Varying Role of Extracellular Electrolytes in Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis

1958 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B. Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Extracellular Acidosis ◽  
Mineral Acids ◽  
Different Types

The responses of plasma and extracellular space to different types of acids and alkalis were studied in nephrectomized cats. Compensation for mineral acids can largely be accounted for by changes which are detectable in extracellular constituents. These changes are movement of Na+ and K+ into the extracellular space (ECS) and loss of HCO3– from the ECS. Organic acids which penetrate cells rapidly and may be expected to cause an intracellular and extracellular acidosis, produce negligible changes in extracellular content of Na and K. Alkalosis produced by NaOH or NaHCO3 was compensated for mainly by extracellular gain of bicarbonate and loss of Na. The response to NH4OH was unusual in that this alkaline solution caused an acidosis with movement of K into the ECS. The site of compensation for the various acids and alkalis was indicated by a comparison of the volume of agent infused with the change in volume of the ECS. The distribution of Na in these animals was not related as much to the concentration of Na in the ECS as it was to the pH produced by the solution infused. The response of the living organism to different types of acids and alkalis is variable and seems mainly related to the distribution of the material in the body.

scholarly journals Metabolic Acidosis in Patients with CKD: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Marcin Adamczak ◽  
Stanisław Surma
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Ckd Progression ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Metabolic acidosis in CKD is diagnosed in patients with plasma or venous blood bicarbonate concentration lower than 22 mmol/L. Metabolic acidosis occurs in about 20% of patients with CKD. Metabolic acidosis may lead to dysfunction of many systems and organs as well as CKD progression. Currently, sodium bicarbonate is mainly used for pharmacological treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with CKD. Veverimer is a new drug dedicated to treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with CKD. Orally given veverimer binds hydrogen ions in the intestines and subsequently is excreted from the body with feces. Clinical studies have shown that veverimer is effective in increasing serum bicarbonate concentrations in CKD patients with metabolic acidosis. Here, we present review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of metabolic acidosis in CKD patients. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Metabolic acidosis is common in patients with CKD and contributes to CKD progression and many complications, which worsen the prognosis in these patients. Currently, sodium bicarbonate is mainly used in metabolic acidosis treatment. The role of the new drug veverimer in the metabolic acidosis therapy needs further studies. <b><i>Key Message:</i></b> The aim of this review article is to summarize the current knowledge concerning the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of metabolic acidosis in CKD patients.

The effects of acids on a soil nematode

Parasitology ◽  
1945 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 158-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anterior Region ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
Mineral Acids

1. The effects of the following acids were studied: hydrochloric, nitric, sulphuric, formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, isovaleric, glycollic, lactic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, malic, tartaric, and citric.2. The general effects of immersion in acid media include an increased stickiness of the cuticle in certain solutions, and the development of lateral bulges in the cuticle at the anterior region of the body, not necessarily in the same solutions. Movement gradually decreases, and death eventually occurs, often followed by swelling.3. The survival times in various solutions were noted. Preliminary experiments showed that the logarithm of the survival time was approximately proportional to the logarithm of the normality of the acid. Later results showed great variability, and it was necessary to restrict the work to a single normality of each acid.4. The toxicities of 0·206 N solutions of the sixteen acids were measured. These results showed that the mineral acids had markedly greater effects than the organic acids, and the importance of the former was further illustrated by using mixtures of HCl containing varying amounts of organic acids. The differences between the mineral acids may be explained by the lyotropic effects of the anions.5. Equal normalities of organic acids were made up in a solution of HCl sufficiently strong to render the organic acids almost entirely undissociated. The relative toxicities of the mixtures were essentially the same as those of the dissociated acids.6. The differences between the acids are thus partly due to the pH differences, and partly due to the dissimilar effects of the undissociated acids. The latter are believed to be due to a variety of causes, including molecular size, polarity of the molecule, and other factors as yet undecided.

scholarly journals Role of fungi in biodeterioration process of stone in historic buildings

