The Role of Symbioses in the Adaptation and Stress Responses of Marine Organisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Apprill
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Anthropogenic Change ◽  
Subject Knowledge ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems

Ocean ecosystems are experiencing unprecedented rates of climate and anthropogenic change, which can often initiate stress in marine organisms. Symbioses, or associations between different organisms, are plentiful in the ocean and could play a significant role in facilitating organismal adaptations to stressful ocean conditions. This article reviews current knowledge about the role of symbiosis in marine organismal acclimation and adaptation. It discusses stress and adaptations in symbioses from coral reef ecosystems, which are among the most affected environments in the ocean, including the relationships between corals and microalgae, corals and bacteria, anemones and clownfish, and cleaner fish and client fish. Despite the importance of this subject, knowledge of how marine organisms adapt to stress is still limited, and there are vast opportunities for research and technological development in this area. Attention to this subject will enhance our understanding of the capacity of symbioses to alleviate organismal stress in the oceans.

Fungal Production and Manipulation of Plant Hormones

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Fonseca ◽  
Dhanya Radhakrishnan ◽  
Kalika Prasad ◽  
Andrea Chini
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Defensive Strategies ◽  
Hormone Balance ◽  
Living Organisms

Living organisms are part of a highly interconnected web of interactions, characterised by species nurturing, competing, parasitizing and preying on one another. Plants have evolved cooperative as well as defensive strategies to interact with neighbour organisms. Among these, the plant-fungus associations are very diverse, ranging from pathogenic to mutualistic. Our current knowledge of plant-fungus interactions suggests a sophisticated coevolution to ensure dynamic plant responses to evolving fungal mutualistic/pathogenic strategies. The plant-fungus communication relies on a rich chemical language. To manipulate the plant defence mechanisms, fungi produce and secrete several classes of biomolecules, whose modeof- action is largely unknown. Upon perception of the fungi, plants produce phytohormones and a battery of secondary metabolites that serve as defence mechanism against invaders or to promote mutualistic associations. These mutualistic chemical signals can be co-opted by pathogenic fungi for their own benefit. Among the plant molecules regulating plant-fungus interaction, phytohormones play a critical role since they modulate various aspects of plant development, defences and stress responses. Intriguingly, fungi can also produce phytohormones, although the actual role of fungalproduced phytohormones in plant-fungus interactions is poorly understood. Here, we discuss the recent advances in fungal production of phytohormone, their putative role as endogenous fungal signals and how fungi manipulate plant hormone balance to their benefits.

The scientific issues surrounding remote detection of submerged coral ecosystems

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Holden ◽  
Ellsworth LeDrew
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Global Status ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Remote Estimation

According to the 1993 colloquium on the ‘Global status of coral reefs', our understanding of the global role of coral reefs is inadequate. To increase our understanding, an accurate large-scale mapping and monitoring programme is necessary. Historically, coastal zones have been mapped using traditional surveying tools such as topographic maps, nautical charts, existing aerial photographs and direct observations. Although less expensive than digital imagery, exclusive use of these traditional tools may not be practical for monitoring large or remote coral reef ecosystems accurately. Researchers are attempting to develop an adequate coral reef mapping system based on digital remote sensing, but are impeded by issues such as effects of the intervening water column and spectral distinction of bottom types. The two variables discussed, which will contribute to our understanding of the global role of coral reefs, are: 1) remote sensing of submerged coral reefs in general; and 2) remote sensing of coral bleaching in particular. A summary of radiative transfer theory is presented and case studies of attempts at mapping remotely the geographic extent and health of submerged ecosystems, as well as a discussion of the remote estimation of water depth and quality. Problems in the translation and delivery of information to the end user are presented, and possible solutions suggested.

scholarly journals HOLOCENE FORAMINIFERAL FAUNA AT THE REGION OF PHAN VINH ISLAND, TRUONG SA ARCHIPELAGO AND SOME RELATED PROBLEMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
Nguyen Ngoc
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
The World ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Initial Research

Holocene Foraminiferal fauna at the area of Phan Vinh island, Truong Sa archipelago is relatively abundant and diverse in both taxonomic composition and ecological characteristics. The initial research results have identified 69 species (excluding several ones unidentified) belonging to 42 genera, 25 families and 6 orders. Among them, the representatives of the genera of Calcarina, Amphistegina, Heterostegina, Elphidium, Amphisorus, Marginopora, Sorites, Parasorites, Peneroplis, Archaias, Siphonipheroides, Septotextularia are predominant. They characterized by the shallow, transparent and warm marine environments of the region of Truong Sa archipelago during Holocene. Some problems related to this fauna at the area of Phan Vinh island such as biodiversity of coral-reef ecosystems, stratigraphic and paleogeographical significances, and its role of reef - building are also mentioned in this article. In addition, for the modern Foraminifera in the world, today they are being used as ‘biomarkers’ (bioindicators) in assessing and monitoring environmental quality of coral reef ecosystems in particular and marine environment in general. In Vietnam, this method has not been applied, but in the future, this is one of the methods that should be concerned. In addition, in aquaculture the Foraminifera is also a source of nutrition that should not be ignored.

