Treatment of Delirium During Critical Illness

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niall T. Prendergast ◽  
Perry J. Tiberio ◽  
Timothy D. Girard
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Critical Illness ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Antipsychotic Medications ◽  
Acute Disturbance ◽  
Common Risk Factors

Delirium, an acute disturbance in mental status due to another medical condition, is common and morbid in the intensive care unit. Despite its clear association with multiple common risk factors and important outcomes, including mortality and long-term cognitive impairment, both the ultimate causes of and ideal treatments for delirium remain unclear. Studies suggest that neuroinflammation, hypoxia, alterations in energy metabolism, and imbalances in multiple neurotransmitter pathways contribute to delirium, but commonly used treatments (e.g., antipsychotic medications) target only one or a few of these potential mechanisms and are not supported by evidence of efficacy. At this time, the optimal treatment for delirium during critical illness remains avoidance of risk factors, though ongoing trials may expand on the promise shown by agents such as melatonin and dexmedetomidine. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Early Childhood Obesity: A Developmental Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan H. Pesch ◽  
Julie C. Lumeng
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Developmental Context

Childhood obesity is a multifactorial disease, shaped by child, familial, and societal influences; prevention efforts must begin early in childhood. Viewing the problem of childhood obesity through a developmental lens is critical to understanding the nuances of a child's interactions with food and their environment across the span of growth and development. Risk factors for childhood obesity begin prior to birth, compounding across the life course. Some significant risk factors are unmodifiable (e.g., genetics) while others are theoretically modifiable. Social inequities, however, hinder many families from easily making modifications to a range of risk factors. The objective of this review is to provide background and an overview of the literature on childhood obesity in early childhood (birth to 5 years of age) in a developmental context. Special focus is placed on unique developmental considerations, child eating behaviors, and parental feeding behaviors in infancy, toddlerhood, and preschool ages. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, Volume 3 is December 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Prevalence and Adaptive Impact of Introgression

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel B. Edelman ◽  
James Mallet
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Adaptive Introgression ◽  
Changing Environments ◽  
Potential Benefits

Alleles that introgressed between species can influence the evolutionary and ecological fate of species exposed to novel environments. Hybrid offspring of different species are often unfit, and yet it has long been argued that introgression can be a potent force in evolution, especially in plants. Over the last two decades, genomic data have increasingly provided evidence that introgression is a critically important source of genetic variation and that this additional variation can be useful in adaptive evolution of both animals and plants. Here, we review factors that influence the probability that foreign genetic variants provide long-term benefits (so-called adaptive introgression) and discuss their potential benefits. We find that introgression plays an important role in adaptive evolution, particularly when a species is far from its fitness optimum, such as when they expand their range or are subject to changing environments. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Biomolecular Modeling and Simulation: A Prospering Multidisciplinary Field

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Schlick ◽  
Stephanie Portillo-Ledesma ◽  
Christopher G. Myers ◽  
Lauren Beljak ◽  
Justin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Biomolecular Modeling ◽  
Productive Phase ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Algorithms

We reassess progress in the field of biomolecular modeling and simulation, following up on our perspective published in 2011. By reviewing metrics for the field's productivity and providing examples of success, we underscore the productive phase of the field, whose short-term expectations were overestimated and long-term effects underestimated. Such successes include prediction of structures and mechanisms; generation of new insights into biomolecular activity; and thriving collaborations between modeling and experimentation, including experiments driven by modeling. We also discuss the impact of field exercises and web games on the field's progress. Overall, we note tremendous success by the biomolecular modeling community in utilization of computer power; improvement in force fields; and development and application of new algorithms, notably machine learning and artificial intelligence. The combined advances are enhancing the accuracy and scope of modeling and simulation, establishing an exemplary discipline where experiment and theory or simulations are full partners. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 50 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Psychological Morbidity After Critical Illness

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-121
Author(s):  
O. Joseph Bienvenu ◽  
Megan M Hosey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Critical Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Psychological Morbidity ◽  
Physical Impairments ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Psychiatric Disturbances

Patients with critical illnesses face a number of severe psychic and physical stressors. Survivors often have long-term cognitive and physical impairments, as well as family, financial, and other stressors. These potential stressors increase the risk of psychiatric disturbances substantially. This chapter describes the burden of distress-related psychiatric morbidity in patients who survive critical illnesses, as well as risk factors for this morbidity. This knowledge serves as the motivation to develop new approaches that can ameliorate, or even prevent, long-term distress in survivors. The chapter also presents information about early attempts to reduce, prevent, and manage long-term psychological morbidity.

