Exercise in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Restrict or Rethink??

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adaya Weissler Snir ◽  
Kim A. Connelly ◽  
Jack M. Goodman ◽  
David Dorian ◽  
Paul Dorian
Keyword(s):  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Exercise Restriction

The detailed physiological consequences of aerobic training, in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are not well understood. In athletes and non-athletes with HCM, there are two hypothetical concerns with respect to exercise: exercise-related worsening of the phenotype (e.g. promoting hypertrophy, fibrosis), and/or triggering of arrhythmia. The former concern is unproven and animal studies suggest an opposite effect, where exercise has been shown to be protective. The main reason for exercise restriction in HCM is fear of exercise-induced arrhythmia. Whilst the safety of sports in HCM has been reviewed, even more recent data suggest a substantially lower risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD) in HCM than previously thought, and there is an ongoing debate about restrictions of exercise imposed on individuals with HCM. This review outlines the pathophysiology of HCM, the impact of acute and chronic exercise (and variations of exercise intensity, modality, and athletic phenotype) in HCM including changes in autonomic function, blood pressure, cardiac dimensions and function, and cardiac output, and the underlying mechanisms that may trigger exercise-induced lethal arrhythmias. It provides a critical evaluation of the evidence regarding risk of SCD in athletes and the potential benefits of targeted exercise prescription in adults with HCM. Finally, it provides considerations for personalized recommendations for sports participation based on the available data.

Welfare Phenotyping of Genetically-Modified Mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-186
Author(s):  
Margaret Rose
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Matters Of Concern ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gm Animals ◽  
The Impact

Technologies that enable the targeted manipulation of the genome have created new opportunities to study the role and interplay of specific genes in both the regulation and function of physiological and behavioural processes and in the development of pathological conditions. Despite the potential benefits, there are ethical issues in relation to the application of these technologies, some of which relate to the impact on the welfare of the animals involved. Matters of concern include the methods involved in the derivation and production of genetically-modified (GM) animals and resulting phenotypes, where animal welfare is compromised. In the case of the latter, this may be the predicted consequence of the genetic modification, but the occurrence of unforeseen animal welfare complications is a major challenge in the management of GM animals. There has been a rapid escalation in the development of new GM lines, most of them involving mice. Databases of available lines have been developed by national and international consortia, and researchers have developed standard protocols to describe the phenotype of a new line; increasingly, such data are entered into these databases. The inclusion of animal welfare assessments with these data would provide a powerful and sophisticated tool to promote refinement. The scope, level and frequency of monitoring would facilitate the identification of unpredicted effects and the management of humane endpoints, and would identify opportunities to manage the animals so as to ameliorate negative impacts. Furthermore, by highlighting the subtleties of gene–environment interactions, such data have wider implications in achieving the goals of refinement.

scholarly journals Critical evaluation of challenges and future use of animals in experimentation for biomedical research

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Pal Singh ◽  
Kunal Pratap ◽  
Juhi Sinha ◽  
Koundinya Desiraju ◽  
Devika Bahal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Meta Analyses

Animal experiments that are conducted worldwide contribute to significant findings and breakthroughs in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of various diseases, bringing up appropriate clinical interventions. However, their predictive value is often low, leading to translational failure. Problems like translational failure of animal studies and poorly designed animal experiments lead to loss of animal lives and less translatable data which affect research outcomes ethically and economically. Due to increasing complexities in animal usage with changes in public perception and stringent guidelines, it is becoming difficult to use animals for conducting studies. This review deals with challenges like poor experimental design and ethical concerns and discusses key concepts like sample size, statistics in experimental design, humane endpoints, economic assessment, species difference, housing conditions, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses that are often neglected. If practiced, these strategies can refine the procedures effectively and help translate the outcomes efficiently.

scholarly journals Sarcopenia: Etiology, Nutritional Approaches, and miRNAs

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9724
Author(s):  
Roberto Cannataro ◽  
Leandro Carbone ◽  
Jorge L. Petro ◽  
Erika Cione ◽  
Salvador Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Early Biomarker ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Sarcopenia, an age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, dramatically affects the quality of life. Although there is a consensus that sarcopenia is a multifactorial syndrome, the etiology and underlying mechanisms are not yet delineated. Moreover, research about nutritional interventions to prevent the development of sarcopenia is mainly focused on the amount and quality of protein intake. The impact of several nutrition strategies that consider timing of food intake, anti-inflammatory nutrients, metabolic control, and the role of mitochondrial function on the progression of sarcopenia is not fully understood. This narrative review summarizes the metabolic background of this phenomenon and proposes an integral nutritional approach (including dietary supplements such as creatine monohydrate) to target potential molecular pathways that may affect reduce or ameliorate the adverse effects of sarcopenia. Lastly, miRNAs, in particular those produced by skeletal muscle (MyomiR), might represent a valid tool to evaluate sarcopenia progression as a potential rapid and early biomarker for diagnosis and characterization.