2009 ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Ljaljevic-Grbic ◽  
Jelena Vukojevic
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Building Stone ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Stone Material ◽  
Melanized Fungi ◽  
Cultural Heritage Objects

Fungal ability in production of pigments and organic acids have crucial role in discoloration and degradation of different types of stone in cultural heritage objects. Additionally, stone objects may support novel communities of microorganisms that are active in biodeterioration process. This investigation focuses on mycological analyses of microbial biofilm from two important buildings, made of granite and sandstone, and which were heavily colonized by fungi. The 23 fungal taxa including filamentous microfungi and yeasts with specific distribution on sandstone and granite substrate were isolated. Melanized fungi from Dematiaceae (Deuteromycotina) were dominant. The identified microfungi cause discoloration, as well as mechanical exfoliation of building stone material that was analyzed through mechanical hyphae penetration and production of dark pigments and organic acids.

scholarly journals Bailando la huella del espacio / Dancing space trace / “Danzando il segno dello spazio”

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Toro Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Body Language ◽  
The Body ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Narrative Space ◽  
Final Goal ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Precise Time

El inicio de esta investigación se sitúa en una inquietud hacia una de las primeras formas de arte que el ser humano manifiesta de forma casi instintiva, la Danza; así mismo el contacto más directo con esta siendo lenguaje expresivo, donde la anatomía artística se convirtió en protagonista de la investigación. Este proyecto, refleja un cuerpo que se desliza en un tiempo preciso y un espacio narrativo en el cual se desdibuja descifrándose a sí mismo en la huella danzada, identidad de este y pretensión nuestra a alcanzar; algo efímero, su huella, su representación, su propia voz. Con ello se quiso reflejar que un dibujo anatómico, al igual que la danza de un cuerpo, se puede traducir a través del espacio y el tiempo, en cualquier otro modo de creación, ya sea escultórico, pictórico, escenográfico, musical, fotográfico, etcétera; cabe destacar el importante papel que juega el espacio y tiempo en este, pues traduce y traspasa los lenguajes trasladando la dimensión espacial; Hablamos pues, de bidi y tridimensionalidad.Dancing space traceThe aim of this research is to sed light on the latent concern about one of the earliest forms of art which humans being manifest instinctively, the Dance, moreover, the direct connection of this art with the expressive body language, where the artistic anatomy became the protagonist and challenge of this study. According to the facts mentioned above, the work focused on the body that slides into the precise time as well as the narrative space in which is decoded it self on the dance track, that represents it’s identify, moreover led my final goal to reach. Something ephemeral, it’s footprint, representation, what’s more it’s own voice. Furthermore, it is a reflection of how a picture of the anatomic body, as well as it’s own dance, can be represented through the space and time dimensions as any sort of creation. Whether sculptural, painterly, scenic, musical, photographic, so on. It claims to be noted the significant role of time and space on the dance as transfers and translate the different types of languages developing and modifying the spacial translation. Ending up in the bidi and three-dimensionality matter.“Danzando il segno dello spazio”L’inizio di questa ricerca si trova in una inquietudine verso una delle prime forme d’arte che l’essere umano manifesta quasi istintivamente, la danza; Allo stesso modo il contatto più diretto con questa come linguaggio espressivo, in cui l’anatomia artistica divenne protagonista delle indagini. Questo progetto, riflette un corpo scorrevole in un tempo preciso e uno spazio narrativo in cui si sfuma decifrato sé stesso nel segno danzato, l’identità di questo e obiettivo nostro di raggiungere; qualcosa di effimero, la sua impronta, la sua rappresentazione, la propria voce. Questo è stato lo scopo per dimostrare che un disegno anatomico, come la danza di un corpo, può essere tradotto attraverso lo spazio e il tempo, in qualsiasi altra modalità di creazione, sia la scultura, la pittura, teatro, musica, fotografia, ecc. Vale la pena notare l’importante ruolo dal spazio e il tempo in questo progetto, poiché traduce e proietta i linguaggi spostando la dimensione spaziale; Si parla poi di bidi e tridimensionalità

scholarly journals Role of long non-coding RNA H19 in the development of osteoporosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Senxiang Chen ◽  
Da Liu ◽  
Zimo Zhou ◽  
Sen Qin
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Treatment Of Osteoporosis ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

