Running the Female Power Grid Across Lifespan Through Brain Estrogen Signaling

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly A. Ingraham ◽  
Candice B. Herber ◽  
William C. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Estrogen Signaling ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Hormone Sensitive ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Female Power

The role of central estrogen in cognitive, metabolic, and reproductive health has long fascinated the lay public and scientists alike. In the last two decades, insight into estrogen signaling in the brain and its impact on female physiology is beginning to catch up with the vast information already established for its actions on peripheral tissues. Using newer methods to manipulate estrogen signaling in hormone-sensitive brain regions, neuroscientists are now identifying the molecular pathways and neuronal subtypes required to establish crucial sex differences in energy allocation. However, the immense cellular complexity of these hormone-sensitive brain regions makes it clear that more research is needed to fully appreciate how estrogen modulates neural circuits to regulate physiological and behavioral end points. Such insight is essential for understanding how natural or drug-induced hormone fluctuations across lifespan affect women's health. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 84 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

New Directions in the Study of Institutional Logics: From Tools to Phenomena

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lounsbury ◽  
Christopher W.J. Steele ◽  
Milo Shaoqing Wang ◽  
Madeline Toubiana
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Institutional Logics ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Dynamic Phenomena

In this article, we take stock of the institutional logics perspective and highlight opportunities for new scholarship. While we celebrate the growth and generativity of the literature on institutional logics, we also note that there has been a troubling tendency in recent work to use logics as analytical tools, feeding disquiet about reification and reductionism. Seeding a broader scholarly agenda that addresses such weaknesses in the literature, we highlight nascent efforts that aim to more systematically understand institutional logics as complex, dynamic phenomena in their own right. In doing so, we argue for more research that probes how logics cohere and endure by unpacking the role of values, the centrality of practice, and the governance dynamics of institutional logics and their orders. Furthermore, we encourage bridging the study of institutional logics with various literatures, including ethnomethodology, phenomenology, professions, elites, world society, and the old institutionalism, to enhance progress in these directions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 47 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Role of Citizen Science in Promoting Health Equity

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa G. Rosas ◽  
Patricia Rodriguez Espinosa ◽  
Felipe Montes Jimenez ◽  
Abby C. King
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Health Inequities ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Scientific Process

While there are many definitions of citizen science, the term usually refers to the participation of the general public in the scientific process in collaboration with professional scientists. Citizen scientists have been engaged to promote health equity, especially in the areas of environmental contaminant exposures, physical activity, and healthy eating. Citizen scientists commonly come from communities experiencing health inequities and have collected data using a range of strategies and technologies, such as air sensors, water quality kits, and mobile applications. On the basis of our review, and to advance the field of citizen science to address health equity, we recommend ( a) expanding the focus on topics important for health equity, ( b) increasing the diversity of people serving as citizen scientists, ( c) increasing the integration of citizen scientists in additional research phases, ( d) continuing to leverage emerging technologies that enable citizen scientists to collect data relevant for health equity, and ( e) strengthening the rigor of methods to evaluate impacts on health equity. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 43 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Recent Research on the Archaeology of War and Violence

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew K. Scherer
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Consequences Of Violence

The mid-1990s through the first decade of the new millennium marked an increase in publications pertaining to war and violence in the ancient past. This review considers how scholars of the past decade have responded to that work. The emerging consensus is that war and violence were endemic to all societies studied by archaeologists, and yet the frequency, intensity, causes, and consequences of violence were highly variable for reasons that defy simplistic explanation. The general trend has been toward archaeologies of war and violence that focus on understanding the nuances of particular places and historical moments. Nevertheless, archaeologists continue to grapple with grand narratives of war, such as the proposition that violence has decreased from ancient to modern times and the role of war and violence in state formation and collapse. Recent research also draws attention to a more expansive definition of violence. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 50 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Moderating Neural Representations of Self and Other in Primates

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Isoda
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
The Social

