Response of bone sodium to acute changes in extracellular fluid composition (cat)

1958 ◽  
Vol 196 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert B. Forbes ◽  
Richard B. Tobin ◽  
Anne Lewis

A study has been made of the effects of short term infusions of various acids, alkalies, NaCl and glucose solutions on bone sodium content in the cat. Bone water was unaffected by any of the procedures used. A decline in bone sodium, expressed as Na/Ca ratio, of 3.5–8.0% was observed in the various treatment groups. This is 15–100% of the exchangeable fraction. The magnitude of the decline in Na content was found to be independent of changes in blood pH, plasma Na concentration, and total ECF Na content, and the amount of acid or water infused. Sodium loading did not cause a rise in bone Na content. The nature of the stimulus or stimuli responsible for the observed change in bone Na is not apparent from these experiments.

Author(s):  
Shevryakov M.V.

This lecture is devoted to theoretical foundations of blood buffer systems functioning. Biochemical aspects and physiological activity of phosphate, hydrogen carbonate buffer and its combined activity with hemoglobin buffer, which ensures stability of blood pH, are presented. Chemical reactions to achieve the required blood pH are investigated. The combination of buffer properties, one of the components of which is CO2gas and autonomous self-regulation by intracellular hemoglobin ensures the blood plasma pH constancy. Stabilizing systems are considered -the respiratory apparatus and kidneys, which create the possibility of maintaining the stability of extracellular fluid pH. Respiratory acidosis, alkalosis, metabolic acidosis are considered on the biochemical level. This article presents information about hemoglobin structure: heme structure and globin subunits in different typesof hemoglobin. The following mechanismswhich provide maximumoxygen saturation of lungs and maximum oxygen emission in the tissues: heme-hemic interaction, Bohr effect and influence of 2,3-diphospho-glycerate connected with haemoglobin, are considered. The proteinbuffer system has been characterized in the in general. The capacity of the phosphate buffer system has been shown to be close to 1-2% of the whole buffer capacity of the blood and up to 50% of the buffer capacity of urine. The organic phosphates also exhibit buffering activity in the cell. Human and animal organisms can have intracellular pH from 4.5 to 8.5 depending on the type of cells, but the blood pH should be 7.4. This parameter is ensured by the hydrogen carbonate buffer system. Moreover,the blood pH depends not on the absolute concentrations of buffer components but on their ratio. The most powerful is hemoglobin buffer system that accounts for 75% of the whole blood buffer system. For stabilization of buffer capacity, the body uses two other stabilizing systems -the respiratory apparatus and kidneys. At the same time, the compensatory role of the respiratory system has shortcomings. Hyperventilation of lungs causes respiratory alkalosis. Hypoventilation has a counteracting effect by lowering the pH of the blood. Thus, the blood buffer system is ensured by a complex system that allows the organisms to adapt to changes in the fluid medium and regulate the pH under pathological conditions.Key words:homeostasis, hemoglobin, blood, acid-liquid equilibrium. У лекції розглядаються теоретичні основи механізмів дії буферних систем крові. Наводяться біохімічні аспекти та фізіологічна дія фосфатного, гідрогенкарбонатного буфера та його спільна дія з гемоглобіновим буфером, що забезпечує стабільність рН крові. Розглядаються хімічні реакції досягнення необхідного рівня рН крові. Поєднання властивостей буфера, одним з компонентів якого є газ СО2, та автономним саморегулюванням за рахунок внутрішньоклітинного гемоглобіну, забезпечує постійність рН плазми крові. Розглядаються стабілізуючі системи –дихальний апарат та нирки, які створюють можливості підтримання постійності рН позаклітинної рідини. На біохімічному рівні розглядаються дихальні ацидоз, алкалоз, метаболічний ацидоз. У статті представлені відомості про будову гемоглобіну: будову гему та субодиниць глобіну у різних видах гемоглобінів. Розглядаються механізми, що забезпечують максимальне насичення киснем легенів та максимальну віддачу кисню в тканинах: гем-гемова взаємодія, ефект Бора та вплив 2,3-дифосфо-гліцерату, зв’язаного з гемоглобіном. В загальних рисах охарактеризована білкова буферна система. Показано, що ємність фосфатної буферної системи становить близько 1-2% від всієї буферної ємності крові та до 50% буферної ємності сечі. При цьому органічні фосфати також виявляють буферну дію в клітині. В організмі людини і тварин значення внутрішньоклітинного рН може бути від 4,5 до 8,5 взалежності від типу клітин, проте рН крові має становити 7,4. Цей показник забезпечується гідрогенкарбонатною буферною системою. Причому, рН крові залежить не від абсолютних концентрацій компонентів буфера, а від їхнього співвідношення. Найбільш потужною є гемоглобінова буферна система, яка становить 75% від всієї буферної системи крові. Для стабілізації буферної ємності організм використовує ще дві стабілізуючі системи –дихальний апарат та нирки. Разом з тим, компенсаторна роль дихальної системи має недоліки. Гіпервентиляція легень спричиняє дихальний алкалоз. Гіповентиляція виявляє протилежну дію, знижуючи рН крові. Таким чином, буферна система крові забезпечується складною системою, що дозволяє організмові адаптуватися до змін оточуючого середовища та регулювати рН за патологічних умов.Ключові слова:гомеостаз, гемоглобін, кров, кислотно-лужна рівновага.


