Relationship between food and water ingestion in the rabbit

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis J. Cizek
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Ad Libitum

Studies of ad libitum food-water intake relationship were made on 146 rabbits over a period of 7 1/2 years. Fluid intake was considerable, averaging at least 200 cc/day. Though daily variations occurred, major deflections from this mean were rare. Six-month studies revealed a quantitative linear relationship between food and water intakes. This relationship was altered somewhat by age since both water and food intake continue to decrease with time, water at a slightly greater rate than food. When food was suddenly removed, male rabbits consistently displayed a syndrome of polydipsia and polyuria. Balance studies revealed a sodium chloride deficiency. This caused polydipsia because substituting saline for drinking water abolished enhanced drinking. Equimolar solutions of potassium chloride were without such an effect. Female rabbits showed variable responses to food deprivation, depending on age. When young, the response was polydipsic. Repeated food deprivations resulted in decreasing responses as the rabbit matured; as aging continued, the responses reverted back to a polydipsic phase. Castration of females abolished this cyclic response.

The tolerance of sheep to sodium chloride in food or drinking water

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Intake Water

Sodium chloride was added in different amounts to the diet or drinking water of Merino sheep. The food intake declined at the higher concentrations (10–20% in food, 1.5–2.0% in water) but the decline was not related solely to the amount of sodium chloride ingested. The water intake increased in relation to the amount of sodium chloride ingested, irrespective of diet or means of ingestion (food or water). It is suggested that the acceptability or taste of food or water containing high levels of salt is a factor in determining the salt tolerance of sheep. The salt intake–water intake relationship is used to estimate the possible saving of fresh water to be derived from diluting it with saline bore water.

The intake and excretion of sodium by sheep fed on species of Atriplex (Saltbush) and Kochia (Bluebush)

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Sodium Chloride Intake ◽  
Total Water Intake

Penned sheep were fed ad libitum on the fresh leaves of various species of Atriplex and Kochia,and records were made of the intake and excretion of sodium by these sheep. The sodium content of the diets varied from 3.2 to 8.2% of the dry weight, the higher values being recorded in summer and the lower values in winter. The sodium intakes of the sheep varied from 25 to 97 g/day. Most of this sodium was excreted in the urine at concentrations up to 500 m-equiv./l. The voluntary water consumption of these sheep was related to the sodium intake, such that the ratio of sodium chloride intake to total water intake was within the range 1.82 to 2.17%. Voluntary water intakes varied up to 11.3 l./day. The food intake of A. nummularia decreased to less than half when the drinking water was replaced by water containing 0.9 or 1.2% sodium chloride.

Long-term observations on relationship between food and water ingestion in the dog

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis J. Cizek
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Day By Day ◽  
Marked Drop

Studies of the food-water intake relationship were made on 18 dogs over a period of 7 years. Single observations proved to be without value because of the considerable day-by-day variations that occur despite controlled diet and environmental conditions. The mean of multiple successive observations results in data which are consistent for the same animal over periods of at least 3–4 years. Such data reveal a quantitative linear relationship between food and water intakes provided the composition of the diet is maintained constant. Alterations in this relationship readily occur as a result of alterations in either the salt or water content of food. When the water content of the diet is changed, drinking is accurately readjusted so that the total intake for a given amount of food remains constant. Food deprivation results in a prompt and marked drop in daily drinking, the latter however, gradually increasing as deprivation continues. The immediate and delayed factors that might be concerned in this food-water relationship are discussed.