Polycomb and Trithorax group protein-mediated control of stress responses in plants

2014 ◽  
Vol 395 (11) ◽  
pp. 1291-1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Anna Kleinmanns ◽  
Daniel Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Polycomb Group ◽  
Gene Repression ◽  
Stable Gene ◽  
Trithorax Group ◽  
Stress Memory ◽  
Group Protein

Abstract A plant’s experience of abiotic or biotic stress can lead to stress memory in order to react faster and more efficiently to subsequent stresses. Molecularly, the memory of a stress can rely on stable inheritance through mitotic and meiotic cell divisions, thus epigenetic inheritance. The key epigenetic regulators are DNA cytosine methyltransferases and the Polycomb group (PcG) and Trithorax group (TrxG) proteins, which control numerous developmental processes. PcG and TrxG proteins act antagonistically on stable gene repression through mediating trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and H3K4me3, respectively, and target thousands of genes in plants, including many genes responsive to stress. The role of PcG/TrxG proteins in regulating stress responses and memory, however, is just emerging. While it is well investigated that stress can induce changes of histone modifications at genes regulated by stress, it is largely unclear whether these changes are mitotically and/or meiotically heritable, hence confer somatic and/or transgenerational stress memory. As the literature on the role of DNA methylation in regulating stress responses has recently been extensively summarized, we focus this review on the current knowledge on the role of PcG and TrxG in stress responses and memory.

scholarly journals Living the Experience Before You Go . . . but Did It Meet Expectations? The Role of Virtual Reality during Hotel Bookings

2021 ◽  
pp. 004728752110283
Author(s):  
Graeme McLean ◽  
Jennifer B Barhorst
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Static Image

Virtual reality (VR) is considered an important technological development to impact the tourism industry. Hotels are constantly attempting to overcome the challenges they face in the presentation of their facilities in the virtual environment. This research has made one of the first attempts to understand VR’s ability to influence tourism consumers’ attitudes and behavioral intentions during the prepurchase phase and postpurchase phase of their purchase journey across three hotel preview styles, namely, (1) VR immersive headsets, (2) 360° VR tour, and (3) a static image website. Through a lab-based experiment with 270-participants, study 1 outlined the positive role of VR on learning about the hotel and visit intentions. Through a questionnaire with 409 actual tourism consumers following a hotel stay, study 2 detailed that VR plays a significant role in managing tourism consumers’ expectations through providing an authentic experience and stimulating the development of detailed mental imagery prior to their visit.

scholarly journals The Age of Coumarins in Plant–Microbe Interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1405-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis A Stringlis ◽  
Ronnie de Jonge ◽  
Corn� M J Pieterse
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Iron Uptake ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
The Past ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Review Current

Abstract Coumarins are a family of plant-derived secondary metabolites that are produced via the phenylpropanoid pathway. In the past decade, coumarins have emerged as iron-mobilizing compounds that are secreted by plant roots and aid in iron uptake from iron-deprived soils. Members of the coumarin family are found in many plant species. Besides their role in iron uptake, coumarins have been extensively studied for their potential to fight infections in both plants and animals. Coumarin activities range from antimicrobial and antiviral to anticoagulant and anticancer. In recent years, studies in the model plant species tobacco and Arabidopsis have significantly increased our understanding of coumarin biosynthesis, accumulation, secretion, chemical modification and their modes of action against plant pathogens. Here, we review current knowledge on coumarins in different plant species. We focus on simple coumarins and provide an overview on their biosynthesis and role in environmental stress responses, with special attention for the recently discovered semiochemical role of coumarins in aboveground and belowground plant–microbe interactions and the assembly of the root microbiome.

scholarly journals PENYEBARAN BULU BABI (Sea Urchins) DI PERAIRAN PULAU MENJANGAN KECIL, KEPULAUAN KARIMUNJAWA, JEPARA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-238
Author(s):  
Fitria Hersiana Afifa ◽  
Supriharyono Supriharyono ◽  
Pujiono Wahyu Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Dispersion Index ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystem ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Spread Pattern ◽  
Different Depths