scholarly journals Hypochlorite-Modified LDL Induces Arrhythmia and Contractile Dysfunction in Cardiomyocytes

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Chintan N. Koyani ◽  
Susanne Scheruebel ◽  
Ge Jin ◽  
Ewald Kolesnik ◽  
Klaus Zorn-Pauly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cardiac Contractility ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Immunoblot Analysis ◽  
Cardiac Damage ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO) and its potent oxidant, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), gained attention as important oxidative mediators in cardiac damage and dysfunction. As cardiomyocytes generate low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particles, we aimed to identify the footprints of proatherogenic HOCl-LDL, which adversely affects cellular signalling cascades in various cell types, in the human infarcted myocardium. We performed immunohistochemistry for MPO and HOCl-LDL in human myocardial tissue, investigated the impact of HOCl-LDL on electrophysiology and contractility in primary cardiomyocytes, and explored underlying mechanisms in HL-1 cardiomyocytes and human atrial appendages using immunoblot analysis, qPCR, and silencing experiments. HOCl-LDL reduced ICa,L and IK1, and increased INaL, leading to altered action potential characteristics and arrhythmic events including early- and delayed-afterdepolarizations. HOCl-LDL altered the expression and function of CaV1.2, RyR2, NCX1, and SERCA2a, resulting in impaired contractility and Ca2+ homeostasis. Elevated superoxide anion levels and oxidation of CaMKII were mediated via LOX-1 signaling in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, HOCl-LDL-mediated alterations of cardiac contractility and electrophysiology, including arrhythmic events, were ameliorated by the CaMKII inhibitor KN93 and the INaL blocker, ranolazine. This study provides an explanatory framework for the detrimental effects of HOCl-LDL compared to native LDL and cardiac remodeling in patients with high MPO levels during the progression of cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals Allergen-induced anxiety-like behavior is associated with disruption of medial prefrontal cortex - amygdala circuit

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kolsoum Dehdar ◽  
Shirin Mahdidoust ◽  
Morteza Salimi ◽  
Leila Gholami-Mahtaj ◽  
Milad Nazari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Behavioral Expression ◽  
Amygdala Activity ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAnxiety is prevalent in asthma, and is associated with disease severity and poor quality of life. However, no study to date provides direct experimental evidence for the effect of allergic inflammation on the structure and function of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and amygdala, which are essential regions for modulating anxiety and its behavioral expression. We assessed the impact of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic inflammation on the appearance of anxiety-like behavior, mPFC and amygdala volumes using MRI, and the mPFC-amygdala circuit activity in sensitized rats. Our findings exhibited that the OVA challenge in sensitized rats induced anxiety-like behavior, and led to more activated microglia and astrocytes in the mPFC and amygdala. We also found a negative correlation between anxiety-like behavior and amygdala volume. Moreover, OVA challenge in sensitized rats was associated with increases in mPFC and amygdala activity, elevation of amygdala delta-gamma coupling, and the enhancement of functional connectivity within mPFC-amygdala circuit – accompanied by an inverted direction of information transferred from the amygdala to the mPFC. We indicated that disrupting the dynamic interactions of the mPFC-amygdala circuit may contribute to the induction of anxiety-related behaviors with asthma. These findings could provide new insight to clarify the underlying mechanisms of allergic inflammation-induced psychiatric disorders related to asthma.

scholarly journals An Interspecies Internet? Thinking and Acting Feminist - Animal Rights Discourse Online

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Jones
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Animal Rights ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Feminist Discourse ◽  
Rights Discourse ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Role And Function

As contemporary feminist discourse continues to utilize online and digital media and technologies as platforms and tools for debate and information sharing, the reality of who -and what - has access and makes contributions to this discourse is changing. The perception of online and digital communication and debate as accessible, intersectional and democratizing forces has also meant that the conceived relationship between theoretical discourse and feminist praxis in a global forum has been made more mutable, and the distinctions between what is theory and what is praxis have become more blurred. Whether we regard digital media as trans or post-human, disembodied or decentralized, it does at least represent a form of conversation that blurs the boundaries of how we communicate, who (and what) is considered to have subjectivity, the impact of geographical location and embodiment and corporeality. These have also underpinned feminist animal rights and feminist vegetarian/vegan discourse, especially around our feminist understanding of what it means to be human. This paper references feminist vegetarian, feminist-vegan and ecofeminist theory alongside theoretical work from animal studies across a range of disciplines to analyze feminist intersections with animal rights and veganism. In doing this I hope to offer an introduction to how online context influences feminist animal rights discourse. By considering this topic through a lens of ecofeminist and vegetarian/vegan feminist theory, what we think about when we think about ‘the animal’, and an examination of the role and function of digital media in feminist discourse, this paper offers some reflections on the online contribution being made to feminist animal rights and vegan discourse, and how digital media are shaping and influencing this discourse and its wider impact.

