Cognitive, Systems, and Computational Neurosciences of the Self in Motion

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Noel ◽  
Dora E. Angelaki
Keyword(s):  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Systems Neuroscience ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Self Motion ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Position Estimate ◽  
Acceleration Signals ◽  
Vestibular Pathways

Navigating by path integration requires continuously estimating one's self-motion. This estimate may be derived from visual velocity and/or vestibular acceleration signals. Importantly, these senses in isolation are ill-equipped to provide accurate estimates, and thus visuo-vestibular integration is an imperative. After a summary of the visual and vestibular pathways involved, the crux of this review focuses on the human and theoretical approaches that have outlined a normative account of cue combination in behavior and neurons, as well as on the systems neuroscience efforts that are searching for its neural implementation. We then highlight a contemporary frontier in our state of knowledge: understanding how velocity cues with time-varying reliabilities are integrated into an evolving position estimate over prolonged time periods. Further, we discuss how the brain builds internal models inferring when cues ought to be integrated versus segregated—a process of causal inference. Lastly, we suggest that the study of spatial navigation has not yet addressed its initial condition: self-location. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The Geometry of Information Coding in Correlated Neural Populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rava Azeredo da Silveira ◽  
Fred Rieke
Keyword(s):  
Neural Coding ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Information Coding ◽  
Population Code ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Neural Populations ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Theoretical Developments

Neurons in the brain represent information in their collective activity. The fidelity of this neural population code depends on whether and how variability in the response of one neuron is shared with other neurons. Two decades of studies have investigated the influence of these noise correlations on the properties of neural coding. We provide an overview of the theoretical developments on the topic. Using simple, qualitative, and general arguments, we discuss, categorize, and relate the various published results. We emphasize the relevance of the fine structure of noise correlation, and we present a new approach to the issue. Throughout this review, we emphasize a geometrical picture of how noise correlations impact the neural code. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Multisensory Integration and the Perception of Self-Motion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen E. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Velocity ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Perceptual Stability ◽  
The World ◽  
Perception Of Self ◽  
Self Motion ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Vestibular Pathways

As we go about our everyday activities, our brain computes accurate estimates of both our motion relative to the world, and of our orientation relative to gravity. Essential to this computation is the information provided by the vestibular system; it detects the rotational velocity and linear acceleration of our heads relative to space, making a fundamental contribution to our perception of self-motion and spatial orientation. Additionally, in everyday life, our perception of self-motion depends on the integration of both vestibular and nonvestibular cues, including visual and proprioceptive information. Furthermore, the integration of motor-related information is also required for perceptual stability, so that the brain can distinguish whether the experienced sensory inflow was a result of active self-motion through the world or if instead self-motion that was externally generated. To date, understanding how the brain encodes and integrates sensory cues with motor signals for the perception of self-motion during natural behaviors remains a major goal in neuroscience. Recent experiments have (i) provided new insights into the neural code used to represent sensory information in vestibular pathways, (ii) established that vestibular pathways are inherently multimodal at the earliest stages of processing, and (iii) revealed that self-motion information processing is adjusted to meet the needs of specific tasks. Our current level of understanding of how the brain integrates sensory information and motor-related signals to encode self-motion and ensure perceptual stability during everyday activities is reviewed.

Modeling Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Sang Park ◽  
Aron Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Electrical Contact ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Halide Perovskite

Solar cells are semiconductor devices that generate electricity through charge generation upon illumination. For optimal device efficiency, the photogenerated carriers must reach the electrical contact layers before they recombine. A deep understanding of the recombination process and transport behavior is essential to design better devices. Halide perovskite solar cells are commonly made of a polycrystalline absorber layer, but there is no consensus on the nature and role of grain boundaries. This review concerns theoretical approaches for the investigation of extended defects. We introduce recent computational studies on grain boundaries, and their influence on point-defect distributions, in halide perovskite solar cells. We conclude with a discussion of future research directions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 12 is March 10, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Gut Microbiome as a Regulator of the Neuroimmune Landscape

2022 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis W. Yu ◽  
Gulistan Agirman ◽  
Elaine Y. Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Bidirectional Interactions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Microbial Effects

The gut microbiome influences many host physiologies, spanning gastrointestinal function, metabolism, immune homeostasis, neuroactivity, and behavior. Many microbial effects on the host are orchestrated by bidirectional interactions between the microbiome and immune system. Imbalances in this dialogue can lead to immune dysfunction and immune-mediated conditions in distal organs including the brain. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and dysregulated neuroimmune responses are common comorbidities of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurological disorders, highlighting the importance of the gut microbiome–neuroimmune axis as a regulator of central nervous system homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent evidence supporting a role for the gut microbiome in regulating the neuroimmune landscape in health and disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Generating and Using Transcriptomically Based Retinal Cell Atlases

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthik Shekhar ◽  
Joshua R. Sanes
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Retinal Disease ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Retinal Cells ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
The Brain

It has been known for over a century that the basic organization of the retina is conserved across vertebrates. It has been equally clear that retinal cells can be classified into numerous types, but only recently have methods been devised to explore this diversity in unbiased, scalable, and comprehensive ways. Advances in high-throughput single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) have played a pivotal role in this effort. In this article, we outline the experimental and computational components of scRNA-seq and review studies that have used them to generate retinal atlases of cell types in several vertebrate species. These atlases have enabled studies of retinal development, responses of retinal cells to injury, expression patterns of genes implicated in retinal disease, and the evolution of cell types. Recently, the inquiry has expanded to include the entire eye and visual centers in the brain. These studies have enhanced our understanding of retinal function and dysfunction and provided tools and insights for exploring neural diversity throughout the brain. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Theory and Technology in Organizational Psychology: A Review of Technology Integration Paradigms and Their Effects on the Validity of Theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard N. Landers ◽  
Sebastian Marin
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Performance Management ◽  
Personnel Selection ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Organizational Psychology ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Philosophical Orientation ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Groups And Teams