2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amalia A Winters ◽  
Michael J McDaniel ◽  
Jose N Binongo ◽  
Rena C Moon ◽  
Wissam A Jaber ◽  
...  

Abstract OBJECTIVES Patients with life-threatening pulmonary emboli (PE) have traditionally been treated with anticoagulation alone, yet emerging data suggest that more aggressive therapy may improve short-term outcomes. The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative outcomes between catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDL) and surgical pulmonary embolectomy (SPE) in the treatment of life-threatening PE. METHODS A retrospective single-centre observational study was conducted for patients who underwent SPE or CDL at a single US academic centre. Preprocedural and postprocedural echocardiographic data were collected. Unadjusted regression models were constructed to assess the significance of the between-group postoperative differences. RESULTS A total of 126 patients suffered a life-threatening PE during the study period [60 SPE (47.6%), 66 CDL 52.4%]. Ten (24.4%) SPE patients and 10 (15.2%) CDL patients had massive PEs marked by preprocedural hypotension. Six (10.0%) SPE patients and 4 (6.0%) CDL patients suffered a preprocedure cardiac arrest (P = 0.41). In-hospital mortality rate was 3.3% (2) for SPE, and 3.0% (2) for CDL (P = 0.99). SPE patients were more likely to require prolonged ventilation (15.0% vs 1.5%, P = 0.01). No significant differences were found in other major complications. At baseline echocardiography, 76.9% of SPE patients and 56.9% of CDL patients had moderate or severe right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. Both treatment groups showed marked and durable improvement in echocardiographic markers of RV function from baseline at midterm follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Both SPE and CDL can be applied to well-selected high-risk patients with low rates of morbidity and mortality. Further research is necessary to delineate which patients would benefit most from either SPE or CDL following a life-threatening PE.


Author(s):  
Seyed Mohammad Salar Zaheryani ◽  
Shahram Bamdad ◽  
Sahar Mohaghegh

Purpose: To compare epithelium-removal and epithelium-disruption corneal crosslinking (CXL) methods in Fourier analysis of keratometric data and clinical outcomes. Methods: In this double-masked randomized clinical trial, each eye of 34 patients with bilateral keratoconus was randomly allocated to either the epithelium-removal or epithelium-disruption CXL treatment groups. Ocular examination, refraction, uncorrected and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (UCVA and BSCVA, respectively) measurements, and Pentacam imaging (keratometry, pachymetry, and Fourier analysis) were performed at baseline and at six-month follow-up period. Results: Patients’ mean age was 23.3 ± 3.6 years. The preoperative thickness of the thinnest point was 459.20 ± 37.40 μm and 455.80 ± 32.70 μm in the epithelium removal and epithelial-disruption CXL groups, respectively (P = ?). The corresponding figures were 433.50 ± 33.50 μm and 451.90 ± 39.70 μm, respectively, six months after the treatment (P = 0.0001). The irregularity component was 0.030 ± 0.016 μm in the epithelium-removal group and 0.028 ± 0.011 μm in the epithelium-disruption group preoperatively (P = ?). This measurement was 0.031 ± 0.016 μm and 0.024 ± 0.009 μm, respectively at month 6 (P = 0.04). The epithelium-disruption CXL group had better results in terms of the thickness of the thinnest point and the irregularity component as compared to the epithelium-removal group. The two study groups were comparable in spherical equivalent, mean keratometry, UCVA, BSCVA, or other Fourier analysis components (spherical R min, spherical eccentricity, central, peripheral regular astigmatism, and maximum decentration) (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that epithelium-disruption CXL is superior to epithelium removal CXL regarding the short-term changes in pachymetry and corneal irregularity. Other evaluated parameters were comparable between the two techniques within the six-month follow-up period.


1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (6) ◽  
pp. S49 ◽  
Author(s):  
R L Walker ◽  
M E Olson

Because of the increased concern over use of human body fluids in physiology teaching laboratories, we developed an exercise in renal function that utilizes laboratory rats. The purpose is to demonstrate the role of the kidneys in the homeostatic control of extracellular fluid volume, plasma ionic concentrations, and osmolarity. Three treatment groups are utilized: a volume-expanded (access to 1 g/100 ml sucrose) group, a volume-expanded and salt-loaded (access to 0.9 g/100 ml NaCl) group, and a volume-depleted (water-deprived) group. A normovolemic control group (access to tap water) is also included. Rats are housed individually in metabolic cages that allow accurate measurement of fluid intake and urine output. Blood samples are removed via cardiac puncture. The animals recover from this procedure and can be reutilized within 2-3 wk. When class data are pooled, clear trends are seen that demonstrate the volume-, osmo-, and ionoregulatory abilities of the kidneys.