As a frontal node in the primate social brain, the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) plays a critical role in coordinating one's own behavior with respect to that of others. Current literature demonstrates that single neurons in the MPFC encode behavior-related variables such as intentions, actions, and rewards, specifically for self and other, and that the MPFC comes into play when reflecting upon oneself and others. The social moderator account of MPFC function can explain maladaptive social cognition in people with autism spectrum disorder, which tips the balance in favor of self-centered perspectives rather than taking into consideration the perspective of others. Several strands of evidence suggest a hypothesis that the MPFC represents different other mental models, depending on the context at hand, to better predict others’ emotions and behaviors. This hypothesis also accounts for aberrant MPFC activity in autistic individuals while they are mentalizing others. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The Geometry of Information Coding in Correlated Neural Populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rava Azeredo da Silveira ◽  
Fred Rieke
Keyword(s):  
Neural Coding ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Information Coding ◽  
Population Code ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Neural Populations ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Theoretical Developments

Neurons in the brain represent information in their collective activity. The fidelity of this neural population code depends on whether and how variability in the response of one neuron is shared with other neurons. Two decades of studies have investigated the influence of these noise correlations on the properties of neural coding. We provide an overview of the theoretical developments on the topic. Using simple, qualitative, and general arguments, we discuss, categorize, and relate the various published results. We emphasize the relevance of the fine structure of noise correlation, and we present a new approach to the issue. Throughout this review, we emphasize a geometrical picture of how noise correlations impact the neural code. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Constructed Languages

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Schreyer
Keyword(s):  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Real World ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Endangered Languages ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
New Directions ◽  
University Classrooms ◽  
The Relationship

Constructed languages, also known as conlangs, are languages that have been purposefully created for either real-world or fictional speakers. Within this article, I provide a summary of the language creation process and how the community of conlangers, people who make languages, come to know each other's work, as well as how language creation assignments are being adopted within university classrooms. I also explore the role of the language creator in bringing a community of speakers into existence through the invention of a language. I discuss whether speakers of a constructed language are part of a community of practice or a speech community and the implications for this distinction within anthropology. I also describe conscripts, or constructed orthographies, as well as the relationship between endangered languages and constructed languages, how invented worlds can create real-world shifts in worldview, and suggestions for new directions in research linking anthropology and constructed languages. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 50 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Role of the Inflammasome in Liver Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelle de Carvalho Ribeiro ◽  
Gyongyi Szabo
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Proinflammatory Response ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Pyrin Domain ◽  
Different Types

The involvement of inflammasomes in the proinflammatory response observed in chronic liver diseases, such as alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is widely recognized. Although there are different types of inflammasomes, most studies to date have given attention to NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3) in the pathogenesis of ALD, NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and fibrosis. Canonical inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes that are assembled after the sensing of danger signals and activate caspase-1, which matures interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and IL-37 and also induces a form of cell death called pyroptosis. Noncanonical inflammasomes activate caspase-11 to induce pyroptosis. We discuss the different types of inflammasomes involved in liver diseases with a focus on ( a) signals and mechanisms of inflammasome activation, ( b) the role of different types of inflammasomes and their products in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, and ( c) potential therapeutic strategies targeting components of the inflammasomes or cytokines produced upon inflammasome activation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and Agricultural Extension in Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Spielman ◽  
Els Lecoutere ◽  
Simrin Makhija ◽  
Bjorn Van Campenhout
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Agricultural Extension ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Impact Pathways ◽  
Methodological Rigor ◽  
Multiple Impact

With new possibilities offered by information and communications technology (ICT), an abundance of products, services, and projects has emerged with the promise of revitalizing agricultural extension in developing countries. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that not all ICT-enabled extension approaches are equally effective in improving adoption, productivity, income, or welfare outcomes. In this review, we explore various conceptual and methodological threads in the literature on ICT-enabled extension in developing countries. We examine the role of multiple impact pathways, highlighting how ICTs influence behaviors and preferences, gender and intrahousehold dynamics, spillovers, and public worker incentives. We also explore the opportunities presented by ICT-enabled extension for increasing the methodological rigor with which extension outcomes are identified. These conceptual and methodological insights—coupled with empirical evidence from prior studies—offer direction for several lines of policy-relevant research on ICT-enabled extension. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 13 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Role of adrenal catecholamines in cerebrovasodilation evoked from brain stem

