The intake and excretion of sodium by sheep fed on species of Atriplex (Saltbush) and Kochia (Bluebush)

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Sodium Chloride Intake ◽  
Total Water Intake

Penned sheep were fed ad libitum on the fresh leaves of various species of Atriplex and Kochia,and records were made of the intake and excretion of sodium by these sheep. The sodium content of the diets varied from 3.2 to 8.2% of the dry weight, the higher values being recorded in summer and the lower values in winter. The sodium intakes of the sheep varied from 25 to 97 g/day. Most of this sodium was excreted in the urine at concentrations up to 500 m-equiv./l. The voluntary water consumption of these sheep was related to the sodium intake, such that the ratio of sodium chloride intake to total water intake was within the range 1.82 to 2.17%. Voluntary water intakes varied up to 11.3 l./day. The food intake of A. nummularia decreased to less than half when the drinking water was replaced by water containing 0.9 or 1.2% sodium chloride.

Relationship between food and water ingestion in the rabbit

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis J. Cizek
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Ad Libitum

Studies of ad libitum food-water intake relationship were made on 146 rabbits over a period of 7 1/2 years. Fluid intake was considerable, averaging at least 200 cc/day. Though daily variations occurred, major deflections from this mean were rare. Six-month studies revealed a quantitative linear relationship between food and water intakes. This relationship was altered somewhat by age since both water and food intake continue to decrease with time, water at a slightly greater rate than food. When food was suddenly removed, male rabbits consistently displayed a syndrome of polydipsia and polyuria. Balance studies revealed a sodium chloride deficiency. This caused polydipsia because substituting saline for drinking water abolished enhanced drinking. Equimolar solutions of potassium chloride were without such an effect. Female rabbits showed variable responses to food deprivation, depending on age. When young, the response was polydipsic. Repeated food deprivations resulted in decreasing responses as the rabbit matured; as aging continued, the responses reverted back to a polydipsic phase. Castration of females abolished this cyclic response.

Influence of the concentration and volume of saline water on the food intake of sheep, and on their excretion of sodium and water in urine and faeces

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson ◽  
ML Dudzinski
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The intake of food and the excretion of urine and faeces by 15 Merino sheep were recorded while they were given fixed volumes of fresh or saline (1 -5 and 2.0% sodium chloride) drinking water. The food intakes of the sheep increased as the volumes of either fresh or saline water were increased from 0.5 to 6.0 l/day. The addition of sodium chloride to the water decreased the food intake, but the decrease was restored by an increase in the volume of water given of c. 50 % for 1.5 % sodium chloride, and c. 100% for 2.0% sodium chloride. However, on 2.0% sodium chloride, no further increase in the intake of food occurred with volumes above 3.0 l/day, and maximum intakes were only 6045% of the maximum intakes on fresh water. When the lower volumes of saline water were given, the amount of food eaten for a given volume of water was decreased at higher temperatures and slightly decreased by a higher potassium content of the diet. High volumes (4.0-6.0 l/day) of 2.0% sodium chloride depressed food intake when the ration was oaten chaff, but not when it was lucerne chaff. The increased intake of sodium arising from the addition of sodium chloride to the water was excreted in the urine, and there was no change in the sodium content of the faeces. The concentrations of sodium and potassium in the urine declined as the amount to be excreted was increased. The volume of urine excreted was related to the amount of sodium and potassium to be excreted, while the amount of water lost in the faeces was related to the quantity of faecal dry matter excreted and the type of diet.

Influence of daily sodium intake on vasopressin secretion and drinking in dogs

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (6) ◽  
pp. R860-R872 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Cowley ◽  
M. M. Skelton ◽  
D. C. Merrill ◽  
E. W. Quillen ◽  
S. J. Switzer
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
High Sodium Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Total Water Intake ◽  
Daily Sodium Intake

Studies were carried out to determine the relationship between daily sodium intake, drinking, and vasopressin (AVP) secretion in normal conscious dogs. Chronic responses to 5-day elevations of daily sodium intake (200 meq/day) and 2-wk decreases in daily sodium intake (5 meq/day) were determined. Dogs were studied with ad libitum drinking and with water intake restricted to the amount drunk during the normal-sodium (30 meq/day) control period. Although acute elevations of plasma AVP occurred after a normal (40 meq Na) gastric load, chronic high-sodium intake resulted in no change of steady-state plasma AVP levels or daily AVP excretion (UAVP) with ad libitum drinking. Total water intake and frequency of drinking, however, increased nearly fourfold. In the absence of excess drinking, plasma AVP and UAVP both exhibited a nearly sixfold increase during the period of high-sodium intake. Despite elevations of plasma AVP, daily urine volume increased and urine osmolality rose only gradually during the 5 days of high-sodium intake. Chronic low-sodium intake also did not alter plasma AVP, but total water intake was reduced 20%. The data indicate that with water available, extracellular osmolality is controlled predominantly by drinking rather than by AVP secretion, that either osmolality or sodium concentration is the predominant controller of drinking and AVP secretion, and that daily water excretion need not be related directly to plasma AVP.

EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE INTAKE AND MINERALOCORTICOID LEVEL ON THE GRANULARITY OF JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS

1958 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. WIEDMAN ◽  
F. W. DUNIHUE ◽  
W. VAN B. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Granular Cell ◽  
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Similar Series ◽  
Adrenal Response ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Sodium Chloride Intake

SUMMARY The effect of combinations of normal, low and high sodium chloride intake with normal, low and high mineralocorticoid level on granularity of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus has been studied in the rat. The results have been compared with previously reported data from a similar series in the cat. With one exception, low sodium intake by normal rats, the granular cell index in both rat and cat was inversely related to the mineralocorticoid level and unrelated to the sodium intake. Data are presented which suggest that this exception is only apparent and may be explained on the basis of a different adrenal response by the rat.

The feed intake and performance of dairy cows fed on cut grass

1962 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Halley ◽  
B. M. Dougall
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
And Performance ◽  
One Year ◽  
Total Water Intake

SummaryIn the years 1959, 1960 and 1961 sections of the College herd of pedigree Guernsey cows were fed indoors on cut grass. The grass, cut twice each day, was fed in excess of appetite.The weight of grass dry matter consumed varied significantly in each year with the percentage of dry matter in the grass. In one year only did the dry-matter consumption vary significantly with the percentage of crude fibre in the grass.The weight of drinking water consumed varied significantly with the percentage of dry matter in the grass. The total water intake, i.e. drinking water plus uncombined water in the grass, remained almost constant at approximately 14 gal per cow per day.The use of a concentrate supplement in 1960 and 1961 produced small increases in yield which were not statistically significant. If, however, the differences recorded were real, then they would have been economic in one year and not in the other.The intake of starch equivalent, calculated from the chemical analyses of the grass, could not be reconciled with the performance of the cows.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

1942 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lester S. King
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Fundamental Difference ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽  
Sharp Concentration ◽  
The Brain

50 per cent glycerine injected intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, or intravenously, greatly enhances the activity of equine encephalomyelitis virus injected intramuscularly, increasing its virulence up to 100-fold. The same effect is produced by very concentrated sodium chloride. The result appears due to dehydration of the nervous system, suddenly produced. Gradual withdrawal of body fluids, produced by depriving animals of drinking water, results in sharp concentration of the blood, equal to that produced by glycerine or salt. But such deprivation of water alone does not result in significant dehydration of the brain, nor does it have any effect on virus action. The facilitation effect is not produced by drastic procedures involving shifts of electrolytes without loss of total water from the brain. Glycerine has no facilitating action when the virus is administered intranasally or intraocularly, suggesting a fundamental difference in pathogenesis between these routes and the intramuscular.

scholarly journals Study on liver arsenic level in antibiotic treated rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
Zubaida Khatoon Choudhry ◽  
Munira Afrin ◽  
Ahmed Abu Saleh ◽  
UKF Mojlish
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gut Flora ◽  
Arsenic Level ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Period Increase ◽  
Ad Libitum

Rats treated with arsenic (1mg/L) in drinking ad libitum an increase in liver tissue arsenic was observed when orally pretreated with streptomycin (500mg twice daily). Inhibition of gut flora was confirmed by microscopic examination of stool. Control group showed a mean gut-bacterial count of 7.13-7.26×108cfu/g dry weight of stool, when administered with streptomycin orally (500mg twice daily) gut-bacterial count was not countable on day 7. Liver tissue arsenic level increased to 5.78 mg/g of liver tissue compared to that of the control group of 3.33mg/g of liver tissue. A decrease in gut-bacterial count of 2.83×108 cfu/g dry weight of stool was observed on day 14 in rats that were not pretreated with streptomycin but received only arsenic (1mg/L) in drinking water ad libitum throughout the study period. Increase in liver arsenic level in this group was almost similar to that of streptomycin pretreated rats. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v22i1.15624 J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 22, No. 1, April, 2013, Page 51-54

scholarly journals Sodium Intake and Related Diseases 2.0

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Alessandra Durazzo ◽  
Ginevra Lombardi-Boccia ◽  
Antonello Santini ◽  
Massimo Lucarini
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
High Salt ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Sodium Chloride Intake

Many statements have been reported in literature from various sources warning of the possible risk to health connected to high salt (as sodium chloride) intake in the everyday diet, and it is increasingly pressing [...]

A Comparison of Three Fluid Replacement Strategies for Maintaining Euhydration During Prolonged Exercise

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan M. Schroeder ◽  
Kris L. Heck ◽  
Jeffrey A. Potteiger
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Water Delivery ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Total Water Intake

The effectiveness of a new water delivery system (the Water-Del) was examined for maintaining euhydration compared to other fluid replacement strategies. Subjects (N = 10) performed three 60-min cycling trials (@ 50% of VO2max) in an environmental chamber (27 °C; RH = 50%). Trials were randomly assigned from Water-Del (metered: 200 ml water every 15 min), ad libitum every 15 min (ad-lib-15), and ad libitum (ad-lib). Total water intake (TWI), changes in plasma volume (ΔPV), body Weight (ΔBW), thirst, skin temperature (Tsk), and heart rate (HR) were measured. A significant difference (p ≤.05) among trials was observed for TWI, with metered (1.200 ± 0.12 ml) being greater than ad-lib-15 (358 ± 48 ml) and ad-lib (522 ± 106 ml). No significant difference was found for ΔPV. A significant difference (p ≤.05) for ΔHW was observed with metered (0.28 ± 0.16 kg) being different than ad-lib-l5 (−0.63 ± 0.12 kg) and ad-lib (−0.34 ± 0.14 kg). No significant differences (p > .05) were found for thirst, Tsk, or HR. The Water-Del provides for greater fluid intake during exercise compared to other replacement strategies. Key words: hydration, dehydration, plasma volume

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