The effect of sodium chloride ingestion on food intake and on fat deposition in male rats

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Drori
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Reduce Food Intake ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Fat Synthesis

1. A 21 d slaughter trial was done using weanling male rats offered sodium chloride added at 10, 20 and 30 g/kg to a nutritionally adequate, control diet containing 13 g NaCl/kg, or added to the drinking-water at 5, 10, or 15 g NaCl/l. Food and drinking-water with or without NaCl were offered ad lib. and their intakes were measured..2. NaCl in the food reduced food intake by 10–15%; NaCl in solution reduced food intake only when added at the 15 g/l level; the reduction was 25%..3. NaCl increased the fluid intake of the rats; for NaCl in the food the increments ranged from 23 to 44%; for NaCl in the drinking-water they ranged from 44 to 229%..4. Body fat was significantly reduced by 20 and 30 g NaCl/kg added to the control diet, indicating a reduction in the efficiency of fat synthesis. Comparable amounts of NaCl taken in the drinking-water had a negligible effect on fat deposition..5. It is suggested that NaCl in the food produces hypodipsia, i.e. a failure to drink an optimal amount of water, causing changes in the electrolyte balance which reduce food intake and progressively reduce the efficiency of fat synthesis.

Interactions of 2-PPM Lead in the Water Supply with Food Deprivation upon Maze-Swimming Behavior of Mice

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kowalski ◽  
G. H. Parker ◽  
M. A. Persinger
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Swimming Behavior ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Techniques ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Food Condition ◽  
Ad Libitum

Mice that had been given either tap water or 2 ppm lead in their drinking water and either severely food deprived (3 days before testing) or allowed food ad libitum demonstrated significant interactions of lead treatment by day by food condition and lead by block. Although not statistically significant, the food deprived-lead treated mice displayed more errors and longer latencies than the ad libitum-water controls. The food deprived-water controls and ad libitum-lead-treated mice displayed intermediate values. The importance of using multivariate statistical techniques that can evaluate dynamic repeated behavioral measurements is emphasized.

Influence of the subfornical organ on meal-associated drinking in rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (3) ◽  
pp. R669-R677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Starbuck ◽  
Douglas A. Fitts
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Subfornical Organ ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

A lesion of the subfornical organ (SFO) may disrupt drinking after a meal of dry chow as it does drinking after intragastric administration of hypertonic saline. Food and water intakes of SFO-lesioned (SFOX) and sham-lesioned rats were measured during 90-min tests following various lengths of food deprivation. During the tests, all rats began eating before they began drinking. After 20–24 h of food deprivation, latency to begin drinking after eating had started was longer for SFOX than for sham-lesioned rats. Plasma osmolality was elevated by 2–3% in both lesion groups at 12 min, the latency for sham-lesioned rats to drink, but SFOX rats nevertheless continued eating and delayed drinking. Eating after shorter 4-h food deprivations and ad libitum feeding produced more variable drinking latencies and less consistent effects of SFO lesion. During 24 h of water deprivation, SFO lesion had no effect on the suppression of food intake and did not affect food or water intakes during the first 2 h of subsequent rehydration. These findings indicate that the SFO is involved in initiating water intake during eating and in determining drinking patterns and the amount of water ingested during a meal.

Metering of fluid intake and determinants of ad libitum drinking in rats

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Rowland ◽  
S Nicolaidis
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Spontaneous Drinking ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
Water Administration ◽  
Different Levels

The contributions of homeostatis mechanisms to spontaneous drinking were assessed in a study of residual oral drinking under several conditions of exogenous water administration. Continuous and/or discontinuous infusiors were conducted for long periods with dry food present ad libitum. The routes of administration were intravenous (IV), intragastric (IG) through a nasopharyngeal catheter. All infusions reduced from noninfused levels, but the magnitude of that reduction was a function of both route and temporal characteristics. Continuous infusions were more effective via the IG route than IV, and a residual intake of about 10 ml/24 h presisted at even the highest infusion rates. Discontinuous meal-paired IV infusions suppressed mid- and postmeal drinking, consistent with the satisfaction of systemic needs induced by cry food intake. Meal-paired IG nasopharyngeal infusions competely suppressed drinking when the infusions exceeded base-line intake by only about 20%. In marked contrast, corresponding IG infusions through a direct fistula catheter were relatively ineffective. In all cases the decreases in drinking were not of a nonspecific nature beacuse food intake was unchanged. The discussion considers the different levels of metering involved and the time-varying (derivative) nature of the infusion if was suggested that there is a nonhomeostatic contribution to normal drinking.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein in brain and pituitary of food-deprived obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (6) ◽  
pp. R1749-R1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Timofeeva ◽  
Yves Deshaies ◽  
Frédéric Picard ◽  
Denis Richard
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Pituitary Cells ◽  
Dorsal Part ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Ad Libitum

