Early Childhood Obesity: A Developmental Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan H. Pesch ◽  
Julie C. Lumeng
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Developmental Context

Childhood obesity is a multifactorial disease, shaped by child, familial, and societal influences; prevention efforts must begin early in childhood. Viewing the problem of childhood obesity through a developmental lens is critical to understanding the nuances of a child's interactions with food and their environment across the span of growth and development. Risk factors for childhood obesity begin prior to birth, compounding across the life course. Some significant risk factors are unmodifiable (e.g., genetics) while others are theoretically modifiable. Social inequities, however, hinder many families from easily making modifications to a range of risk factors. The objective of this review is to provide background and an overview of the literature on childhood obesity in early childhood (birth to 5 years of age) in a developmental context. Special focus is placed on unique developmental considerations, child eating behaviors, and parental feeding behaviors in infancy, toddlerhood, and preschool ages. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, Volume 3 is December 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Toward Better Understanding and Management of CAR-T Cell–Associated Toxicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Schmidts ◽  
Marc Wehrli ◽  
Marcela V. Maus
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Car T Cell ◽  
Car T

Adoptive transfer of T cells modified with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T cells) has changed the therapeutic landscape of hematological malignancies, particularly for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and large B cell lymphoma, where two different CAR-T products are now considered standard of care. Furthermore, intense research efforts are under way to expand the clinical application of CAR-T cell therapy for the benefit of patients suffering from other types of cancers. Nevertheless, CAR-T cell treatment is associated with toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome, which can range in severity from mild flu-like symptoms to life-threatening vasodilatory shock, and a neurological syndrome termed ICANS (immune effector cell–associated neurotoxicity syndrome), which can also range in severity from a temporary cognitive deficit lasting only a few hours to lethal cerebral edema. In this review, we provide an in-depth discussion of different types of CAR-T cell–associated toxicities, including an overview of clinical presentation and grading, pathophysiology, and treatment options. We also address future perspectives and opportunities, with a special focus on hematological malignancies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 72 is January 27, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals A Conversation with Michael Rutter

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rutter ◽  
Janet Werker
Keyword(s):  
Child Psychiatry ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
First Child ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Developmental Psychiatry

The Annual Review of Developmental Psychology presents a conversation with Professor Sir Michael Rutter, held remotely in the time of COVID but nonetheless wonderfully revealing of who this incredible scholar is and how he thinks. The contributions he has made to our understanding of child development are so vast and varied as to almost defy description. Erudite, articulate, and rigorous in his science, Michael Rutter is also deeply compassionate, caring, and outcome oriented. With training in medicine, neurology, pediatrics, and psychiatry, he held the first child psychiatry appointment in the United Kingdom and set up both the MRC Child Psychiatry Research Unit and the MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre (SGDP). We feel fortunate to have had the opportunity to get to know Sir Michael, and to share this interview with you. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Developmental Psychology Volume 3 is December 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Prediction Models for Early Childhood Obesity: Applicability and Existing Issues

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 358-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éadaoin M. Butler ◽  
José G.B. Derraik ◽  
Rachael W. Taylor ◽  
Wayne S. Cutfield
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Early Childhood Obesity ◽  
The Impact

Statistical models have been developed for the prediction or diagnosis of a wide range of outcomes. However, to our knowledge, only 7 published studies have reported models to specifically predict overweight and/or obesity in early childhood. These models were developed using known risk factors and vary greatly in terms of their discrimination and predictive capacities. There are currently no established guidelines on what constitutes an acceptable level of risk (i.e., risk threshold) for childhood obesity prediction models, but these should be set following consideration of the consequences of false-positive and false-negative predictions, as well as any relevant clinical guidelines. To date, no studies have examined the impact of using early childhood obesity prediction models as intervention tools. While these are potentially valuable to inform targeted interventions, the heterogeneity of the existing models and the lack of consensus on adequate thresholds limit their usefulness in practice.

Clinical Staging for Youth Mental Disorders: Progress in Reforming Diagnosis and Clinical Care

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick D. McGorry ◽  
Cristina Mei
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Illness Progression ◽  
Selection Of