ABSTRAK Echinodermata merupakan salah satu phylum yang memiliki peranan penting di perairan terumbu karang, seperti ditemukan di Perairan Pulau Menjangan Kecil. Peranan Bulu Babi di ekosistem terumbu karang berkaitan dengan pengendalian ekspansi algae. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tanggal 19 dan 20 November 2016, dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui penyebaran Bulu Babi serta kelimpahan Bulu Babi pada kedalaman dan antar lokasi yang berbeda. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksplanatif. Stasiun pengukuran terdapat di zona muka dan belakang pulau yang terdapat terumbu karang, masing-masing stasiun dengan kedalaman yang berbeda. Pola penyebaran Bulu Babi dapat diketahui menggunakan formula ID= S2/  , berdasarkan rumus tersebut diketahui nilai ID (indeks dispersion) tiap kedalaman di dua lokasi yang berbeda. Hasil ID pada Lokasi A berbeda pada kedalaman 0-90cm dan 90-140cm ID < 1, sedangkan kedalaman 140-170cm dan >170cm ID > 1. Hasil ID lokasi B pada empat kedalaman yang berbeda yaitu ID>1. Berdasarkan hasil ID tersebut dapat diketahui bagaimana pola penyebaran. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Bulu Babi di Pulau Menjangan Kecil sebagian besar hidup mengelompok pada kedalaman yang ekosistem terumbu karang masih cukup baik. Kata Kunci: Pulau Menjangan Kecil; Penyebaran; Kelimpahan; Bulu Babi ABSTRACT Echinoderm is one of the phylum that has an important role in the waters of the coral reefs, as found in the waters of the Menjangan Kecil Island. The role of the sea urchins in the coral reef ecosystem is related to the control of algae expansion. The study was conducted in 19th  and 20th  November 2016, with the objective of knowing the spread abundance of sea urchins at different depths and locations. The method that used was explanative method. The measuring stations are located in the back and forth zones of coral reefs, each with different depths. Spread pattern of sea urchins can be known using the formula ID = S2 / x ̅, based on the formula is known value of ID (dispersion index) each depth at two different location. Result ID at Location A at 0-90 cm and 90-140 cm is ID <1, while at 140-170 cm and > 170 cm is ID> 1. The result of location ID B on four different depths is ID> 1. Based on the ID results can be known how the pattern of dissemination. This indicates that the sea urchins in Menjangan Kecil Island live mostly in groups at the depths of which coral reef ecosystems are still quite good. Keywords: Menjangan Kecil Island; Dispersal patterns; Abundanc;  Sea Urchins

scholarly journals Ingestion and Depuration of Microplastics by a Planktivorous Coral Reef Fish, Pomacentrus amboinensis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina F. M. Santana ◽  
Amanda L. Dawson ◽  
Cherie A. Motti ◽  
Lynne van Herwerden ◽  
Carine Lefevre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Experimental Fish ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Pomacentrus Amboinensis ◽  
Pet Fibers ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
First Time ◽  
Kinetics Of

Microplastics are ubiquitous contaminants in marine environments and organisms. Concerns about potential impacts on marine organisms are usually associated with uptake of microplastics, especially via ingestion. This study used environmentally relevant exposure conditions to investigate microplastic ingestion and depuration kinetics of the planktivorous damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis. Irregular shaped blue polypropylene (PP) particles (longest length 125–250 μm), and regular shaped blue polyester (PET) fibers (length 600–700 μm) were selected based on physical and chemical characteristics of microplastics commonly reported in the marine environment, including in coral reef ecosystems. Individual adult damselfish were exposed to a single dose of PP particles and PET fibers at concentrations reported for waters of the Great Barrier Reef (i.e., environmentally relevant concentrations, ERC), or future projected higher concentrations (10x ERC, 100x ERC). Measured microplastic concentrations were similar to their nominal values, confirming that PP particles and PET fibers were present at the desired concentrations and available for ingestion by individual damselfish. Throughout the 128-h depuration period, the 88 experimental fish were sampled 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128-h post microplastic exposure and their gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) analyzed for ingested microplastics. While damselfish ingested both experimental microplastics at all concentrations, body burden, and depuration rates of PET fibers were significantly larger and longer, respectively, compared to PP particles. For both microplastic types, exposure to higher concentrations led to an increase in body burden and lower depuration rates. These findings confirm ingestion of PP particles and PET fibers by P. amboinensis and demonstrate for the first time the influence of microplastic characteristics and concentrations on body burden and depuration rates. Finally, despite measures put in place to prevent contamination, extraneous microplastics were recovered from experimental fish, highlighting the challenge to completely eliminate contamination in microplastic exposure studies. These results are critical to inform and continuously improve protocols for future microplastics research, and to elucidate patterns of microplastic contamination and associated risks in marine organisms.

Paternal Familial Twinning: Hypothesis and Genetic/Medical Implications

Twin Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Golubovsky
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Gene Variants ◽  
The Third ◽  
Reproductive Genetics ◽  
Reproduction Biology ◽  
Selective System ◽  
Field Of Inquiry

AbstractThe phenomenon of paternally dependent familial twinning has been known in human and animal genetics since the 1920s, but still remains without any theoretical explanation and is indeed a neglected field of inquiry. Over the last two decades investigations in reproduction biology have discovered the significant role of multiple paternally dependent errors in fertilization including androgenic triploidy and moles. We suggest the hypothesis that the fathers of twins in the relevant families carry gene variants that increase the probability of dispermy, diplospermy and male pronucleus heterochrony as well as involvement of two male pronuclei in the fertilization of two female meiotic products. Any resulting twins would be an exceptional intermediate between MZ and DZ twins — and might properly be described as “sesquizygotic” (SZ). Paternal familial twinning may also go together with infertility due to triploidy, moles and chimerism. The hypothesis: (i) places the curiosities of paternally derived twinning within the framework of current knowledge of reproductive genetics and verifiable phenomena; (ii) predicts the existence of families in which twinning is associated with reproductive abnormalities; (iii) predicts an occurrence in relevant families of the third and intermediate category of SZ twins. Families with paternal twinning may thus provide the natural selective system for the search of unusual cases of primary chimeras, the frequency of which is still unknown.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document