The present study was conducted to verify whether experimental conditions such as obesity and food deprivation, which promote food intake and reduce thermogenesis, could modify the expression of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-binding protein (BP) in the rat brain. In situ hybridization, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the expression of CRH-BP in lean ( Fa/?) and obese ( fa/fa) Zucker rats that were fed ad libitum, food deprived for 24 h, or food deprived for 24 h and refed for 6 h. In both lean and obese rats, food deprivation led to a reduction in body weight that was accompanied by a reversible increase in plasma corticosterone levels. Food deprivation and, to a lesser degree, obesity induced the expression of CRH-BP mRNA in the dorsal part of the medial preoptic area (MPOA). This induction of the CRH-BP gene led to by food deprivation was confirmed by the appearance in the dorsal part of the MPOA of neurons immunoreactive to CRH-BP. Food deprivation (in particular) and obesity also increased the levels of CRH-BP mRNA in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). The enhanced CRH-BP expression in the MPOA and BLA in response to food deprivation was reversed by refeeding. In lean Fa/? rats, the CRH-BP mRNA level in the pituitary cells was significantly decreased after food deprivation and restored after refeeding. When food was provided ad libitum, the number of cells expressing CRH-BP in the anterior pituitary was significantly higher in lean rats than in obese animals. Food deprivation for 24 h decreased dramatically the number of pituitary cells expressing CRH-BP in lean rats. Altogether, the present results demonstrate that food deprivation and, to a lesser extent, obesity can selectively affect the expression of CRH-BP. Given both the inactivating effect of CRH-BP on the CRH system and the potential roles played by the MPOA and BLA in the thermogenic and anorectic effects of CRH, it can be argued that the induction of the CRH-BP gene in obesity and after food deprivation occurs as a mechanism to reduce energy expenditure and to stimulate food intake.

Polyuria and imparied ADH release following medial preoptic lesioning in the rat

1975 ◽  
Vol 228 (5) ◽  
pp. 1293-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
M van Gemert ◽  
M Miller ◽  
RJ Carey ◽  
AM Moses
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Histological Evidence ◽  
Impaired Ability ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Urine Concentrating Ability ◽  
Supraoptic Nuclei

Studies were carried out in the rat to detemine if hypothalamic lesions which caused polydipsia and polyuria had their effect mediated through an alteration of the ability of the neurohypophyseal system to release ADH. Rats with medial preoptic lesions hadincreased water intake while on ad libitum access to water and slightly impaired ability to conserve water following dehydration, but with no impairment of urine-concentrating ability. These were associated with an increase in plasma osmolality both during ad libitum fluid intake and after dehydration. Urinary ADH excretion was at leastas great as in shamoperated controls during ad libitum water intake, but failed to increase during dehydration in spite of a marked increase in plasma osmolality. Pituitary ADH content did not differ from control animals either during ad libitum water intake of after dehydration. Animals with lesions in the lateral preoptic and septal areas did not differ from control animals during ad libitum fluid intake and after dehydration even though lateral preoptic lesions produced polydipsia. In all animals, lesions were remote from the supraoptic nuclei, which showed no histological evidence of damage. It is concluded thatareas of the central nervous system away from the supraoptic nuclei are involved in the regulation of both water intake and ADH release.

scholarly journals Drinking Water Upon Awakening, a Habit Related To a Higher Total Fluid Intake and Water Intake

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Guelinckx ◽  
Rizki Pohan ◽  
Romain Monrozier ◽  
Saptawati Bardosono
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Total Fluid Intake ◽  
Total Fluid
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document