Genetic Risk Factors For Long-Term Cognitive Impairment After Critical Illness

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max L. Gunther ◽  
James C. Jackson ◽  
Pratik Pandharipande ◽  
Alessandro Morandi ◽  
Maureen Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Critical Illness ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors

scholarly journals Nutritional Preconditioning in Cancer Treatment in Relation to DNA Damage and Aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnie M.C. van den Boogaard ◽  
Marry M. van den Heuvel-Eibrink ◽  
Jan H.J. Hoeijmakers ◽  
Wilbert P. Vermeij
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Resilience Mechanisms

Dietary restriction (DR) is the most successful nutritional intervention for extending life span and preserving health in numerous species. Reducing food intake triggers a protective response that shifts energy resources from growth to maintenance and resilience mechanisms. This so-called survival response has been shown to particularly increase life and health span and decrease DNA damage in DNA repair–deficient mice exhibiting accelerated aging. Accumulation of DNA damage is the main cause of aging, but also of cancer. Moreover, radiotherapies and most chemotherapies are based on damaging DNA, consistent with their ability to induce toxicity and accelerate aging. Since fasting and DR decrease DNA damage and its effects, nutritional preconditioning holds promise for improving (cancer) therapy and preventing short- and long-term side effects of anticancer treatments. This review provides an overview of the link between aging and cancer, highlights important preclinical studies applying such nutritional preconditioning, and summarizes the first clinical trials implementing nutritional preconditioning in cancer treatment. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cancer Biology, Volume 5 is March 4, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Predictors of ICU admission and long-term outcomes in overdose presentations to Emergency Department

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Mark Savage ◽  
Ross Kung ◽  
Cameron Green ◽  
Brandon Thia ◽  
Dinushka Perera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Atypical Antipsychotics ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Icu Admission ◽  
History Of

Objective: To describe the characteristics of patients presenting to an Emergency Department (ED) following overdoses; to identify risk factors for intensive care unit (ICU) admission among these patients; and to identify the rate of mortality and repeat overdose presentations over four years. Methods: Adult patients presenting to ED following drug overdose during 2014 were included. Data were collected from medical notes and hospital databases. Results: During the study period, 654 patients presented to ED 800 times following overdose. Seventy-eight (9.8%) resulted in ICU admission, and 59 (7.4%) required intubation; 57.2% had no history of overdose presentations, and 72.9% involved patients with known psychiatric illness. Overdose of atypical antipsychotics (AAP), age and history of prior overdose independently predicted ICU admission. A third of patients ( n = 196, 30%) had subsequent presentations to ED following overdose, in the four years from their index presentation, with an all-cause four-year mortality of 3.4% ( n = 22). Conclusion: A history of overdose, use of AAP and older age were risk factors for ICU admission following ED presentations. Over a third of patients had repeat overdose presentation in the four-year follow-up with a mortality of 3.4%.

Opioids and the Criminal Justice System: New Challenges Posed by the Modern Opioid Epidemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Caulkins ◽  
Anne Gould ◽  
Bryce Pardo ◽  
Peter Reuter ◽  
Bradley D. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
New Challenges

The traditional US heroin market has transformed into a broader illegal opioid market, dominated first by prescription opioids (PO) and now also by fentanyl and other synthetic opioids (FOSO). Understanding of opioid-use disorder (OUD) has also transformed from being seen as a driver of crime to a medical condition whose sufferers deserve treatment. This creates new challenges and opportunities for the criminal justice system (CJS). Addressing inmates’ OUD is a core responsibility, including preventing overdose after release. Treatment can be supported by diversion programs (e.g., drug courts, among others) and by providing medication-assisted treatment in prison, not only as a crime-control strategy but also because of ethical and legal responsibilities to provide appropriate healthcare. The CJS also has opportunities to alter supply that were not relevant in the past, including deterring pill-mill doctors and disrupting web sites used to distribute FOSO. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Criminology, Volume 4 is January 13, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors for Long-Term Cognitive Impairment After Critical Illness: A Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amra Sakusic ◽  
John C. O'Horo ◽  
Mikhail Dziadzko ◽  
Dziadzko Volha ◽  
Rashid Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Critical Illness ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors

scholarly journals Antibiotic prophylaxis and inflammatory complications after Cesarean section

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-148
Author(s):  
Hasan Karahasan ◽  
Dženita Ljuca ◽  
Nermin Karahasan ◽  
Alija Šuko ◽  
Adnan Babović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽  
Premature Rupture Of Membranes ◽  
Premature Rupture ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
Common Risk Factors ◽  
Postoperative Inflammatory Complications ◽  
One Year

Introduction: Gynaecological and obstetric surgeries are high risk operations for the development of postoperative inflammatory complications due to the proximity of the genitourinary tract. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of inflammatory complications in emergency or elective cases of caesarean sections as well as the frequency of complications related to the method of surgical treatment used.Methods: We analyzed inflammatory complications in 450 caesarean sections, which developed in a one year period from June 1st, 2000. to June 1st 2001. Patients were grouped according to the method of the surgery, and on emergency or elective case. Misgav Ladach or Dorfler surgical methods were used.Results: The most common inflammatory complication was wound infection and the most common risk factors for inflammatory complications were premature rupture of membranes and anemia.Conclusions: Long term use of one antibiotic was the most commonly implemented form of antibiotic prophylaxis.

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