1985 ◽  
Vol 2 (03) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Golden ◽  
William O'Brien ◽  
William Heroman ◽  
Louden Nalle ◽  
Robert Cefalo

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Ogagaoghene Isikwenu

Abstract The effects of replacing groundnut cake (GNC) with urea-treated and fermented brewer’s dried grains in weaner rabbits diets on the performance, haematology and serum chemistry was investigated. Urea-treated and fermented brewer’s dried grains were used to replace GNC at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels in weaner rabbits´ diets. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric to provide 18% crude protein and 11.00 MJ/kg metabolizable energy. Weaner rabbits of mixed breeds and sexes, aged 8 weeks, were randomly allocated to five treatment groups on equal weight and sex basis. They consisted of two rabbits per replicate and six rabbits per treatment. They were fed ad libitum in hutches for ten weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed in final body weight, daily body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, white blood cell count (WBC), glucose and sodium content for all treatment groups. Results indicate that urea-treated and fermented brewers dried grains can be used to replace up to 75% GNC (18.00% of the diet) as an alternative plant protein source. Mortality level (3 - 7%) was normal and evenly spread across treatment groups.


1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1510-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Rubinacci ◽  
Raffaella Melzi ◽  
Maria Zampino ◽  
Armando Soldarini ◽  
Isabella Villa

Abstract Background: Deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) is one of the two pyridinium cross-links that provide structural rigidity to type I collagen in bone. During osteoclastic resorption, Dpd is released into circulation and is excreted in the urine in free and peptide-bound forms. Free and total Dpd are highly correlated, but whether the free-to-total cross-link ratio is constant in both normal and high bone turnover states remains controversial. To compare free and total Dpd performance in a physiological condition, urinary free and total Dpd were measured after a short-term inhibition of osteoclast activity such as that induced by an oral calcium load. Methods: Total and free Dpd were measured by HPLC and by immunosorbent assay, respectively, in two groups of subjects, one (calcium-treated; n = 16) taking calcium and the other not (control; n = 9). Results: The urinary excretion of total Dpd at 2 and 4 h after oral calcium loading was decreased compared with controls. By contrast, changes in free Dpd were similar in the calcium-treated and control groups, reflecting only circadian rhythm. Conclusions: Total and free Dpd do not show comparable sensitivity in detecting short-term inhibition of osteoclast activity. The degradation process of peptide-bound to free Dpd could render free Dpd insensitive to acute changes of osteoclast activity.


2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
Yoko Tanaka ◽  
Meryl Brod ◽  
Jeannine R. Lane ◽  
Himanshu Upadhyaya

Objective: To estimate a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) on the adult ADHD Quality of Life (AAQoL) scale. Method: The MCID was determined from data from short-term ( N = 537) and long-term ( N = 440), placebo-controlled atomoxetine trials in adults with ADHD. For the anchor-based approach, change in clinician-rated Clinical Global Impressions–ADHD–Severity (CGI-ADHD-S) scores was used to derive MCID. For the distribution-based approach, baseline-to-endpoint mean ( SD) changes in AAQoL scores corresponding to 0.5 SD were computed. Results: The MCID was similar (approximately 8-point difference) between the short-term and the long-term treatment groups when either the anchor-based or distribution-based approach was used. Conclusion: These results suggest that approximately 8 points in the change from baseline on the AAQoL is a MCID.


2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 20121188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua P. Moatt ◽  
Calvin Dytham ◽  
Michael D. F. Thom

Sperm competition between the ejaculates of multiple males for the fertilization of a given set of ova is taxonomically widespread. Males have evolved remarkable adaptations to increase their reproductive success under postcopulatory sexual selection, which in many species includes the ability to modify behaviour and ejaculate characteristics plastically to match the perceived level of sperm competition. Males of the model species Drosophila melanogaster increase mating duration and modify seminal fluid composition in response to short-term changes in sperm competition risk. If these responses increase a male's total investment in reproduction, he must either trade-off this cost against other life-history traits or suffer reduced survival. We tested whether mounting a plastic sperm competition response bears an instantaneous survival cost, and instead found that male D. melanogaster exposed to a high risk of sperm competition survive 12 per cent longer than those at low risk, equating to a 49 per cent reduction in the hourly hazard of death. This striking effect was found only among virgins: the high cost of mating in this species eliminates any such benefit among non-virgin males. Our results suggest that the improvement in survival found among virgins may be a product of males’ tactical responses to sperm competition.


1981 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. Kennedy ◽  
J.Anthony Ware ◽  
Janet K. Horak ◽  
R.Thomas Solis

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