Abstract Background Osteoporosis is a widespread and serious metabolic bone disease. At present, revealing the molecular mechanisms of osteoporosis and developing effective prevention and treatment methods are of great significance to health worldwide. LncRNA is a non-coding RNA peptide chain with more than 200 nucleotides. Researchers have identified many lncRNAs implicated in the development of diseases and lncRNA H19 is an example. Results A large amount of evidence supports the fact that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes, such as H19, have multiple, far-reaching effects on various biological functions. It has been found that lncRNA H19 has a role in the regulation of different types of cells in the body including the osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts found in bones. Therefore, it can be postulated that lncRNA H19 affects the incidence and development of osteoporosis. Conclusion The prospect of targeting lncRNA H19 in the treatment of osteoporosis is promising because of the effects that lncRNA H19 has on the process of osteogenic differentiation. In this review, we summarize the molecular pathways and mechanisms of lncRNA H19 in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and summarize the research progress of targeting H19 as a treatment option. Research is emerging that explores more effective treatment possibilities for bone metabolism diseases using molecular targets.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mailan S. Doquang
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Church Design

This book offers new perspectives on the role of vegetal ornament in medieval church design by focusing on an extensive series of foliate friezes articulating iconic French monuments. It demonstrates that church builders strategically used organic motifs to integrate the interior and exterior of their structures, and to reinforce the connections and distinctions between the entirety of the sacred edifice and the profane world beyond its boundaries. This section introduces the reader to different types of foliate friezes, addresses the three primary themes that run through the body of the book (nature, meaning, and ornament), and provides a chapter summary.

scholarly journals Role of antioxidants and a nutrient rich diet in Alzheimer's disease

Open Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 200084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Veurink ◽  
George Perry ◽  
Sandeep Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

The joint attack on the body by metabolic acidosis and oxidative stress suggests that treatment in degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), may require a normalizing of extracellular and intracellular pH with simultaneous supplementation of an antioxidant combination cocktail at a sufficiently high dose. Evidence is also accumulating that combinations of antioxidants may be more effective, taking advantage of synergistic effects of appropriate antioxidants as well as a nutrient-rich diet to prevent and reverse AD. This review focuses on nutritional, nutraceutical and antioxidant treatments of AD, although they can also be used in other chronic degenerative and neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Interplay Between Microbiota, Toll-Like Receptors and Cytokines for the Maintenance of Epithelial Barrier Integrity

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iaroslav Semin ◽  
Justus Ninnemann ◽  
Marina Bondareva ◽  
Ilia Gimaev ◽  
Andrey A. Kruglov
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Tissue Integrity ◽  
Healthy State

The intestinal tract is densely populated by microbiota consisting of various commensal microorganisms that are instrumental for the healthy state of the living organism. Such commensals generate various molecules that can be recognized by the Toll-like receptors of the immune system leading to the inflammation marked by strong upregulation of various proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β. To prevent excessive inflammation, a single layer of constantly renewing, highly proliferating epithelial cells (IEC) provides proper segregation of such microorganisms from the body cavities. There are various triggers which facilitate the disturbance of the epithelial barrier which often leads to inflammation. However, the nature and duration of the stress may determine the state of the epithelial cells and their responses to cytokines. Here we discuss the role of the microbiota-TLR-cytokine axis in the maintenance of the epithelial tissue integrity. In particular, we highlight discrepancies in the function of TLR and cytokines in IEC barrier during acute or chronic inflammation and we suggest that intervention strategies should be applied based on the type of inflammation.

scholarly journals An Embodied Architecture

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Downing ◽  
Upali Nanda ◽  
Narongpon Laiprakobsup ◽  
Shima B. Mohajeri
Keyword(s):  
Living Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
New Information ◽  
Embodied Realism ◽  
Biological Reality ◽  
Body Boundary ◽  
Foundation Wall ◽  
Topological Boundary