Current silo-based diagnostic systems for mental disorders lack utility and fail to fulfil a fundamental purpose of diagnosis: to guide treatment planning and predict outcomes. Diagnostic reform has gained momentum, and clinical staging has emerged as a promising framework to improve the precision of diagnosis, particularly in early illness stages, and fill current gaps in linking diagnosis to more personalized and effective intervention, prognosis, and neurobiological markers. Transdiagnostic clinical staging recognizes that the early development of mental ill-health is marked by substantial fluidity and that symptoms may, although not inevitably, evolve into more stable diagnosable syndromes. Staging facilitates the selection of interventions that are proportionate to the current need and risk of illness progression and provides an efficient framework to organize biomarker data and guide service delivery. Here, we provide an overview of transdiagnostic clinical staging and summarize key evidence supporting its ability to integrate biomarkers and guide mental health care. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, Volume 3 is December 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience in the Era of Networks and Big Data: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien A. Fair ◽  
Nico U.F. Dosenbach ◽  
Amy H. Moore ◽  
Theodore Satterthwaite ◽  
Michael P. Milham
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri ◽  
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Developmental cognitive neuroscience is being pulled in new directions by network science and big data. Brain imaging [e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), functional connectivity MRI], analytical advances (e.g., graph theory, machine learning), and access to large computing resources have empowered us to collect and process neurobehavioral data faster and in larger populations than ever before. The translational potential from these advances is unparalleled, as a better understanding of complex human brain functions is best grounded in the onset of these functions during human development. However, the maturation of developmental cognitive neuroscience has seen the emergence of new challenges and pitfalls, which have significantly slowed progress and need to be overcome to maintain momentum. In this review, we examine the state of developmental cognitive neuroscience in the era of networks and big data. In addition, we provide a discussion of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of the field to advance developmental cognitive neuroscience's scientific and translational potential. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, Volume 3 is December 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Invisible Hand of the Periodic Table: How Micronutrients Shape Ecology

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kaspari
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Ecosystem Function ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Invisible Hand ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nutrient Quality ◽  
Individual Fitness

Beyond the better-studied carbohydrates and the macronutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, a remaining 20 or so elements are essential for life and have distinct geographical distributions, making them of keen interest to ecologists. Here, I provide a framework for understanding how shortfalls in micronutrients like iodine, copper, and zinc can regulate individual fitness, abundance, and ecosystem function. With a special focus on sodium, I show how simple experiments manipulating biogeochemistry can reveal why many of the variables that ecologists study vary so dramatically from place to place. I conclude with a discussion of how the Anthropocene's changing temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric CO2 levels are contributing to nutrient dilution (decreases in the nutrient quality at the base of food webs). Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Dynamics of Atrial Fibrillation Mechanisms and Comorbidities

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Heijman ◽  
Dominik Linz ◽  
Ulrich Schotten
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Atrial Remodeling ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Wide Range

Atrial fibrillation (AF) contributes to morbidity and mortality of millions of individuals. Its molecular, cellular, neurohumoral, and hemodynamic pathophysiological mechanisms are complex, and there is increasing awareness that a wide range of comorbidities can contribute to AF-promoting atrial remodeling. Moreover, recent research has highlighted that AF risk is not constant and that the temporal variation in concomitant conditions contributes to the complexity of AF dynamics. In this review, we provide an overview of fundamental AF mechanisms related to established and emerging comorbidities or risk factors and their role in the AF-promoting effects. We focus on the accumulating evidence for the relevance of temporally dynamic changes in these risk factors and the consequence for AF initiation and maintenance. Finally, we highlight the important implications for future research and clinical practice resulting from the dynamic interaction between AF risk factors and mechanisms. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 83 is February 10, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Early Childhood Obesity

2018 ◽  
pp. 58-72
Author(s):  
Inyang A. Isong ◽  
Sowmya R. Rao ◽  
Marie-Abèle Bind ◽  
Mauricio Avendaño ◽  
Ichiro Kawachi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Obesity Risk Factors ◽  
Early Childhood Obesity ◽  
Infant Weight Gain

OBJECTIVES The prevalence of childhood obesity is significantly higher among racial and/or ethnic minority children in the United States. It is unclear to what extent well-established obesity risk factors in infancy and preschool explain these disparities. Our objective was to decompose racial and/or ethnic disparities in children’s weight status according to contributing socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors. METHODS We used nationally representative data from ~10 700 children in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Birth Cohort who were followed from age 9 months through kindergarten entry. We assessed the contribution of socioeconomic factors and maternal, infancy, and early childhood obesity risk factors to racial and/or ethnic disparities in children’s BMI z scores by using Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analyses. RESULTS The prevalence of risk factors varied significantly by race and/or ethnicity. African American children had the highest prevalence of risk factors, whereas Asian children had the lowest prevalence. The major contributor to the BMI z score gap was the rate of infant weight gain during the first 9 months of life, which was a strong predictor of BMI z score at kindergarten entry. The rate of infant weight gain accounted for between 14.9% and 70.5% of explained disparities between white children and their racial and/or ethnic minority peers. Gaps in socioeconomic status were another important contributor that explained disparities, especially those between white and Hispanic children. Early childhood risk factors, such as fruit and vegetable consumption and television viewing, played less important roles in explaining racial and/or ethnic differences in children’s BMI z scores. CONCLUSIONS Differences in rapid infant weight gain contribute substantially to racial and/or ethnic disparities in obesity during early childhood. Interventions implemented early in life to target this risk factor could help curb widening racial and/or ethnic disparities in early childhood obesity.

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