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (6) ◽  
pp. H1183-H1191
Author(s):  
C. Iadecola ◽  
P. M. Lacombe ◽  
M. D. Underwood ◽  
T. Ishitsuka ◽  
D. J. Reis
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood ◽  
Medullary Reticular Formation ◽  
Alpha Chloralose ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

We studied whether adrenal medullary catecholamines (CAs) contribute to the metabolically linked increase in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) elicited by electrical stimulation of the dorsal medullary reticular formation (DMRF). Rats were anesthetized (alpha-chloralose, 30 mg/kg), paralyzed, and artificially ventilated. The DMRF was electrically stimulated with intermittent trains of pulses through microelectrodes stereotaxically implanted. Blood gases were controlled and, during stimulation, arterial pressure was maintained within the autoregulated range for rCBF. rCBF and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were determined in homogenates of brain regions by using [14C]iodoantipyrine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), respectively, as tracers. Plasma CAs (epinephrine and norepinephrine) were measured radioenzymatically. DMRF stimulation increased rCBF throughout the brain (n = 5; P less than 0.01, analysis of variance) and elevated plasma CAs substantially (n = 4). Acute bilateral adrenalectomy abolished the increase in plasma epinephrine (n = 4), reduced the increases in flow (n = 6) in cerebral cortex (P less than 0.05), and abolished them elsewhere in brain (P greater than 0.05). Comparable effects on rCBF were obtained by selective adrenal demedullation (n = 7) or pretreatment with propranolol (1.5 mg/kg iv) (n = 5). DMRF stimulation did not increase the permeability of the BBB to AIB (n = 5). We conclude that the increases in rCBF elicited from the DMRF has two components, one dependent on, and the other independent of CAs. Since the BBB is impermeable to CAs and DMRF stimulation fails to open the BBB, the results suggest that DMRF stimulation allows, through a mechanism not yet determined, circulating CAs to act on brain and affect brain function.

scholarly journals Chronic L-Name-Treatment Produces Hypertension by Different Mechanisms in Peripheral Tissues and Brain: Role of Central eNOS

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Olga Pechanova ◽  
Stanislava Vrankova ◽  
Martina Cebova
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Enos Expression ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Nos Isoforms ◽  
The Brain

The goal of our study was to analyze the time course of the effect of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms and nuclear factor–κB (NF-κB) protein expression, total NOS activity, and blood pressure (BP) in rats. Adult 12-week-old male Wistar rats were subjected to treatment with L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day) for four and seven weeks. BP was increased after 4- and 7-week L-NAME treatments. NOS activity decreased after 4-week-L-NAME treatment; however, the 7-week treatment increased NOS activity in the aorta, heart, and kidney, while it markedly decreased NOS activity in the brainstem, cerebellum, and brain cortex. The 4-week-L-NAME treatment increased eNOS expression in the aorta, heart, and kidney and this increase was amplified after 7 weeks of treatment. In the brain regions, eNOS expression remained unchanged after 4-week L-NAME treatment and prolonged treatment led to a significant decrease of eNOS expression in these tissues. NF-κB expression increased in both peripheral and brain tissues after 4 weeks of treatment and prolongation of treatment decreased the expression in the aorta, heart, and kidney. In conclusion, decreased expression of eNOS in the brain regions after 7-week L-NAME treatment may be responsible for a remarkable decrease of NOS activity in these regions. Since the BP increase persisted after 7 weeks of L-NAME treatment, we hypothesize that central regulation of BP may contribute significantly to L-NAME-induced hypertension.

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