Despite the centrality of technology to understanding how humans in organizations think, feel, and behave, researchers in organizational psychology and organizational behavior even now often avoid theorizing about it. In our review, we identify four major paradigmatic approaches in theoretical approaches to technology, which typically occur in sequence: technology-as-context, technology-as-causal, technology-as-instrumental, and technology-as-designed. Each paradigm describes a typically implicit philosophical orientation toward technology as demonstrated through choices about theory development and research design. Of these approaches, one is unnecessarily limited and two are harmful oversimplifications that we contend have systematically weakened the quality of theory across our discipline. As such, we argue that to avoid creating impractical and even inaccurate theory, researchers must explicitly model technology design. To facilitate this shift, we define technology, present our paradigmatic framework, explain the framework's importance, and provide recommendations across five key domains: personnel selection, training and development, performance management and motivation, groups and teams, and leadership. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Volume 8 is January 21, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Human Mobility and Crime: Theoretical Approaches and Novel Data Collection Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Browning ◽  
Nicolo P. Pinchak ◽  
Catherine A. Calder
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Crime Risk ◽  
Spatial Trajectories ◽  
Collection Strategies

This review outlines approaches to explanations of crime that incorporate the concept of human mobility—or the patterns of movement throughout space of individuals or populations in the context of everyday routines—with a focus on novel strategies for the collection of geographically referenced data on mobility patterns. We identify three approaches to understanding mobility–crime linkages: Place and neighborhood approaches characterize local spatial units of analysis of varying size with respect to the intersection in space and time of potential offenders, victims, and guardians. Person-centered approaches emphasize the spatial trajectories of individuals and person–place interactions that influence crime risk. Ecological network approaches consider links between persons or collectivities based on shared activity locations, capturing influences of broader systems of interconnection on spatial- and individual-level variation in crime. We review data collection strategies for the measurement of mobility across these approaches, considering both the challenges and promise of mobility-based research for criminology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Criminology, Volume 4 is January 13, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Running the Female Power Grid Across Lifespan Through Brain Estrogen Signaling

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly A. Ingraham ◽  
Candice B. Herber ◽  
William C. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Estrogen Signaling ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Hormone Sensitive ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Female Power

The role of central estrogen in cognitive, metabolic, and reproductive health has long fascinated the lay public and scientists alike. In the last two decades, insight into estrogen signaling in the brain and its impact on female physiology is beginning to catch up with the vast information already established for its actions on peripheral tissues. Using newer methods to manipulate estrogen signaling in hormone-sensitive brain regions, neuroscientists are now identifying the molecular pathways and neuronal subtypes required to establish crucial sex differences in energy allocation. However, the immense cellular complexity of these hormone-sensitive brain regions makes it clear that more research is needed to fully appreciate how estrogen modulates neural circuits to regulate physiological and behavioral end points. Such insight is essential for understanding how natural or drug-induced hormone fluctuations across lifespan affect women's health. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 84 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Balancing Flexibility and Interference in Working Memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Buschman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Effective Capacity ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Structured Representations ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Brain

Working memory is central to cognition, flexibly holding the variety of thoughts needed for complex behavior. Yet, despite its importance, working memory has a severely limited capacity, holding only three to four items at once. In this article, I review experimental and computational evidence that the flexibility and limited capacity of working memory reflect the same underlying neural mechanism. I argue that working memory relies on interactions between high-dimensional, integrative representations in the prefrontal cortex and structured representations in the sensory cortex. Together, these interactions allow working memory to flexibly maintain arbitrary representations. However, the distributed nature of working memory comes at the cost of causing interference between items in memory, resulting in a limited capacity. Finally, I discuss several mechanisms used by the brain to reduce interference and maximize the effective capacity of working memory. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Neocortical Layer 1: An Elegant Solution to Top-Down and Bottom-Up Integration

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Schuman ◽  
Shlomo Dellal ◽  
Alvar Prönneke ◽  
Robert Machold ◽  
Bernardo Rudy
Keyword(s):  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Apical Dendrite ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Violin Concerto ◽  
States Of Consciousness ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Tennis Match

Many of our daily activities, such as riding a bike to work or reading a book in a noisy cafe, and highly skilled activities, such as a professional playing a tennis match or a violin concerto, depend upon the ability of the brain to quickly make moment-to-moment adjustments to our behavior in response to the results of our actions. Particularly, they depend upon the ability of the neocortex to integrate the information provided by the sensory organs (bottom-up information) with internally generated signals such as expectations or attentional signals (top-down information). This integration occurs in pyramidal cells (PCs) and their long apical dendrite, which branches extensively into a dendritic tuft in layer 1 (L1). The outermost layer of the neocortex, L1 is highly conserved across cortical areas and species. Importantly, L1 is the predominant input layer for top-down information, relayed by a rich, dense mesh of long-range projections that provide signals to the tuft branches of the PCs. Here, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of the composition of L1 and review evidence that L1 processing contributes to functions such as sensory perception, cross-modal integration, controlling states of consciousness, attention, and learning. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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