivariant error state yields a filter we term the equivariant filter. The geometry of the state-space manifold appears naturally as a curvature modification to the classical Riccati equation for extended Kalman filtering. The equivariant filter exploits the symmetry and respects the geometry of an equivariant system model, and thus yields high-performance, robust filters for a wide range of mechatronic and navigation systems. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems, Volume 5 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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