scholarly journals The Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) in the Development and/or Progression of Endometriosis-State of the Art

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 677
Author(s):  
Dorota Suszczyk ◽  
Wiktoria Skiba ◽  
Joanna Jakubowicz-Gil ◽  
Jan Kotarski ◽  
Iwona Wertel
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells ◽  
Immunological Diseases ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Endometriosis (EMS) is a common gynecological disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Approximately 10% of women around the world suffer from this disease. Recent studies suggest that endometriosis has potential to transform into endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC). Endometriosis is connected with chronic inflammation and changes in the phenotype, activity, and function of immune cells. The underlying mechanisms include quantitative and functional disturbances of neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages (MO/MA), natural killer cells (NK), and T cells. A few reports have shown that immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) may promote the progression of endometriosis. MDSCs are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells (dendritic cells, granulocytes, and MO/MA precursors), which play an important role in the development of immunological diseases such as chronic inflammation and cancer. The presence of MDSCs in pathological conditions correlates with immunosuppression, angiogenesis, or release of growth factors and cytokines, which promote progression of these diseases. In this paper, we review the impact of MDSCs on different populations of immune cells, focusing on their immunosuppressive role in the immune system, which may be related with the pathogenesis and/or progression of endometriosis and its transformation into ovarian cancer.

scholarly journals The impact of marathon running on atrial remodeling in male and female amateur athletes assessed by three-dimensional echocardiography

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.B Lasocka ◽  
A Dabrowska-Kugacka ◽  
A Kaleta-Duss ◽  
Z Lewicka-Potocka ◽  
A Faran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Echocardiography ◽  
Marathon Running ◽  
Atrial Remodeling ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Amateur Athletes ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
And Function ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Endurance athletes have an increased risk of atrial remodeling and atrial arrhythmias. However, data regarding atrial adaptation to physical exercise in non-elite athletes are limited. We aimed to assess exercise-induced alternations in atrial morphology and function in male and female amateur marathon runners, using real-time three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography. Methods The study group consisted of 40 male (39±8 years) and 27 female (40±7 years) amateur athletes. 3D echocardiography was performed 2–3 weeks before (Stage 1) and immediately after (Stage 2) the marathon run. Right (RA) and left atrial (LA) remodeling was assessed by volumetric measures, total ejection fraction (EF) and volume (EV). Speckle tracking was used to determine the temporal evaluation of atrial function by strain analysis. Results The main results are presented in Table 1. At rest, male athletes demonstrated greater RA size and decreased RA contractility, as assessed by EF and atrial strains, in comparison to females. At Stage 1, LA morphology and function did not differ significantly between genders. After the marathon, a remarkable increase in RA maximal volume (RAVmax, 32.9±8.6 vs. 36.4±8.2 ml/m2, p=0.016) and RAEF (49.5±9.7 vs. 57.3±9.2%, p=0.002) was observed only in female athletes (p<0.05 for both interactions sex and stage). Whereas in male runners, LA measures, such as LAVmax (30.7±6.4 vs. 26.8±6.2 ml/m2, p=0.007), LAEF (56.7±4.3 vs. 52.7±5.3%, p=0.037) and LA conduit strain (LAScd, −18.7±8 vs. −13.6±8%, p=0.045), significantly decreased postrace. This observation was absent in females (p<0.05 for all interactions sex and stage). Conclusions In amateur athletes, marathon running promotes biatrial remodelling with significant gender discrepancies. Females are more susceptible to exercise-induced morphological and functional changes of RA, while postrace alternations in males concern principally LA. 3D echocardiography of the atria is a useful indicator of exercise capacity, not only in elite, but also in amateur athletes. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Surgery for Lung Cancer and the Consequences for the Swallow

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 162-168
Author(s):  
Pippa Hales ◽  
Corinne Mossey-Gaston
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Vocal Cord Palsy ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Physiological Reserve ◽  
Palliative Phase ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Swallow Function

Lung cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers across Northern America and Europe. Treatment options offered are dependent on the type of cancer, the location of the tumor, the staging, and the overall health of the person. When surgery for lung cancer is offered, difficulty swallowing is a potential complication that can have several influencing factors. Surgical interaction with the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) can lead to unilateral vocal cord palsy, altering swallow function and safety. Understanding whether the RLN has been preserved, damaged, or sacrificed is integral to understanding the effect on the swallow and the subsequent treatment options available. There is also the risk of post-surgical reduction of physiological reserve, which can reduce the strength and function of the swallow in addition to any surgery specific complications. As lung cancer has a limited prognosis, the clinician must also factor in the palliative phase, as this can further increase the burden of an already compromised swallow. By understanding the surgery and the implications this may have for the swallow, there is the potential to reduce the impact of post-surgical complications and so improve quality of life (QOL) for people with lung cancer.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document