An architecture of the body is emerging out of theories of biology, complexity, and systems through the use of an evolving organism as its metaphor. Autopoiesis is the term used by biologists to describe the realm of existence for a living organism as it slides between the interchange of structure and information. Incoming information is filtered through the organism for its usefulness in the art of staying alive. Structural or organizational changes evolve as the organism adjusts to new information. To remain a viable organism—to survive—means that an entity must keep evolving without surrendering identity. Humans must maintain an embodied identity, often referred to as an organized self (Maturana & Varela, 1980, 1987), while viably exchanging information with other entities and the environment. This operation creates a topological boundary across which the communication takes place. Cognitive theorists and researchers have proposed that the animal condition is one of Embodied Realism; that is, animals such as we humans, are embodied, using our bodies to create basic metaphors, and, that we do this in a“real” world. The role of cognition in this equation is to allow humans the use of embodiment to explore abstract ideas through metaphor—such as “grasping an idea” (Lakoff &Johnson, 2003). In doing so, it allows the invention of an evolving language that refers to things “outside” our skin,like other entities and places. Autopoiesis describes the activities at the “edge” or boundary of an organism. The linguistic act can, therefore, be identified as fundamental medium for communication in the edge, between inside and outside, that assures the autopoiesis of place.In our own bodies, flesh is the biological manifest of the edge or boundary condition. Our understanding of flesh is that it is another of our organs; and at the same time, all organs are also bounded by flesh. It serves as a porous filter, delicate and complicated—it is our body boundary. The “flesh” or the lived body (Merleau-Ponty, 1968) is moreover, an inbetween concept that articulates the subjective mind to the objective world. It bridges the boundaries separating inside from outside. Thus, it could act as a metaphor for introducing the notion of edge in architectural place. The edge itself then, embodies the embodied being. Buildings have boundaries of foundation, wall, or roof, parts of which could be thought of as the“skin.” In today’s practice, the various skins of a building have become more complicated and porous as the field of architecture extends itself into “systemic” conditions, within and without. It follows then that the body survives the interaction and communication between mind and theexternal world if it inhabits the edge of place embodying localized boundary metaphors. Architecture is beginning the process of aligning itself with a new moral code—one that is inclusive of our biological reality, the embodiment of ideas, systemic evolution, and ecological necessities. This paper is situated within this new moral code of systemic ecological and biologicalinteractions.

Impact of Foreign Bodies Poisoning In Daily Life and Role of Community Pharmacist in Prohibition of Poisoning

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Durriya Hashmat ◽  
Erum Naz ◽  
Fatima Ahmed ◽  
Fatima Muzammil ◽  
Syeda Saghira Begum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Bodies ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Foreign Object ◽  
Cleaning Agents ◽  
Poisoning In Children ◽  
Micro Organisms

Background: A foreign object is a substance or an entity that is found in human body but has no relation with body; it enters into the body through many routes. Poisoning is a condition that occurs through common substance when exposed to a person or living organism it damages their health and life and endanger for community. The majority of poisoning cases, especially in children, are associated with cleaning agents and pesticides. Cleaning agents are the substances (liquid, powder, granules) which are used for cleaning purpose and their main purpose is to kill germs and provide sterility. The ordinary cleaning agents include bleaches, detergents, solvents, kerosene and pesticides. Pesticides are the substances used for destroying, attracting the insects or micro-organisms which are harmful for humans and cultivated plants and crops. Objective: The objective of this study is to reduce the poisoning by foreign bodies (cleaning substances, pesticides) by guiding people that exposure to these objects can harm them. Methodology: A survey based questionnaire was circulated for about one month to check the awareness of people regarding the knowledge of handling the foreign bodies that include cleaning substances and pesticides for data collection, the students, children and household women were asked to fill the questionnaire according to their knowledge. Percentages were calculated to compile the results. Result: It was observed that there was lack of knowledge in children and in some cases household women were also a part of it. The major reason of poisoning in children is the careless behavior of household women while not keeping such things away from them.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document